Post on 02-Nov-2015
description
Penicillin
Natural
Antistaphyloccol
Extended spectrum
Antipseudomonal
Monobactams
Cephalosporins
1st-4th generation
Vancomycin
MOA
Inhibit the transpeptidase enzyme that assists with cross linking of peptidoglycan chains
Resistance
By production of beta-lactamase that cleaves the beta-lactam ring to inactivate the
metabolite
Alteration in penicillin-binding proteins
Decrease penetrability of the cell wall
Side effects: type I hypersensitivity reaction
Penicillin G (IM) and V (oral, because acid stable)
Renally excreted add probenecid to increase blood levels
Crosses blood brain barrier with inflammation
Spectrum of activity
Gram positive
Non resistant staph and strep, anthrax
With aminoglycoside for enterococcus
Gram-negative: Neisseria meningtidis
Anaerobes: Clostridium (not B fragilis)
Spirochetes: Treponema
Methicillin (IV), nafcillin (IV), oxacillin (IV),
Dicloxacillin (PO)
Resistant to breakdown by beta-lactamase
Spectrum of activity
Beta-lactamase producing staph
Not effective against gram negative organisms
MRSA treat with vancomycin
Side effects
Methicillin: interstitial nephritis (not used clinically).
Ampicllin (PO,IV), amoxicillin (PO)
Spectrum of activity Covers strep
Have some gram negative coverage
H. flu
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Proteus mirabillis
Salmonella
Neisseria
Beta lactam inhibitors: extend the spectrum of activity Clavulanate
Plus amoxicillin is Augmentin
Sulbactam
Plus ampicillin is Unasyn
Side effects: Ampicillin: diarrhea, pseudomembranous
colitis
Ampicillin rash: infectious mono
Carbenicillin (PO), ticarcillin (IV), piperacillin (IV)
Spectrum of activity Cover pseudomonas and some aerobic and anaerobic
gram negative rods E.coli, Proteus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella
Side effects
GI disturbances
Prolonged bleeding time (platelet dysfunction)
Beta-lactamase inhibitors: addition adds staph staph coverage
Clavulanate Plus ticarcillin is Timentin
Tazobactam Plus piperacillin is Zosyn
Aztreonam (IV)
Spectrum of activity Active against gram-negative rods, including
pseudomonas
No activity against gram-positive rods or anaerobes
Side effects While is a beta-lactam, it is not
contraindicated in patients allergic to penicillin or cephalosporins
Cefazolin (Ancef) (IV), cephalexin (Keflex) (PO), Cephaslothin (Keflin) (IV), cefadroxil (Duricef) (PO),
Spectrum of activity Oral cavity anaerobes except B.fragilis Cover some gram-negatives (used in UTI) E.coli
Cover S. pneumoniae and H. flu but not as well as later generations Avoid in treating URI
Cover staph, not MRSA Used in surgical prophylaxis
Side effects:
Diarrhea
Hypersensitivity reactions
Fever
Increased liver function tests (uncommon)
Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia (uncommon)
Respiratory and PID
Cefaclor (Ceclor) (PO), Loracarbef (Lorabid) (PO),
Cefoxitin (Mefoxin) (IV), Cefuroxime (Zinacef, IV),
Ceftin (PO), cefotetan (Cefotan, IV), cefprozil
(Cefzil, PO)
Spectrum of activity
Increased activity against S. pneumonia, H.flu (cefuroxime is the best for URI/sinusitis)
Active against anaerobic infection including B. fragilis, (cefoxitin, cefotetan)
Use in PID
Spectrum of activity (continued)
Covers same gram-negatives as first generation plus h.flu, enterobacter, klebsiella, proteus, Neisseria species
Side effects same as first generation
Pneumonia, CNS
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin, IV),
cefixime(Suprax, PO), ceftizoxime
(Cefizox, IV), ceftazidime (fortax),
cefpodoxime (Vantin, PO),
Spectrum of activity
Against s. pneumo and h.flu
Good penetration of CNS (meningitis)
Spectrum of activity continued
Used to treat N. gonorrhoeae
Cover pseudomonas (ceftazidime, cefepime)
Poor activity against s.aureus
Side effects
Same as first and second generation
Increased risk of enterococcal superinfection
Cefepime(Maxipime IV)
Spectrum of activity
Must be methicillin susceptible staph and strep
Gram negative bacilli including pseudomonas
Side effects
Same as other groups
Going from first generation to fourth,
gram positive coverage lost, gram
negative gained
Do not cover MRSA or enterococcus
Avoid alcohol
May have disulfiram-like reaction
May cause bleeding disorders
Imipenem plus cilastatin(IV), meropenem (IV) Cilastatin inhibits breakdown of imipenem in the
kidney
Spectrum of activity Broad spectrum gram positive, gram negative,
anerobes Covers 90% of clinically important bacteria
Meropenem has high activity against pseudomonas
Side effects Can cause seizures
Action
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis; binds of portion of cell wall precursors
Bactericidal against most bacteria (except enterococcus)
Spectrum of activity
S. aureus (including MRSA), s.epidermidis, strep, corynebacterium diphtheriae,
clostridium
Spectrum of activity continued
Use in endocarditis, osteomyelitis, necrotizing fasciitis
Pseudomembranous colitis (oral vancomycin)
No coverage against gram negative
organisms
Side effects
Red man syndrome
Histamine release
