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APA Referen cin g Examp lesThis page provides APA information and examples for students and staff of the University of
Waikato. It is designed to accompany (not replace) the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (2010), which is available in the Library.
The Library also offers tutorials regularly on how to use APA, that are free to attend. Sign up for
an APA tutorial.
How to cite/reference material
This page provides examples of how to reference materials both in your list of references and in
text citations. For an easy to use, 2 page printable version of this section, download the Library's
handy APA Quick Guide [208.4 kb].
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Books
Book - by one author
In text citation
(King, 2000) or
King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p. 34).
In reference list
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New
Zealand: Viking.
See Keypoints to format references section for detailed formatting
information.
Book - by two authors
In text citation
(Treviño & Nelson, 2007) or
Treviño and Nelson (2007) illustrated ...
When paraphrasing in text, use and, not & (Publication Manual, p. 175).
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In reference list
Treviño, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about
how to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
See Keypoints to format references section for detailed formatting
information.
Book - by three to five authors
In text citation
First in text citation
(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) or
Krause, Bochner, and Duchesne (2006) recommend "..." (p. 32).
In subsequent citations:
According to Krause et al. (2006)
Cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first
author followed by et al. (short for et alii. - Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise
et al.
In reference list
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for
learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
Book - by six to seven authors
In text citation
According to Mezey et al. (2002) ... or
It is ... (Mezey et al., 2002)
If there are six or seven authors, cite only the first author followed by et al.
(short for et alii. - Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et al. (Publication
manual p. 175)
In reference list
Mezey, M. D., Cassel, C. K., Bottrell, M. M., Hyer, K., Howe, J. L., & Fulmer, T. T.
(Eds.). Ethical patient care: A casebook for geriatric health care teams. Baltimore,
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MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses (…) and
finish with the last author.
Book - by no author
In text citation
In the book, Joint Investigations of Child Abuse (1993), it is...
Note that the key words of the book title are capitalised when used in text, but
not in the reference list.
Italicise the book title in text (Publication Manual, p. 104 & 176).
Do not use 'Anonymous' unless the author's name is given as Anonymous.
In reference list
Joint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US Department of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
If no author is stated, the title takes the author position.
If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field
(Publication Manual, p. 177).
Book - by a corporate/group author
In text citation
First in text citation
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2010) or
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) indicated...
In subsequent citations:
According to APA (2010)...
Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are
readily recognisable (Publication Manual, pp. 176-177).
Note use of square brackets around abbreviation in first example above.
In reference list
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
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Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.
When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher
field. List in the references list by the first significant word of the organisation.
For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication
Manual, p.183).
Book - cited in a secondary source
In text citation
Carter and Beadle's (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever, 1996) research shows
that... or
In the research of Carter and Beadle (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever, 1996)...
In reference list
Crisman, T. L., & Streever, W. J. (1996). The legacy and future of tropical limnology. In
F. Schiemer & K. T. Boland (Eds.), Perspectives in tropical limnology (pp. 27-42).
Amstemdam, Netherlands: SPB Academic.
Reference only Crisman and Streever (1996), not Carter and Beadle (1930).
See also "Citations in text" section in "Citations in text & references list".
Book - republished
In text citation
(Baldwin, 1909/1980) or
Baldwin (1909/1980) criticised...
Both the original publication year and the year of the republished book are
included.
In reference list
Baldwin, J. M. (1980). Darwin and the humanities (Library of Genetic Science and
Philosophy Series: Vol. 2). New York, NY: AMS. (Original work published 1909).
Information about the original publication is included in parentheses after the
publisher's name or retrieval statement (See Also Publication Manual, pp.
203-204, example 21 and 26).
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Book - translated
In text citation
(Sartre, 1962) or
Sartre (1962) is an example of ...
In reference list
Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann
Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Chapter in an edited book
In text citation
(Helber, 1995) or
Helber (1995) concludes by ...
In reference list
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin &
T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113).
Chichester, England: Wiley.
The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title.
Note the editor's initials come before the family name.
It is the book title that is italicised, not the chapter title. The page numbers of
the chapter are also required.
Edited book
In text citation
(Samovar & Porter, 1997) or
Samovar and Porter (1997) conclude by ...
In reference list
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader
(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s).
If you are citing a chapter within an edited book, review the previous section,
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"Chapter in an edited book".
Electronic book with DOI
In text citation
Lance (2011) argues that...
In reference list
Lance, L. (2011). Nonproduction benefits of education: Crime, health, and good
citizenship. In Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 4, pp.183-282).
doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53444-6.00002-X
DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or
print, include it in the reference (Publication Manual, p. 189).
Electronic book with no DOI
In text citation
(Martin, 2011)
In reference list
Martin, J. L. (2011). The explanation of social action [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved
from Ebrary database.
DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or
print, include it in the reference (Publication Manual, p. 189).
If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now
required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example,
http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).
Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with author)
In text citation
(Hwang, 2002) or
Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ...
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In reference list
Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson
(Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles
Scribner's Sons.
If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition), include this in
parentheses after the title along with page number(s).
Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with no author)
In text citation
It is defined as ... ("Social Constructionism," 2009).
Note that the entry is capitalised when used in text, but not in the reference list
(Publication Manual, pp. 101 & 176).
In reference list
Social constructionism. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of
sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium
database.
For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place
of publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family
name.
For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example
above (do not include the database URL).
Conference Papers, Reports, & Theses
Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings
In text citation
(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or
Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994) published their ...
In reference list
Shobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping
behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania
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(pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society.
To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book
or book chapter (Publication Manual, p. 206).
To cite proceedings published regularly use the same format as a periodical.
Contribution to conference or symposium
In text citation
(Bochner, 1996) or
Bochner (1996) addressed this ...
In reference list
Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed
in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association
for Research in Education Conference, Singapore. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt
A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name.
Give the month of the conference if the paper has not been formally published
(Publication Manual, pp. 206-207).
Report - annual
In text citation
(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)
In reference list
Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual
report 2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-
annual-report-2007.pdf
If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.
Report - with report number
In text citation
(Holmes, 2000) or
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Holmes (2000) highlights the importance ...
In reference list
Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese
students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers
(Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato,
Department of Management Communication.
If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title.
If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of the
university, this does not need to be repeated in the publisher location.
Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced
the document (Publication Manual, p. 206).
Report - without report number
In text citation
(Caygill, 2009) or
Caygill (2009) concludes ...
In reference list
Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006.
Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website:
http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-
06_Science2.pdf
If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval
statement if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p.
205).
Report from institutional archive
In text citation
(Whangapirita, Awatere, & Nikora. 2003)
In reference list
Whangapirita, L., Awatere, S., & Nikora, L. (2003). Maori perspectives of the
environment: A review of policy submissions made by iwi to Environment Waikato
(Technical Report No.3; Environment Waikato Internal Series 2004/01). Retrieved
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from University of Waikato, Research Commons website:
http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/
Thesis (except from USA) - print version
In text citation
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006) recommends ...
In reference list
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of
Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand.
Include either (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) or (Unpublished master's
thesis) after the title as appropriate (Publication Manual, p. 207).
Thesis (except from USA) - electronic version
In text citation
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006) recommends ...
In reference list
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of
Waikato (Master's thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved
from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241
Include either (Doctoral dissertation) or (Master's thesis) after the title as
appropriate (Publication Manual, p. 207) and university's name and location
(city and country).
If the city name is included in the University's name, leave it out (e.g. University
of Auckland, New Zealand).
Thesis from USA - electronic version
In text citation
(Rose, 2006) or
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According to Rose (2006) ...
In reference list
Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation,
Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd
Journals
Journal article - print version
In text citation
(Sainaghi, 2008) or
Sainaghi (2008) suggests ...
In reference list
Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism
Review, 63(4), 40-57.
A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and
volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in parentheses
(not italicised).
If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses
immediately after the volume number.
For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous
pagination.
Journal article - electronic version with a DOI
In text citation
Shepherd et al., (2007) or
Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ...
If there are six or more authors, from the first citation in text, use et al. after the
first author.
In reference list
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton,
C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human
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cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392.
doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018
DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or
print, include it in the reference (Publication Manual, p. 189).
Journal article - electronic version with no DOI
In text citation
(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or
In their research, Harrison and Papa (2005) established ...
If there are six or more authors, list all authors in the reference list. From the
first citation in text, use et al. after the first author.
In reference list
Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge
program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library
database.
DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or
print, include it in the reference (Publication Manual, p. 189).
For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example
above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include
the date of retrieval.
If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now
required to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p.
199).
Journal article - Internet only
In text citation
(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or
Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para. 3)
(n.d.)= no date.
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As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text.
In reference list
Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white
supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka
(n.d.)= no date.
Journal article - cited in a secondary source
In text citation
(Lilieholm & Romney, 2000, as cited in Suntikul, Butler, & Airey, 2010) or
Lilieholm and Romney (2000, as cited in Suntikul, Butler, & Airey, 2010) argue that...
In reference list
Suntikul, W., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2010). Implications of political change on national
park operations: Doi moi and tourism to Vietnam's national parks. Journal of
Ecotourism, 9(3), 201-218. doi: 10.1080/14724040903144360
See also "Citations in text" section in "Citations in text & references list".
Magazines & Newspapers
Magazine - print only
In text citation
(von Drehle et al., 2009)... or
Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert...
