Post on 03-Apr-2018
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Empire and Expansion
1890 1909
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Isolationism
US ignored outside world in post CivilWar years
In 1890s, policy changed US became involved in foreign affairs and
gained an overseas empire
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America Turns Outward
Farmers and factory owners needednew markets
Excess production sold off overseas
Markets might relieve pressures of laborviolence and farmers unhappiness
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America Turns Outward
yellow press Joseph Pulitzer and
William RandolphHearst most famouspublishers
Glorified overseasadventures
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A Yellow Kid Cartoon
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America Turns Outward
Christian missionaries wanted newconverts
Encouraged by Our Country: Its PossibleFuture and Its Present Crisis by JosiahStrong
Called on Americans to spread superior religionand civilization
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America Turns Outward
Social Darwinism
Earth belongs to the strong and fit
US had to compete with strong nations inEurope and Japan to take territory fromweaker peoples
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America Turns Outward
The Influence of Sea Power uponHistory, 1660 1783 by Captain Alfred
Thayer Mahan (1890)Argued sea power was key to world
dominance
Stimulated naval arms race around world,including in US
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America Turns Outward
Secretarys of State James G. BlainesBig Sister policy
Latin America should follow US and opentheir markets to US companies
1889 first Pan-American conference
between US and other American nations
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America Turns Outward
US came to close blows with other countriesin 1880s and 1890s, showing US had a morebelligerent attitude toward rest of world 1889 with Germany over Samoan islands
1891 with Italy over lynching of 11 Italians inNew Orleans
1892 US demands on Chile over death of 2 US
soldiers 1893 between US and Canada over seal hunting
rights
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The Pacific
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America Turns Outward
1895 1896 dispute between Britainand Venezuela over Guiana border
Dispute worsened when gold discovered inarea
US used Monroe Doctrine (and threatenedwar) to impose arbitration on Britain
Britain accepted arbitration because ofconcerns in other parts of world (Germanyand South Africa)
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The
Venezuela-
British
Guiana
BoundaryDispute
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America Turns Outward
Great Rapprochement (reconciliation)
British began to work for better relations
with US; ended 100 years of hostilerelations between US and Britain
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Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Early contact with Hawaii Early 1800s islands used by sailors to re-
supply 1820s Christian missionaries arrived
Whites began planting and harvesting sugar
1840s US warned other nations away
from Hawaii 1887 US made treaty for use of Pearl
Harbor as naval base
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The Pacific
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Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
The issues of annexation Hawaiian natives killed by white diseases to 1/6 of
original size Asians (Japanese and Chinese) imported to work on
white plantations; came to outnumber both whites andnatives
1890 McKinley Tariff raised tariffs on sugar andhurt white planters in Hawaii
Whites push for annexation (making Hawaii exempt fromtariffs)
Annexation opposed by Queen Liliuokalani andhuge majority of Hawaiian people
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Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
1893 whites organize revolt against queen US troops land under (unauthorized) orders of the
US minister to Honolulu Grover Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii
Believed US had wronged Hawaii and should onlyannex it if people approved (which they did not)
Not until 1898 (under McKinley) was Hawaiiannexed
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
1895 Cuban people rebel againstSpanish misrule
Economy crippled by 1894 US tariff againstsugar
Insurrectos burn sugar fields and mills and
blow up trains to fight Spanish
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
US and the Cuban rebellion
US had $50 million invested and $100
million in annual trade with Cuba US sympathized with Cuban rebels
Cuba seen as critical for controlling Gulf of
Mexico (and therefore area of futurePanama Canal)
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
1896 Spanish sent General ButcherWeyler to end rebellion
Used reconcentration camps to stoppopulation from helping insurrectos
Camps turned into dirty deathtraps, where
many people died
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Victims of Spanish
Concentration Camps in Cuba
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
yellow journalism (Hearst and Pulitzer)use Cuban rebellion to sell newspapers
with scoopsArtist Frederic Remington sent to Cuba todraw pictures
You furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the
war. (Hearst) Remington showed male Spanish officials strip-
searching an American woman (even thoughthey were actually done by women)
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Spanish
DonsSearch
American
WomenFrederick
Remington
For HearstsNewspaper
1898
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
De Lme letter
Sent from Spanish minister in Washington,
DC to Spain and intercepted De Lme wrote attacked McKinley,
angering US public
Letter published in Hearsts newspaper
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The De Lme Letter
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
Maine incident
Early 1898 USS Maine sent to Havana
Harbor to evacuate Americans in case ofhostilities
February 15, 1898 Maine blew up, killing260 sailors
US public (believing Spain attacked Maine)demanded war