No problem if drug given slowly
Ototoxicity (can be permanent)
Nephrotoxicity (increased with other nephrotoxic drugs)
Chloramphenicol
Tetracycline
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Bacteriostatic: binds to 50S ribosomal
subunit
Metabolized in the liver and enters CNS
Good choice for brain abscess
Spectrum of action
Kills most gram-positive, gram negative, and anaerobes
Effective against Rickettsial infections (RMSF)
Side effects
Bone marrow suppression/aplastic anemia
Gray baby syndrome
Due to inability to metabolize drug to inactive metabolites
Present with shock, abdominal distention, cyanosis
Decrease use due to severe side effects
Short vs. long acting Tetracycline: t1/2 6-12 hours
Doxycycline/minocycline t1/2 16-18 hours
MOA Bacteriostatic, bind to 30S ribosomal unit
Crosses the placenta and is in breast milk
Binds to calcium and antacids
Inhibits absorption of tetracycline
Renal excretion
Doxycycline eliminated non-renal, so safe in renal failure
Spectrum of activity
Cover gram positive and gram negative but not drug of choice due to increased resistance
Covers: Rickettisal infections
Spirochete infections (Lyme disease)
Mycoplasma pneumoneae
Chlamydial infection
Minocycline for acne
Side effects:
Hepatotoxicity
GI upset: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Phototoxic dermatitis
Discolored teeth/decreased bone growth (do not give to children
Erythromycin (e-mycin)
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
MOA
Bacteriostatic, bind to 50S ribosomal subunit
Hepatic metabolism
Azithromycin concentrates in tissue and releases slowly over prolonged period (t1/2 72 hours)
Spectrum of activity Group A strep, strep pneumo, chlamydia,
mycoplasma, .flu, legionella
Mycobacterium avium can use azithromycin
Side effects: GI upset
Cholestatic hepatitis
Inhibits cytochrome P-45
Can lead to an increase in other drugs if metabolized by liver
Gentamycin, Tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin
MOA Poor oral absorption
Eliminated by kidneys
Bactericidal; bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Antibiotic enters bacteria by oxygen dependent active transport
Not effective against anaerobes
Spectrum of action
Aerobic gram negative
Tobramycin more active against pseudomonas
Amikacin reserved for the most serious infections
Endocarditis due to enterococcus
Side effects:
Ototoxicity
Hearing loss (usually irreversible), tinnitus, vertigo, ataxia
Nephrotoxicity
Acute tubular necrosis
Monitor serum creatinine
PO, IV, topical
MOA Bacteriostatic, binds to 50S ribosomal subunit
to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Spectrum of action Gram positive and anaerobic bacteria
Anaerobes above the diaphragm
Will cover strep pyogenes
Alternative to pcn and ceph in allergic pt
Side effects: psedomembranous colitis
MOA
Inhibits protein synthesis, binds to 50S subunit
Spectrum of activity
MRSA, VRE, corynebacterium, listeria
Side effects:
GI upset, diarrhea, headache, rash, thrombocytopenia
Ciprofloxacin (cipro), ofloxacin (Floxin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), Levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox) MOA
Bactericidal; binds to bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase
Inhibits DNA replication and RNA transcription
Undergo hepatic biotransformation and are excreted unchanged in urine
Decreased oral absorption with ingestion of dairy and antacids
Spectrum of action Broad spectrum: aerobic gram positive and
gram negative bacteria
UTI: due to gram neg rods and pseudomonas
Prostatitis: good prostate penetration
Travelers diarrhea: shigeela, salmonella, E.coli, camplobacter
URI due to pneumococci, chlamydia, mycoplasma, h.flu, legionella
Some coverage of mycobacterium
Side effects:
N, headache, dizzy
Sensitivity to UV light
Due to damage to growing cartilage, contraindicated in children
Sulfonamides
Sulfacetaminde (Sulamyd): topical
Sulfadiazine (PO or topical)
Sulfamethoxazole (PO)
Folate reductase inhibitors
Trimethroprim (PO)
Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)(PO, IV)
MOA
Decreased production of essential cofactors for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins through the blockage of tetrahydrofolic acid
production
Spectrum of action
Allergic skin rash, steven johnson syndrome
Kernicterus: displacement of billirubin which penetrates the CNS
Bactrim: N/V, GI upset, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia
Avoid during pregnancy; fetotoxic
MOA
Bacteriocidal, drug reduced to toxic agents that bind intracellular macromolecules
Metabolized in the liver
Spectrum of action
Active against nearly all anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria including B. fragilis
Antiparasitic
Side effects:
Disulfiram reaction
Cacinogenic potential
Metalic taste
Macrobid or macrodantin (PO)
MOA: Causes damage to bacterial DNA
Rapidly excreted in urine
Spectrum of action Treat UTI due to E.coli, enterococcus,
S.saprophyticus
Side effects: N/V, hemolytic anemia, pulmonary and
hepatic toxicity