If an author's name begins with a lower case letter appears at the beginning of
a sentence, it must be capitalised.
In reference list
von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., ...Peters, G.
(2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand
editon], 174(14), 12-17.
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Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly
magazines.
If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses (...) and
finish with the last author.
Magazine - electronic version
In text citation
Robison, 2008) or
Robison (2008) considers ...
In reference list
Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87.
Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database.
If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL
of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).
For undergraduate students, give the name of the database and do not include
the database URL.
It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.
Newspaper article - print version
In text citation
Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003) reports ...
In reference list
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p.
B4.
Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only,
not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more than one page.
If page numbers are discontinous, separate page numbers with a comma. e.g.
pp. A1, A4-5.
Newspaper article - electronic version
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In text citation
Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003) reports ...
In reference list
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald.
Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz
Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs.
It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.
Newspaper article - with no author
In text citation
("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices", 2003)
In the in text citation, abbreviate the title, use double quotation marks and
capital letters (Publication Manual, p. 176).
In reference list
Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1.
If there is no author, the article title comes first.
Audiovisual
Audio podcast
In text citation
(Noonan, 2008)
In reference list
Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz
Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier.
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Film - motion pictures
In text citation
(Vasile & Fellini, 2001) or
Vasile and Fellini (2001)
In reference list
Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United
States: MGM Home Entertainment.
In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director or producer
or both) but not the presenters.
For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin and the
name of the motion picture studio.
A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. It
is not italicised.
Music recording - recorded by composer
In text citation
(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)
Include side and band or track numbers.
In reference list
The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA:
Capital Records.
Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format
as medium – e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file].
Music recording - recorded by someone other than composer
In text citation
"Amazing Grace" (Newton, 1779/2009, track 8) or
Newton's celebrated song (1779/2009, track 8) says...
Acknowledge both composed year and performed year.
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In reference list
Newton, J. (1779). Amazing grace [Recorded by S. Boyle]. On I dreamed a dream
[CD]. London, England: Sony Music Entertainment. (2009)
When a song is recorded by someone other than the composer, acknowledge
the performer with [Recorded by… ] after the title, and date of the recording at
the end of the reference.
When the composer and lyricist are not the same, acknowledge both of them
– e.g. Goethe, J. W. (Lyricist), & Mozart, W. A. (Composer).
Do not put a period after the date of recording (Publication manual, p. 209).
Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format
as medium – e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file].
Music recording - unknown composer
In text citation
According to the traditional Maori song, "Tarakihi" (1999), ... or
("Tarakihi," 1999).
Use double quotation marks around the title of a song (Publication manual, p.
176).
In reference list
Tarakihi [Recorded by K. Te Kanawa]. (n.d.). On Maori songs [MP3 file]. New York, NY
: EMI. (1999)
When you cannot find a composer’s name (e.g. traditional songs), move the
title to the author’s position.
Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format
as medium – e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file].
Television program
In text citation
(Slater, 2002)
In reference list
Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60
minutes. Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.
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Put television series episode or motion picture in square brackets [ ] after the
title.
Video blog post (e.g. YouTube video)
In text citation
(Leelefever, 2007)
In reference list
Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY
Use the uploader's name as author. When the video's creator is known,
reference the video like 'Film - motion pictures'.
Others (Webpages, Legal Materials, Course Handouts etc.)
Blog post
In text citation
(Hobbit Team, 2011)
In reference list
Hobbit Team. (2011, November 5). 3D concept sketch [Web log message]. Retrieved
from http://www.thehobbitblog.com/
Do not italicise blog post title, as it is unpublished material.
Use the URL of the blog homepage rather than individual post's URL.
Twitter posts can be referenced like blog posts. Reference it as [Twitter post].
Course handout - print version (unpublished work)
In text citation
(Brown, 2004)
In reference list
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Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-11B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand:
University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.
Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers,
lectures from an archive or personal collections" (Publication Manual, p.
213).
In the publication information field, list the organisation's name (e.g. university,
department), city, and country.
Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture notes].
Course handout - electronic version
In text citation
(Archard, Merry, & Nicholson, 2011) or
Archard, Merry, and Nicholson (2011) state that
In reference list
Archard, S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and waiata [Powerpoint slides].
Retrieved from TEPS757-11B (NET): Communities of Learners website:
http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650
Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Powerpoint slides].
Data file - from a database
In text citation
(Thomson Reuters, n.d.)
(n.d.)= no date.
In reference list
Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). Publically listed telecommunications companies in India with
500 or more employees [Data file]. Retrieved from Thomson One Banker Database.
A data set is where you have selected raw data to produce a unique data set
(Publication Manual, p. 210). It usually involves specialised software with
limited access, rather than commonly available software (e.g. MS Excel) or is
found on a website.