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USS Maine in Havana Harbor
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Explosion of the Maine
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Wreckage of the Maine
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The USS Maine Headlines
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
Investigations of the Maine incident Spanish investigation found that explosion
was internal and accidental US Navy at the time found that the blasthad been cause by an underwater mine
1976 US Navy investigation confirmed
Spanish findings Spontaneous explosion in a coal bunker near a
storage area for gunpowder
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
McKinleys dilemma US negotiators had gotten Spain to agree
to shut down reconcentration camps andhold cease-fire with insurrectos
McKinley wanted Spain out of Cuba,without war
Americans were demanding war, withmany attacking McKinley forindecisiveness
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Cubans Rise in Revolt
April 11, 1898 McKinley sent warmessage to Congress
Much support from public and Congress Claimed US would free Cuba from Spain
Teller Amendment adopted by
Congress with declaration of war US promised to free Cuba after Spain was
removed
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Deweys May Day Victory at
Manila February 25, 1898 assistant secretary
of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt
ordered Commodore Dewey to attackPhilippines
After the Maine incident, but before an
official declaration of war McKinley backed up Roosevelts order
after the fact
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Deweys May Day Victory at
Manila May 1, 1898 Dewey attacks at Manila
Old Spanish fleet easily destroyed, with no
loss of American life Dewey could not advance on Manila with
only naval forces
August 13, 1898 US reinforcementscaptured Manila, with help of Filipinonationalists under Emilio Aguinaldo
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Dewey's
Route in the
Philippines,
1898
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Deweys May Day Victory at
Manila July 7, 1898 resolution passed and
signed annexing Hawaii
US wanted to prevent Japan taking islandswhile distracted in Philippines
Hawaii necessary for re-supply and fueling
station for US Pacific fleet
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The Importance of Hawaii
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The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Old Spanish fleet sent to Cuba
Powerful US fleet easily blockaded the
Spanish ships June 17 US troops leave for Cuba
unprepared
Heavy uniforms not designed war tropicalclimate
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The Confused Invasion of Cuba
July 1 fighting breaks out in Cuba at ElCaney and Kettle Hill, near Santiago Rough Riders (organized by Roosevelt) charged
up Kettle Hill, taking heavy casualties
July 3 naval battle in which Spanish navy inCuba destroyed by US fleet Fall of fleet led to surrender of Santiago
July August US also took Puerto Ricofrom Spain
August 12 Spain signed cease fire with US
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The Rough Rider Charge
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The CubanCampaign,
1898
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The Confused Invasion of Cuba
US casualties
400 soldiers killed by Spanish
5,000 killed from disease Malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, yellow fever
Spoiled canned meat supplied to US army
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire Late 1898 negotiations with Spain in
Paris (Treaty of Paris)
Cuba freed US got Guam (captured during war)
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire The problem of the Philippines
McKinley did not want to give islands back
to Spain McKinley did not believe US could leavePhilippines to themselves
Anarchy or conquest by a foreign power
McKinley thought best course might be totake the islands and give them theirfreedom later
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire The solution to the Philippines problem
Many Americans (because of nationalism),Protestant missionaries (eager for converts), Mrs.McKinley (concerned for Filipinos) and Wall Street(looking for trade) supported annexation
McKinley claimed in a prayer that God told him toannex the Philippines
US paid $20 million to Spain and annexed thePhilippines
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire The debate over the Treaty of Paris
centered on the Philippines
The few areas not connected to mainlandUS (Hawaii, Alaska) had few people and itwould be easy to make them states
Philippines had 7 million peope, differentlanguage, customs, government
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire Anti-imperialists arguments
Anti-imperialists argue that US was giving uptradition of antiimperialism
Filipino thirst for freedomAnnexation would violate consent of the
governed in Declaration of Independence
Despotism outside of US might bring despotism to
US Expensive military adventures overseas
US would become involved in problems in Asia
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire Imperialists arguments
Patriotism and nationalism
US should civilize backwards nations Trade profits with Philippines
White Mans Burden (Rudyard Kipling)
US should help improve other nations
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Americas Course (Curse?) of
Empire February 6, 1899 Senate approved
Treaty of Paris with Spain by only 1 vote
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Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba Puerto Ricos limbo status
Neither a state nor a territory; not much chance ofeventual independence
Foraker Act (1900) gave Puerto Rico limitedpopular government
1917 Puerto Ricans given citizenship, but notself-rule
Many Puerto Ricans wanted independence, inspite of improvements US made
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Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba Insular Cases (1901)
Did the Constitution follow the flag? (Did
American rights and laws apply with fullforce in conquered territories (Puerto Rico,Philippines)?
