Post on 30-Nov-2014
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AP History Exam Study Guide
By Will Erickson
Chapter 1!
Aztecs
• Great mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology
Corn/ Maize
• Critical to early life
• Turned nomads into settlers
• Persuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)
Christopher Columbus
• Plants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes
• Animals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horses
• Germs to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs)
• To Caribbean: Sugar Cane
Columbian Exchange
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Divided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain
• Entered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture
Hernan Cortes
Chapter 2!
• Created colony in North Carolina
Sir Walter Raleigh
• England’s FIRST colony, later vanished
Roanoke Island
3 Things Needed To Colonize
• 1: Popular Monarch• 2: Religious Unity• 3: Nationalism
• Only eldest sons could inherit land
Primogeniture
• Allowed younger siblings chance for land
Joint-Stock Company
Surplus Population
• England was very overcrowded
• Colonized in North America for gold
Virginia Company of London
• Virginia Company of England’s colony
• Nasty conditions
Jamestown
• 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability
Three D’s
Tobacco/ John Rolfe
• John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry
• First government in colony
House of Burgesses
• Protected Catholics from Protestants
Act Of Toleration
• Reduced risk of slave rebellion
Barbados Slave Code
Georgia
• Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony
Chapter 3!
John Calvin
• Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts
• Most devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints
Visible Saints
• Agreement signed to hold government
• Colonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority
Mayflower Compact
• 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)
Great Migration
• Questioned legality of colony’s charter
• Williams was forced to leave colony
• Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom)
• Built settlements in Rhode Island
Roger Williams
• Constitution for Connecticut river colony
Fundamental Orders
• New settlement• Goal: Grand Seaport
New Haven
New England Confederation
• 4 colonies founded to defend enemies
• Goal: Make trade more efficient• Smuggling= Result
English Navigation Laws
Dominion of New England
• Included NY, East + West NJ
• Blow to Massachusetts
• Navigation laws- weakly enforced
Salutary Neglect
Pennsylvania/ Penn
• Quakers arise in mid 1600’s• William Penn- earns large amount of land
(Pennsylvania)
Chapter 4!
Women/ Chesapeake
• Settlers faced many diseases• Life Expectancy down• Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)
Indentured Servants
• Tobacco labor up
• White slaves worked for certain amount of money and time
Headright System
• Whoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land
• Nathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. Berkley
• Bacon + other men attacked Indians and Berkley
• Bacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers
Bacon’s Rebellion
• The voyage to Americas from Africa
Middle Passage
• Social Structure Ladder…
• Rich Planters (owned slaves + land)
• Small farmers (1-2 slaves)
• Landless whites (Indentured Servants)
• Black Slaves
Southern Social Structure
Salem
• 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch
• Proud national trait of New England
Yankee Ingenuity
Chapter 5!
Ethnic Makeup
• America: Melting Pot• Germans: 6%• Scots/Irish: 7%• Other Euro Countries: .5%• Africa: 20%• Most mixed in world
• America= Opportunity• Started to look more
like Europe• Black slaves- No Rights
Social Structure vs. Great Britain
Workaday America
• 90% of people- Agriculture
• Fishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores
• Trade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa
Triangular Trade
Molasses Act
• 1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies
• Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence
Benjamin Franklin
• Social place for all statuses
Taverns
Religion & Location
• Church of England: Official religion of 6 colonies
• Religion- Down• Jonathan Edwards: Stated
the need for complete dependence on God’s grace
• Three lasting effects– # Of Churches: Up– Encouraged missionary work
among Indians and some slaves
– 1st spontaneous mass movement of America
Great Awakening
Schools & Religion
• New England most interested in education
• Mostly male leaders were educated
• Emphasis: Religion and Language
• Reported on government being corrupt, almost jailed
• Achievement for reporter’s freedom
John Peter Zenger
• Appointed by King
• Appointed by themselves
• Themselves under self-governing charters
3 Types Of Colonies
Chapter 6!
• Quebec founded in Canada
• French gain complete control over New France
• Valuable resource = beaver
• French goal- block Spain
New France
• England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded land
• Spanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King
Result of wars in N.A.
• England: ventured westward• France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley
Ohio Valley
Congress of Albany
• Only 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show up
• Goal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France
• Fought around world
• Frederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armies
• France- Wasted strength
Seven Years’ War
Proclamation of 1763
• Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains
Chapter 7!
