Post on 10-Apr-2022
Animals without flight: gariyali'goanna', garnanganyja 'emu',karnanggurr 'dog'; yawurda 'horse', etc.
Animals with flightjarringgu'fruit-bat'
Flying animals (Birds and ?insects)loya 'bird', Bird species (from Vas.)'white cockatoo', 'crow', 'eaglehawk','brolga'
AThings associated with the animals or themasculine sphere through e.g hunting orritual: miila 'spear', 'axe', 'knife',bunduwali'headband i , murdura 'hat',garagi 'bark bucket', jilaay 'kangaroo tailsinew'
NThings associated with the femininesphere:namarrga 'coolamon', (possibly) namandi'canoe' by extension, warna 'honey &'eggs' (pollen cells)', ?barramarr 'fightingstick/club.
APPENDICES
Appendix One: Some principles of noun class assignment
Sphere: Non-human Animates:
A Nhuman-like
gulingi 'wanjina', agurla 'devil', juwarru'dead person', ngawa 'rain (associatedwith gulingi)' , barndiwun 'lightning' andgugugu 'thunder'.
Animals
Non-animate
Shape:
long straight shapes: Amiila 'spear', ananggarr 'kids spear'
Concave inner vessel shapes: Nnamandi, 'canoe' namarrga 'coolamon',warna 'honey' (think honey dripping,honey inside a hollow, honey 'eggs'(pollen cells), winji 'nose', yarn.gal'woomera, spearthrower'
Plants and products:
A: mee 'vegetable food(generic)', foodtypes: , arrowa/orrawa 'pandanus',banjorl/bonjoyi 'kurrajong'jilirndi 'bush tobacco' (cigarette andtobacco also A-class), gangia 'ashes'.?colour: ngumal 'white ashes', ornmal'white ochre', alamarr 'bitter bulb, ?whitebefore prep'n', anbirrma 'white currant[fluggea virosa[1[JK]
N: bunu 'scrub-nettle, ladies' powder',yurluwi 'flower'
198
APPENDICES
Sphere: inanimates
M-class W-class
'relative height' in the physical environment:
M 'surface'things associated with the earth's surfacee.g: 'plain', 'fighting ground' 'ground',
W 'on top'things that can be or grow 'on top' of theearth's surface, rock, hill, all kinds of
'sand', 'mud', 'swamp', 'cave', 'cliff, objects bashing stone, trees, leaves.'hearth/camp', 'river', 'sea', `scrub/bush', Also 'sky' and 'cloud'.'bandemal \ path', 'shade', all kinds ofgrasses, many root foods.
Individuality:
Mass substances: e.g. 'plain', ground,sand, 'dust', julu 'mud', 'swamp', river,sea, grass, marnju 'wind', shade.
conceptual/language:
W Naturally occurring objects that can beindividuated, things associated with woodand rock: lumba 'tree/stick',winjangun/wundal 'fire/firewood', wunon'charcoal', ngali 'paperbark used as a'plate",All kinds of artefacts/tools e.g. liija'digging stick', mudiga 'motor-vehicle'yarn 'dream'[V], Wunambal 'Wunamballanguage', yee 'speech'
The body:
Body's surface: dawuru 'beard' [V],waya 'skin', burulgu 'cicatrice',malmanda 'cicatrice'.Other body parts: juruwal 'knee', nunggu'shoulder', mayil 'neck/occtipal bone',gurlmerr 'kangaroo tail'[LK]
Things that can be associated with 'on topof a body surface e.g: gubarn 'blood',Other body parts: anggarru'foot' ,wumanda 'sole of foot'[Lit: it'schest], wunambarr 'heel' ,wurirr 'ribs',wumbul 'eye', wirrngi 'fat', jangulany'fat'.
Luminosity:
Matte/dark: 'sea', 'earth', 'skin', 'scar','black water goanna', 'black cockatoo'Other: wardjili 'star'
Shiny: 'water', leaves', 'stone', 'blood','crimson-winged parrot', 'fire',?'shinbones'
199
APPENDICES
Plants:
M W
Food bearing plants and trees: Non-edible fruit bearing trees:anbirrma 'white currant'[WG], baruwa anggurru 'river red-gum', balmangan'nut tree', daarlu 'peanut tree', dingala 'Kimberley Christmas tree', barle 'wattle','apple tree, big leaf ?gardenia sp?,ngaruwarri 'small leaf apple tree), guloyi
dembal 'tree with large seed pods.'