Divided Supreme Court ruled thatConstitution was not necessarily in force inconquered territories
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Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba 1898 1902 American rule in Cuba
Improvements in government, finance,
education, agriculture, public health Yellow fever (spread by mosquitoes)
attacked by destroying mosquito breedinggrounds
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Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba 1902 US withdrew from Cuba, honoring
Teller Amendment
Before US withdrew, Cuba forced to add PlattAmendment to their Constitution Cuba could not make treaties that would
compromise their independence
Not to take on debt that couldnt be repaid
US could intervene with troops when it saw fit US could lease naval stations (Guantanamo)
Platt Amendment provisions ended in 1934,except for Guantanamo leasing
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New Horizons in Two
Hemispheres US became world power as result of
Spanish-American War
Gained prestige and recognition, especiallyfrom Europe
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New Horizons in Two
Hemispheres Increased nationalism and support for
imperialism among Americans
Patriotic songs (John Philip Sousa) Support for larger American navy (Alfred T.
Mahan)
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New Horizons in Two
Hemispheres Closing of divisions between North and
South
Southerners united with US to fightcommon enemy
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New Horizons in Two
Hemispheres US assumed burdensome commitments
it was unwilling to govern with adequate
military or other spending
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United States Possessions to
1917
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Little Brown Brothers in the
Philippines Filipinos believed they had been
promised independence after Spanish-
American War US decided it would stay in Philippines
indefinitely
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Little Brown Brothers in the
Philippines February 4, 1899 Filipinos (led by Emilio
Aguinaldo) rebel
US sends 126,000 troops to put downrebellion Used brutal tactics like water cure and
reconcentration camps
1901 Aguinaldo captured, although somefighting continued for months afterward 4,234 Americans, 600,000 Filipinos killed
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Little Brown Brothers in the
Philippines 1901 William H. Taft made governor
of Philippines
US poured millions of dollars into country,building schools, roads, sanitation, trade(mainly sugar)
Filipinos hated forced Americanization and
resented US actions July 4, 1946 Philippines gained
independence
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Hinging the Open Door in China
1894 - China defeated by Japan
Late 1890s - early 1900s - Europe
(especially Russia and Germany)moved in to take advantage of Chinasweakened condition (through trade
agreements and spheres of influence)
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Imperialismin China
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Hinging the Open Door in China
US opposed to European intervention inChina
Churches wanted access to Chineseconverts
Merchants wanted trade with China
US public inflamed (partly by British whopushed for free trade with China)
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Hinging the Open Door in China
Summer 1899 - Open Door note
Issued by Secretary of State John Hay
Europe must respect Chinese rights andfair competition in their spheres ofinfluence
All great powers except Russia agreed(hesitatingly) to Open Door note
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Hinging the Open Door in China
1900 - the Boxer Rebellion Chinese nationalists rebel against
foreigners
Called Boxers because of martial artstraining
Call to kill foreign devils
200 foreigners, thousands of ChineseChristians killed
Laid seige to Beijing (Peking)
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Hinging the Open Door in China
1900 - 18,000 soldiers in multinationalforce (including US) put down the
rebellionAllies forced China to pay $333 million US paid $24.5 million (but used $18 million
to pay for Chinese students education in
US)
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Hinging the Open Door in China
1900 - second Open Door note issuedby Hay
Chinese territorial integrity to be upheld Incorporated in Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
Violated by Japan (when Japan invadedManchuria in 1930s)
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Imperialism or Bryanism in
1900? Election of 1900: the Republicans
renominate McKinley
Won the Spanish-American War Kept US on gold standard
Brought US prosperity (full dinner pail)
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McKinley for
President
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Imperialism or Bryanism in
1900? McKinley selects Roosevelt as vice
president
Hero of Spanish-American War Governor of New York after war Political bosses in New York wanted him out
because they couldnt control him
Very popular and easily won nomination
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Imperialism or Bryanism in
1900? Election of 1900: the Democrats
nominate William Jennings Bryan
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Imperialism or Bryanism in