The use of [Data file] indicates that you have chosen specific data to form this
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data set. You can also include additional information to distinguish data sets,
e.g. [Data file, 2001 Population Census].
If the database or website has a specific title, include this detail (e.g. from
Thomson One Banker).
Use (n.d.) if the year of publication is not given.
If a title is given for the data set, put it in italics. If you have created your own
title, do not italise.
Data file - from a website
In text citation
(Statistics New Zealand, n.d.).
In reference list
Statistics New Zealand. (n.d.). Birthplace and sex, for the Maori ethnic group census
usually resident population count, 2001 [Data file, 2001 Population Census].
Retrieved from Table Builder http://www.stats.govt.nz/
A data set is where you have selected raw data to produce a unique data set
(Publication Manual, p. 210). It usually involves specialised software with
limited access, rather than commonly available software (e.g. MS Excel) or is
found on a website.
The use of [Data file] indicates that you have chosen specific data to form this
data set. You can also include additional information to distinguish data sets,
e.g. [Data file, 2001 Population Census].
If the database or website has a specific title, include this detail (e.g. from
Thomson One Banker).
Use (n.d.) if the year of publication is not given.
If a title is given for the data set, put it in italics. If you have created your own
title, do not italise.
Legal material
In text citation
Children's Commissioner Act 2003 or The wellbeing of children is covered by the
Children's Commissioner Act 2003.
In reference list
Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121.
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APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation
(18th ed. 2005) for referencing legal material - see NZ section (p. 297).
Online discussion
In text citation
(Chalmers, 2000)
In reference list
Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment].
Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/
Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
Personal communications (emails, your own lecture notes, Facebook etc.)
In text citation
(H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004) or Clarke (personal
communication, March 19, 2004) remarked that...
In reference list
No information is required in the reference list as the data has not been
published and can not be retrieved.
Contents from private or friend-only Facebook page should be treated as
Personal Communications, but infomration in publicly available facebook
pages (e.g. fan page, group page) may be referenced with [Facebook update].
Webpages
In text citation
(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)
Do not write URLs in the text.
In reference list
Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from
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http://www.stats.govt.nz
A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work
(Publication Manual, p. 212).
It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage
content is likely to be updated (e.g. a wiki).
Wiki
In text citation
(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.)
(n.d.)= no date.
In reference list
University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from
http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries
Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
Include the date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely to change
over time. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision
(Publication Manual, p. 183).
Figures (including Images) & Tables
For undergraduates
Figures (including Images)
Illustrations, maps, photographs, graphs, charts and drawings (excluding tables) are
referred to as figures. Below is an example of how a figure would appear in text:
Figure 1: University of Waikato Campus (Source: The University of Waikato, 2010)
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Unless it is your own work, the source must be acknowledged in full below the figure
as a figure caption. The caption goes below the image with a parenthetical reference,
and includes the figure number, a description of the figure, and a parenthetical
reference: (Source: Author, Date). Italicise the heading "Figure" and the number. Be
consistent with capitalisation.
The full citation also goes in the reference list.
In text citation:
Figure 1 shows that ... (University of Waikato, 2010).
In reference list:
The University of Waikato. (2010). Student life. Retrieved from
http://cms.its.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/image/0017/66230/Campus-2.jpg
Tables
The caption goes above the table, and include the Table number and a description of
the table. Italicise Table and the number. Unless it is your own work, the source must
be acknowledged below the table with a parenthetical reference: (Source: Author,
Date). The full citation also goes in the references list.
For Ph.D candidates (and students submitting a three or four-paper master's
thesis)
Permission to reproduce copyright material must be obtained from the publisher or
copyright holder. If you are reproducing a figure or table, you must provide copyright
information and a permission statement at the end of the caption (Publication
Manual, pp. 158-167).
For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp.
38 and 173. You should also become familiar with:
Copyright Guidelines for Research Students
The University of Waikato's Copyright Information page
If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving
permission for the photo to be used (Publication Manual, p. 166).
Figures (including Images)
As in examples above, italicise the heading "Figure" and the number.
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From a journal:
Figure 1. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] "Title of article," by A. A.
Author and B. B. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx. Copyright
Year by Publisher. Reprinted with permission.
From a book:
Figure 2. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by
A. A. Author and B. B. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Reprinted with permission.
From a webpage:
Figure 3. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] Title of webpage, by A.
A. Author and B. B. Author, year, Retrieved from... website: http://....
Reprinted with permission.
Tables
The caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table
beginning with the word "Note" (Publication Manual, pp. 138-141).
From a journal:
From [Adapted from] "Title of Article," by A. A. Author and B. B. Author,
year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. XX. Copyright Year by Publisher.
Reprinted with permission.
From a book:
From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B. B.
Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Reprinted with permission.
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