'green plum'[Buchanania obovata],gurngurru (cycad nuts, special prep'nrequired.
Other trees: Some trees with edible partsbaramambi/bunyju 'rock-fig tree' fruit dangana 'fan palm (Livistona-hearteaten by birds, barurru 'tree type ?used to eaten)', galgayi 'Personia falcata (fruitmake didgeridoo', binda 'big tree, white edible)', langande 'nut tree', yaala 'kapokflowers, (like a nawulu) little nut, don't tree' (young roots edible but pods haveeat'. other semi-ritual/cultural uses)'
Other plants Other plants:majal 'grass' dangayangarl 'orchid' (JK: A-class)M Root foods: W Other root-foods
babali 'root food', garnmanggu 'long Poisonous root foods in need of specialyam', gumi 'root food', wungunimbi 'root preparation:gurnu 'round yam', langanggufood' 'root food'
water plants:miyani 'lily', arnu 'smallerlily type', yarn.gu 'water plant'
200
APPENDICES
Appendix Two: Bivalent prefixes including all available plural forms
1/2/3B-class Objects
2SG A You
3B:SG (S)he
3 other A It1PL(in) A We (all)1PL(ex) A We
2PL A Youse3PL A They
jan-
?j a-n-0-
?Ø-ja-n-ngu-n-du-
ngu-n-
ngu-n-birr-ngu-n-bi-rr-
gun-du-
(gu-n-)
?gu-n-Ø-?jan/ ?fa-n-0-?ja-n-nya-(gu-nyarr-)
(gu-n-bu-rr-)
3SG her/him
bu-nga-
bu-0-
an-du-?a-n-du-bi-n-bu-ngarr-bi-nyarr-
(bu-O-rr-)an-bi-rr-
Objects>
1SG Me 2SG you
1SG A I gu-n-Ø-(gurr-nga-)
Objects> linPL us (all) lex(PL) 2PL youse 3PL themme and you/s us (not you)
1SG A I gu-n-Ø- burr-nga-
?guu-n-Ø-,(gu-nga-)
2SG A You nya-n-du- ?bu-0-(ba-n-bu-),(ban-bu-rru 76-)
3B:SG (S)he (nga-n-du-) (nya-n-du-) ?guu-n-du- ?bu-n-bu-(gu-n-du-) (bu-n-du-)
3 other A It (nga-n-) (nya-n-) ?guu-n- (bu-n-)(gu-n-)
1PL(in) A We (burr-nga-)(all)1PL(ex) A We ?guu-n-0 / gu-n-Ø- birr-nyarr-
(gurr-nyarr-)2PL A Youse (nya-n-bu-rr-)
(burr-gu-rr-)
3PL A They (nga-n-bu-rr-) (nya-n-bu-rr-) gu-n-bi-rr- ?burr-m-bu-rr-(bu-n-bu-rr-)
201
APPENDICES
Non-B-class objects
Objects> A class It W class It M class It N class It
1 sg A I a-nga- wu-nga- mu-nga- nu-nga-
1PL(in) A We (all) a-ngarr- wu-ngarr- mu-ngarr- (nu-ngarr-)
1PL(ex) A We a-nyarr- wi-nyarr- mi-nyarr- (nu-nyarr-)
2SG A You a-0- wu-0- mu-0- (nu)-0-2PL A Youse (a-0-rr-) (wu-0—rr-) (mu-0—rr-) (nu-0—u-)3B:SG (S)he a-Ø- ga-Ø- ma-0- na-0-
(a-wu-) (ga-wu-) (ma-wu-) (na-wu-)3PL They a-wu-rr- ga-wu-rr- ma-wu-rr- na-wu-rr-Third-person non-B-class A's3 other A It a-n- wu-n- (mu-n-) (nu-n-)
The forms in brackets were recorded by Vasse. I have segmented inverse markers and Aplural markers. -0- marks either unrealized, zero (or nothing) A forms.
Appendix Three: Bivalent pronominal prefixes, negative polarity.In this table I have segmented 0 and A prefixes, and 'n' or putative (n) (based on thepositive prefix forms) inverse marking, but I have not included zero forms, as these wereshown on the charts in Appendix One. The negative prefixes are bolded.