• Wealth- Power• Gold- More exported then imported
Mercantilism
• Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America
Navigation Laws
Sugar Act
• Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies
• Required America to supply food and housing to troops
Quartering Act
• Tax on most paper items
Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress
• 27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act
• Reaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases
Declaratory Act
Townshend Act
• Small import tax, colonists still enraged
Boston Massacre
• Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers
First Continental Congress
• 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances
• England troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at Concord
• ENG + U.S.A officially at war
Lexington & Concord
• POSITIVES– Population: 3-1 over U.S.
• NEGATIVES– Cockiness– 2nd rate generals– No desire to kill colonists
Positives/ Negatives of ENG
• POSITIVES– G. Washington + Ben.
Frank.- Great leaders– Fighting for freedom
• NEGATIVES– Soldiers- Disorganized
Positives/Negatives of U.S.
Chapter 8!
Olive Branch Petition
• 1775- Avoided war with England• Reaffirmed America’s faith to England
• Thomas Paine• Argued for
American freedom from England
• Written so that common people could understand
Common Sense
• Declared that 13 British colonies were now independent
• Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson
Declaration Of Independence
• Americans won• Turning point for U.S.
Saratoga
• American + French forces force English surrender
Yorktown
• Ended Revolutionary War
• America gained freedom
Treaty Of Paris
Chapter 9!
• Separated church and state• Written by Thomas Jefferson
VA Statute For Religious Freedom
Republican Motherhood
• The crucial role of women in a free America
State Constitutions
• Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly
Lack of Trading• England: Made own goods• America couldn’t trade with England
or French West Indies
• Written constitution for U.S.
• States get land
• Each state= 1 vote
Articles of Confederation
• Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state• Path to Statehood
Northwest Ordinance
Articles of Confederation
• +: Form of government, outlined constitution
• -: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program
• NW land bought- National Debt
Land Ordinance
Ugly Duckling
• U.S. + ENG: Tension
• ENG: Kept trading posts in U.S.
• Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + Florida
• French- Wanted debts payed off
• Farmers demanded lighter taxes
• Daniel Shay raised small army
• Rebellion crushed
Shay’s Rebellion
• Fear of mass public disorder
Mobocracy
• Held in Philadelphia• Saved by Alexander
Hamilton• Held in secrecy• Each state= 1 vote• Meant to agree on
Constitution
Constitutional Convention
• Most delegates- lawyers• 55 Delegates• All rich, young, but experienced• Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life
C.C. Delegate Make-Up
Small/Large State Plan
• “Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population
• “Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size
• Equal representation
• 2 senators/ state
Great Compromise
Electoral College
• Elects the president
• Slavery citizenship debated
• 3/5th of a vote per slave
3/5th Compromise
“We The People”
• First words of constitution
• Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t • Federalists: Influence of- rich-
Anti vs. Federalists
• In favor of Constitution
• Supported federalists
Federalist Papers
Ratification Process
• Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn• 4 final states join
Chapter 10!
• Doubled• Cities emerge + grew
Population/ 25 Years
• Not in Constitution• Evolved by George
Washington• Members: Thomas
Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)
The Cabinet
Rural/ Urban Population
• Rural: 90%
• Organized Supreme Court
• Chief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates
Judiciary Act of 1789
• Protection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment
Bill Of Rights
• Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest
Hamilton/ “funding at par”
Customs Duties/ Excise Tax
• How to get/collect money? – Taxes • 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)
• Government- major stockholder + print $• Useful, but constitutional?
Bank of the U.S.
• Strict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson)
• Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)
Strict vs. Loose Constructionism
Whiskey Rebellion
• SW Pennsylvania• Tarred + Feathered
revenue officers• Collections came
to a halt• 13,000 citizens
rally to crush rebellion
Reign of Terror
• French king killed, church attacked
• Daily hangings• French
Revolution
• U.S. neutral to war in France• Self- Interest
Neutrality Proclamation
• Native Americans defeated, give up land
Fallen Timbers
• U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights
Treaty of Greenville
• England: Left posts, paid ship damage
• America: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)
Jay’s Treaty
• U.S. + Spain• America
gained Florida and Mississippi
Pickney’s Treaty
XYZ Affair
• Secret French officials demand $32 million
• $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister
• Peace between France + U.S.• Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)
Convention of 1800
• Alien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforced
• Sedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison
Alien & Sedition Act
• Right to refuse laws
• No other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court
Nullification
Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs