Post on 26-Mar-2015
AP Biology
Chapter 54Ecosystem Dynamics
LE 54-2
Microorganismsand other
detritivores
Tertiaryconsumers
Secondaryconsumers
Detritus Primary consumers
Sun
Primary producers
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
10% Rule of Energy
LE 54-4
Open oceanContinental shelf
Upwelling zonesExtreme desert, rock, sand, ice
Swamp and marshLake and stream
Desert and semidesert scrubTropical rain forest
Temperate deciduous forestTemperate evergreen forest
Tropical seasonal forest
SavannaCultivated land
EstuaryAlgal beds and reefs
Boreal forest (taiga)Temperate grassland
Woodland and shrublandTundra
0.40.4
1.01.31.51.61.71.82.42.72.93.33.54.7
0.30.10.1
5.265.0
Freshwater (on continents)
Terrestrial
Marine
Key Percentage of Earth’ssurface area
Average net primaryproduction (g/m2/yr)
6050403020100 2,5002,0001,5001,0005000
Percentage of Earth’s netprimary production
2520151050
125
2,500
3601,500
5003.090
900600
800
2,200
600
250
1,6001,2001,300
2,000
700140
0.3
7.99.19.6
5.43.5
0.67.1
4.93.8
2.3
24.45.6
1.20.9
0.10.040.9
22
Fig: 54.5Productivity of the Earth
(Based on Chlorophyll Density)
LE 54-6
Atlantic Ocean
ShinnecockBay
Moriches Bay
Long Island
2
45
30
1115
19
21
Coast of Long Island, New York
Great South Bay
Phytoplankton
Inorganicphosphorus
GreatSouth Bay
MorichesBay
ShinnecockBay
Station number2119153011542
8
5
4
3
21
0
6
78
5
4
3
21
0
6
7
Phytoplankton biomass and phosphorus concentration
Ph
yto
pla
nk
ton
(mil
lio
ns
of
cel
ls/m
L)
Ino
rga
nic
ph
os
ph
oru
s(µ
m a
tom
s/L
)
Ammonium enriched
Station number2119153011542
30
Ph
yto
pla
nk
ton
(mil
lio
ns
of
cel
ls p
er m
L)
Startingalgal
density
Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment
24
18
12
6
0
Phosphate enrichedUnenriched control
Fig:54.7
Rachel Carson
LE 54-10
Growth (new biomass)
Cellularrespiration
Feces100 J
33 J
67 J
200 J
Plant materialeaten by caterpillar
Fig: 54.11Pyramids of Energy Production
Fig: 54.14 Pyramids of Numbers(Think about how much each consumer eats over its
lifetime.)
LE 54-12a
Trophic level Dry weight(g/m2)
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Primary producers
1.5
11
37
809
Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease in biomass at successively higher trophic levels, as illustrated by data from a bog at Silver Springs, Florida.
LE 54-12b
Trophic level Dry weight(g/m2)
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
Primary producers (phytoplankton)
21
4
In some aquatic ecosystems, such as the English Channel, a small standing crop of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a larger standing crop of primary consumers (zooplankton).
Fig: 54.13Pyramids of Numbers
LE 54-17a
Transportover land
Precipitationover landEvaporation
from oceanPrecipitationover ocean
Net movement ofwater vapor by wind
Solar energy
Evapotranspirationfrom land
Runoff andgroundwater
Percolationthroughsoil
LE 54-17b
Cellularrespiration
Burning offossil fuelsand wood
Carbon compoundsin water
Photosynthesis
Primaryconsumers
Higher-levelconsumers
Detritus
Decomposition
CO2 in atmosphere
LE 54-17c
Assimilation
N2 in atmosphere
DecomposersNitrifyingbacteria
Nitrifyingbacteria
Nitrogen-fixingsoil bacteria
Denitrifyingbacteria
NitrificationAmmonification
Nitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes
NO3–
NO2–NH4
+NH3
LE 54-17d
Sedimentation
Plants
Rain
Runoff
Weatheringof rocks
Geologicuplift
SoilLeaching
Decomposition
Plant uptakeof PO4
3–
Consumption
Harvesting
Sources for Acid Precipitation
Fig: 54.22
Effects of Acid Precipitation
LE 54-23
Zooplankton0.123 ppm
Phytoplankton0.025 ppm
Lake trout4.83 ppm
Smelt1.04 ppm
Herringgull eggs124 ppm
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n o
f P
CB
s
Rachel Carson
Fig: 54.24Rising CO2 and rising temperature
LE 54-27
Chlorine atoms
O3Chlorine
Cl2O2
CIO
O2
O2
CIO
Chlorine from CFCs interacts with ozone (O3), forming chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2).
Sunlight causes Cl2O2 to break down into O2 and free chlorine atoms. The chlorine atoms can begin the cycle again.
Two CIO molecules react, forming chlorine peroxide (Cl2O2).
Sunlight
Fig: 54.28Ozone hole over Antarctica in dark blue
LE 54-28
October 1979 October 2000
Melting Antarctic Ice