Singular Objects
Alsg 0 2sg 0 3sg 0
1 sg gu-n-nu- (bu-na-nga-)(gu-na-nga-)
2sg jan-nu- bu-ni-(bu-nu-)
3sg ngu-n-bu-nu- (gu-n-bu-nu-) a-n-du-nu-3 other (ngu-(n)-nu-) (gu-(n)-nu-) (ba-(n)-nu-)1pl (in) (bu-na-ngarr-)1pl (ex) ?(gu-na-nyarr-) (bu-na-nyarr-)2p1 ngu-n-bu-nu-rr- (bu-nu-rr-)3p1 (ngu-n-bu-nu-rr-) (gu-n-bu-nu-rr-) a-n-bu-nu-rr
Plural objects
A1p1(in) 0 lex(p1) 0 2p1 0 3p1 0
lsg (gurr-na-nga-) (burr-na-nga-)2sg (nya-n-du-nu-) (ba-n-bu-nu-)3sg nga-n-bu-n (nya-n-bu-nu-) gu-n-bu-nu- (bu-n-bu-nu-)
-nga-n-bu-nu-3 other (nga-(n)-nu-) (nya-(n)-nu-) (gu-(n)-nu-) (bu-(n)-nu-)1plin) (burr-na-nga-)1pl(ex) (gurr-na-nyarr-) (burr-na-nyarr-)2p1 (nya-n-bu-nu-rr-) (burr-gu-nu-rr-)3p1 (nga-n-bu-nu-rr-) (nya-n-bu-nu-rr-) gu-n-bu-nu-rr- (bu-n-bu-nu-rr-)
202
APPENDICES
non-B class objects
AA class 0 W class 0 M class 0 N class 0
1 sg a-na-ngu- (wu-na-nga-) (mu-na-nga) (nu-na-nga-)(a-na-nga-)
2sg (a-nu-) (wu-nu-) (mu-nu-) (nu-nu-)3sg ?ga-na- nu-nu-
(a-na-wu-) (ga-na-wu-) (ma-na-wu)- (na-na-wu-)3 other (a-(n)-nu-) (wa-(n)-nu-) (ma-(n)-nu-) (na-(n)-nu-)
1pl (in) (a-na-ngarr-) (wu-na-ngarr) (mu-na-ngarr-) (nu-na-ngarr-)
1pl (ex) a-na-nyV- (wu-na-nyarr) (mu-na-nyarr-) (nu-na-nyarr-)(a-na-nyarr-)
2p1 (a-nu-r-r-) (wu-nu-rr-) (mu-nu-rr-) (nu-nu-rr-)3p1 a-na-wu-rr- ga-na-wu-rr mana-wu-rr- na-na-wu-rr-
I am indebted to Eric Vasse for providing me with complete paradigms for two bivalent roots from hisunpublished data. Most of the irrealis pronominal prefix forms used in this chart were drawn from hismaterial. Only those forms not bracketed were also attested in my own corpus. Where the forms in mycorpus differ from Vasse, the form used by my informants is the unbracketed variant.
203
APPENDICES
Appendix Four: Text One:
'Planning to visit my brother in Hospital'
William Bunjuck, Kalumburu 1996
The text below was a monologue spoken by a man at Kalumburu who is thinking of
visiting each of his two brothers. One has been taken from Kalumburu to the hospital in
Wyndham (to the East). The other (a resident at Mowunjum in the South) has asked to be
met at Mitchell Plateau (to the West of Kalumburu). His text demonstrates the way
demonstratives, demonstrative locationals and the verbally affixed directionals -yang
'toward(speaker e.g.)' and -nda: 'away(from speaker e.g.) are used to orient the
individuals, happenings and tentatively planned events with which he is concerned in time
and in space.
1 Gayanba bangiyangga bugayaGaya -n -ba ba -ngi -yang -ga bu -gayaover.there -? ?IMP -1SG -'go' IMM 3B:SG -that.over.there
I want(ed)/could/should (to) go to him (WG?) over there
2 biinda ASPIDAL-gu biyanggangarri.bii -nda ASPIDAL -gu bi -yang -ga -ngarri3B:SG -other hospital -ALL 3B:SG -'go' -1MM -SUBORD
(but) the other one (i.e. my other brother, LU) who is going to hospital
3 Bugala-ngurru balya bunganbinangga.bu -gala -ngurru balya bu -ngan =WU -nangga3B:SG -that -maybe follow 3B:SG -1SG =WU -IMM
Maybe I'll be visiting him there.