1900? Election of 1900: the campaign
Democrats attack Republican overseasimperialism
McKinley had enslaved Filipinos (unlike RepublicanLincoln who had freed slaves)
Bryan traveled across US
McKinley campaigned from his front porch (toodignified to openly campaign)
Roosevelt toured US, attacking patriotism of Democratsfor wanting to remove US flag (and accompanyingfreedom) from other parts of the world
McKinleys Front Porch Campaign
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McKinleys Front Porch Campaign
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Imperialism or Bryanism in
1900? Election of 1900: the results
McKinley won by wider margin than in 1896 7.2 million to 6.3 million popular votes
292 to 155 electoral votes People voted for McKinley because of prosperity
and protectionism, not for (or against) imperialism
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The Election of 1900
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TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
September 1901 - McKinley killed by ananarchist in Buffalo, New York
Roosevelt became youngest president (tothat time) to become president (at age 42)
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TheAssassination
of William
McKinley
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TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Roosevelts background Born to wealthy family in New York
Was weak and asthmatic as boy, but exercisedfiercely to overcome physical weaknesses
Graduated from Harvard
Published over 30 books
Worked as ranch owner and cowboy in Dakotasbefore political life
510, bespectacled, large teeth, droopy mustache
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TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Roosevelt as politician Loved outdoors and people
Traveled country meeting people
Attacked weakness (physically and militarily) Called pacifists flubdubs or mollycoddles
Motto for preparedness was Speak softly andcarry a big stick
Always wanted to be the center of attention
Adored by most Americans
R lt t C ig
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Roosevelt at a Campaign
Speech
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TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Roosevelt as president Little respect for checks and balances of US
system
President must take action in general interest ofthe people of the US, as long as it is not forbiddenby the Constitution
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Building the Panama Canal
Need for a canal across isthmus of Panama Isthmus - a narrow strip of land, bordered on both
sides by water, connecting two larger bodies of
land Had long been talked about
During Spanish-American War, battleship Oregonhad traveled for weeks around South America toget to Caribbean
Would increase the strengthen the US Navy andhelp US defend recently-acquired territory (Hawaii,Philippines, Puerto Rico)
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Building the Panama Canal
Negotiating the rights to the canal 1850 - Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between US
and Britain US could not get excusive rights to build canal
1901 - Hay-Pauncefote Treaty between USand Britain
Britain had problems in Europe and SouthAfrica (Boer War)
Gave US right to build and fortify canal area
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Building the Panama Canal
Where to build the canal?American experts favored Nicaragua
French had tried before (1880s) acrossPanama French (under Philippe Bunau-Varilla) offered
to sell equipment to US for $40 million(previously had wanted $109 million)
June 1902 - Congress decided on Panamaroute (partly to get the French equipment)
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Building the Panama Canal
Negotiating with Columbia Columbia controlled Panama
US offered $10 million and yearly paymentof $250,000 to Columbia for 6-mile widestrip of land
Columbian senate rejected offer because theybelieved they could get a better deal if theywaited
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Building the Panama Canal
The Panamanians rebel Panamanians fear they wont get the canal (and
resulting trade and prosperity)
Also had a history of rebellion against Columbian rule French (especially Bunua-Varilla) fear losing $40
million payment from US
November 3, 1903 - Panamanians rebel French and Panamanians worked together to plan the
revolution US navy ships prevented Columbian troops from
crossing isthmus to put down rebellion
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Building the Panama Canal
Roosevelt quickly makes Panama almost USoutpost Panama recognized by US only 3 days after
revolution
15 days later - Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed inWashington
Bunau-Varilla was Panamanian ambassador (eventhough he was French)
US paid $10 million (with annual payment of $250,000),
but US now got 10-mile wide strip of land (instead of only6)
US paid French company $40 million for itsequipment
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Building the Panama Canal
Roosevelt and the revolution
Did not actively plot with revolutionaries
They did know that he would support themif they rebelled
Strong impression in Latin America thatRoosevelt had been part of the revolution
Worsened relations between US and LatinAmerica
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Building the Panama Canal
Building the canal Began in 1904
Many troubles - labor problems, landslides,
tropical diseases Colonel William C. Gorgas used modern
pesticides to eliminate dangerous tropicaldiseases
Colonel George Washington Goethals finallycompleted canal in 1914
Cost $400 million to build
The Panama Canal Zone
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B ildi g th P C l
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Building the Panama Canal
TR P i f M
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TRs Perversion of Monroes
Doctrine
Debt problems in Latin America Some countries (Venezuela, Dominican Republic)
constantly behind in payments to Europe
Led to some attacks by European countries on LatinAmerican countries
Roosevelt feared Germans or British might usedebt repayment as excuse to stay in Latin America
(violating the Monroe Doctrine)
TR P i f M
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TRs Perversion of Monroes
Doctrine
The Roosevelt Corollary Corollary - a natural consequence or result
If there were future problems in Latin America withpaying off debts, the US would intervene
US would take over parts of governments and pay off thedebts, keeping Europe out
US became policeman of Latin America
1905 - first instance of putting Corollary intopractice
US took over management of tariff collection inDominican Republic to pay down its debts
TR P i f M
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TRs Perversion of Monroes
Doctrine
Effects of the Roosevelt Corollary US believed they were protecting Latin America
But Latin America saw this as excuse for US tobully them
Used to justify interventions and landings ofmarines many times in Caribbean in future years
A ti iti f th U it d St t i
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Activities of the United States in
the Caribbean, 1898 to the 1930s
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Roosevelt on the World Stage
1904 - Russo-Japanese War broke out Russia wanted access to ports in
Manchuria (China), especially Port Arthur
Japan launched surprise attack on Russianfleet at Port Arthur (1904)
Japan then beat Russians in series of
battles Important because Europeans did not believethey could be beaten by non-Europeans
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Roosevelt on the World Stage
As war dragged on, Japan grew shorton men and money, so they
approached Roosevelt to mediate asettlement
Roosevelt wanted to prevent Russian
collapse so Russia could block Japanfrom expanding too much in Asia
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Roosevelt on the World Stage
1905 - Roosevelt meets with Russia andJapan at Portsmouth, New Hampshire Settlement reached that satisfied neither side
Japan especially angry because they felt they hadwon the war
Japan forced to give up demands for cash payment fromRussia and Russian evacuation of Sakhalin Island
Japan did gain control over Korea (annexed in1910)
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Roosevelt on the World Stage
Effects of Roosevelts involvement in theRusso-Japanese War 1906 - Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize
For ending Russo-Japanese War, along with aconerence in Algerciras, Spain to end disputes in North
Africa
US relations with Russia and Japan grew worse Russia accused US of robbing it of military victory and
because of massacres of Jews in Russia Japan felt cheated by settlement US had worked out; US
and Japan (who before had been friendly) came to berivals in Asia
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Japanese Laborers in California
Early 1900s - new wave of Japaneseimmigrants came to Japan
Came to escape war (with Russia) andhigh taxes
Californians feared yellow peril (eventhough Japanese were never over 3% of
population
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Japanese Laborers in California
1906 - San Francisco school boardordered segregation of all Asian
(Japanese, Chinise, Korean) in specialschools
Done to free more space for whites afteran earthquake and fire in the city (1906)
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Japanese Laborers in California
Reaction to San Franciscos actions
Japanese saw incident as national insult
War talk (because of irresponsiblenewspaper coverage) on both sides ofPacific
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Japanese Laborers in California
Roosevelt fixes the problem with Japan
Invites the San Francisco school board and
gets them to end the segregation Japan agrees to Gentlemens Agreement
Secret agreement worked out in 1907 - 1908
Japan would stop flow of Japanese laborers to
California by withholding passports
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Japanese Laborers in California
1907 - the Great White Fleet sent out byRoosevelt Didnt want Japan to believe he had negotiated
with them (over San Francisco incident) out of fear Sent 16 white battleships around the world (from
Virginia, around South America, around Australia,to Asia, through Middle East, and back to USacross Atlantic)
Greeted warmly in Japan with thousands ofschoolchildren waving US flags and singing StarSpangled Banner
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Route of the Great White Fleet
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