4 Bugaya biinda bunganbinangga MONDAYbu -gaya bi -inda bu -nga =nbi -nangga MONDAYB -over.there B -other 3B:SG -1SG =REDUP:WU -IMM Monday
I'll visit the other (brother, LU? or WG?) on Monday.
5 Galyaba-ngurru ngiyengga gali joli ngangaGalya -ba -ngurru ngi =yangga gali joli nga =nga
that?(way) -maybe 1SG ='go':IMM then return 1SG =N'be':NON.PAST
Maybe I'll go there (?Mitchell) when I come back,
6 AFTER li:' bunganbrnngarri bugayaAFTER li: bu -nga =wun -bin -ngarri bu-gayaafter look.at 3BSG -1SGA =REDUP -WU -SUBORD B -that.over-there
after seeing/having seen him
204
APPENDICES
7 AN' biinda-nyale bunganmirrmirringga-ngurruAN' bii -nda -nyale bu -ngan -mirr-mirr -ingga -ngurruand B -other -so/as/?also 3B:SG -1SG =REDUP-'go.to'-IMM -SUBORD
I might go/be going to him too.
8 balya baminga bumerabalya ba -ma -yanga bu -me -rafollow' IMP(2SG) =MA'do' -toward 3B -MA.past -1SG.OBL
'You should follow', he said to me (i.e. He told me to visit)
9 (bugaya biinda) MITCHELL PLATEAU.(bu-gaya bi-inda) MITCHELL PLATEAU(3B-that.over.there) Mitchell Plateau.
'(that other one over at) Mitchell plateau.'
10 Galyba-nyale-ngurru ngiyengga.Galyba -nyale -ngurru ngi -yeng -gathere -also -perhaps 1SG -'go' -IMM
'So maybe I'll be going there as well.'
11 Buju ngumamangarri WYNDHAM HOSPITAL.buju ngu -ma =ma -ngarri WYNDHAM HOSPITALfinish' 1SG -REDUP=MA'do' -SUBORD Wyndham hospital
'When I finish at Wyndham hospital.'
12 Joli nganganda,Joli nga-nga -nda
come.back lsG=N'be' -away.
'I'll come back.'
13 Galaja ngiyanganda MITCHELL PLATEAU.gala -ja ngi -yanga -nda,that/then -EM 1SG -'go' -away
'Then I'll go away (to) Mitchell Plateau.'
14 AN' gayanba nyiyangga, bumera,AN' gayanba nyi -yang -ga bu -me -raand over.there.way 1SG -'go' -IMM, 3sG -say -1SG:OBL
'And then I am going that way. he (?Wilfred) told me,'
15 OSPIDAL-nyale munggaya PERTH.OSPIDAL -nyale mung -gaya PERTHhospital -also mcl -over.there Perth
'The hospital there in Perth.'
205
APPENDICES
16 Munggalaja ngiyangga-nyale bumera,Mung -gala -ja ngi -yang -ga -nyale bu -me -ra,mcl -that -EM 1SG =YANG'go' -IMM -also 3SG =ma'do'PAST -1SG:OBL
'I'm going there too, he told me.'
17 AN' WAIT banggaja mudiga-gu.AN' WAIT banggaja mudiga -guand wait' 3B -'be' -Imm -EM vehicle -PURP
'And he's waiting for the motor-car.'
18 Winya GARAGE-ngindalu gawudnge mudiga gaya,wU -nya GARAGE -ngindalu ga -wurr -ne mudiga gayaWcl -this garage -LOC 3'w'0 -3PLA -?WU.PAST vehicle 'w'there
'(You know) the one they worked on in the garage,'
19 winya MITCHELL PLATEAU mudiga.wU -nya MITCHELL PLATEAU mudiga.wcl -this Mitchell Plateau vehicle
'Its a Mitchell Plateau motor-car.'
20 Galaga? WAIT -nangga (/ nga-ang-ga) bumera.gala -ga wait -nangga /1sG=Arbe i-imm bu=me -rathen -INT wait -REL 3B=MA'DO'PAST-1SG:OBL
'?then he said to wait.' '?He talked about waiting.'
'?he said "I'm waiting".' '?So he wants/told me to wait (or) he's waiting.'
Appendix Five: Text Two
Collecting and preparing gurnu 'round yam' (dioscorea bulbifera/rotunda)told by Wilfred Goonack, Mowanjum, 1989
*line 10b was substituted for line 10 in one transcribing session
1 Gurnu jarri burr=me-rriround yam dig 3PL=MA'do'PAST-CONT
jarri bfrrrnerri.dig 3p1=MA'do'PAST-CONT
The women used to dig gurnu,
2 Ga-wurr-mira-mira.wc1-3p1=REDUP=MiRA'grab'
gathering them
206
APPENDICES
3 Garnngiya wog a-wurr=mbun.white.ashes cook Acl-3PL=REDUP:WU(N)'effect'
they make white ashes
4 Rowa a=yanga-ja ornmarl -gajin.white Ac1=YANG'go'-EMP white.ochre -like
it goes white, like ochre.
5 Galarr-ja lajarr birra=mingga,that-?-EMP slice/bleed 3PL=MA'do':IMM
then they slice them
6 lajarr birra=mingga,slice/bleed 3PL=MA'do':IMM
they slice them
7 jog ba=anga, ngawa ga-wurr=miramira,heap.up 3sg/p1=N'be':?PRES water Wc1-3PL=REDUP-MiRA
they heap them up, they fetch water
8 yawirr a-n-birr=mira-mica ornmarl-nyine,rub COLL-INV-3pl-REDUP=MiRA white ochre-INST
they apply ochre to it(?i.e.paste of water and ashes, like white ochre on a man, WG says this is amistake should be garnngiya-nyine ashes-INST)
9 durru-wa bi-yangga winjangun-ngindalu,put-it 3SG=YANG'go':IMM fire-LOC
they put (them) in the fire,
10 ranggala -ngindalu durru-wa bi=yang-ga-ja.stone.oven -loc put -it 3sg=yang'go':IMM-EM
putting them into the earth oven
*(10b ranggala -ngindalu durrug bi=yanga-ja Durrug ba=ngastone.oven -loc put 3sg=YANG'go'-EM put 3=N'be'She puts it in the stone oven, its placed)
11 Duj wundanga?(wu=ndi-yanga),
camp WCL=Nte':?PAST-toward
it stays overnight
207
APPENDICES
12 duj wundangangarri?(wu=ndi-yanga)-ngarri
camp WCL=N'be':?PAST-?toward-SUBOR(non-finite)
leaving it overnight
13 wuguli wu=ma-ma-ngarri banj bi-yangamorning Wc1=REDUP-MA'do'-SUBOR rise 3B=YANG'go'
Next day they get up
14 biranggaaj ga-wurr=mira-miraopen Wc1-3p1=REDUP-MiRA'grab'
and open them up
15 ga-wurr=minda ngawa-gu.Wc1-3p1=REDUP-MiNDA'take' water-PURP
and take them to the water.
16 Juru biya=mbEn-bEn-ngusubmerge 3p1=REDUP-?MBU(N)'hit'-3OBL
They soak them
17 gurlaj blrra-mingga.wash 3p1=MA'do':IMM
they wash (the food) clean (rinse it in the water)
18 Gala-ja wanjimaya da=anga.then good WCL=N'be':PRES
then its good.
19 Wu=nd-anga-ngarri, rarrba wundangangarriWCL=N'be':PAST-?toward-SUBORD clean
When its cleaned
20 arrgu ga-wurr=miramira, dii-wa bi=yangarock wcl-3pl-redup-mira'grab' smash-it 3sg=YANG'go'
they get a rock, and they pound it
21 dii-wa arrgu, rnuumba bi=yangapound rock ball.up 3sg=YANG'go'
they pound it (with the) rock, they ball it up
APPENDICES
22 rnuumba gey minja nyarra=minggaball.up then eat lex:PL=MA'do':IMM
ball it up and then we eat!
Free translation
The ladies used to dig for gurnu, the bitter round yam. Gathering them up, they burn
gurloy bark till the ashes are as white as white-ochre. Then they slice the gurnu, bleeding
them to let out the bitterness, and pile them up. They fetch water, and they rub the (wet)
ashes onto the gurnu and put them in the fire-place. Placing them in the stone-oven they
leave it, it stays buried in the oven for one night. When they get up in the morning they
open up the oven. They take it to the water and soak them, rinsing off the ashes. When
its good and clean they smash it up with a rock, roll it into a round ball and then - we eat
it up!
209
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