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Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Chapter 33
2Types of Epithelial Tissues
in the Vertebrates
3Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOutlineOutlineTissue TypesTissue Types
Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous
OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis
Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback
4Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
Tissue - Group of similar cells Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar functionperforming a similar function
Organ - Group of tissues performing a Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized functionspecialized function
Organ System - Collection of several Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning togetherorgans functioning together
Organism - A collection of organ Organism - A collection of organ systemssystems
5Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisTypes of TissuesTypes of Tissues
Four major vertebrate tissue typesFour major vertebrate tissue types
Epithelial Epithelial
ConnectiveConnective
MuscularMuscular
NervousNervous
6Types of Epithelial Tissues
in the Vertebrates
7Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisEpithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelial tissue:Epithelial tissue:
Forms a continuous layer over body Forms a continuous layer over body surfacessurfaces
Lines inner cavitiesLines inner cavitiesForms glandsForms glands Exocrine glands - Secrete products into Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavitiesducts or cavities Endocrine glands - Secrete products Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstreamdirectly into the bloodstream
Covers abdominal organsCovers abdominal organsThree types of epithelial tissues:Three types of epithelial tissues:
Squamous – Flat cellsSquamous – Flat cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cells
8Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective TissueConnective tissues consist of:Connective tissues consist of:
Fibroblast cellsFibroblast cellsA matrix containing collagen and elastic A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibersfibers
Loose fibrous connective tissueLoose fibrous connective tissueAllows organs to expandAllows organs to expand
Dense fibrous connective tissueDense fibrous connective tissueStrong connective tissueStrong connective tissue TendonsTendons LigamentsLigaments
9Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue
10Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective TissueAdipose TissueAdipose Tissue
Insulates the body and provides Insulates the body and provides paddingpadding
CartilageCartilageClassified according to type of Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrixmatrix
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrixsmall chambers (lacunae) in the matrix
11Connective Tissue Examples
12Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective Tissue
Compact BoneCompact BoneMatrix is inorganic salts deposited Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibersaround protein fibers
Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunaelacunae
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)(central canals)
13Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisBloodBloodActually a connective tissue in which Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)(plasma)Red blood cells - erythrocytesRed blood cells - erythrocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytes
Transports nutrients and oxygen to Transports nutrients and oxygen to cellscells
Removes carbon dioxide and other Removes carbon dioxide and other wasteswastes
14Blood, a Liquid Tissue
15Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisMuscular TissueMuscular Tissue
Contractile cells containing actin and Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filamentsmyosin filaments
Cells are called muscle fibersCells are called muscle fibersSkeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleVoluntary - Long, striated fibersVoluntary - Long, striated fibers
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle Involuntary - No striationsInvoluntary - No striations
Cardiac MuscleCardiac MuscleStriated, but mostly involuntaryStriated, but mostly involuntaryBound by intercalated disksBound by intercalated disks
16Muscular Tissue
17Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue contains neuronsNervous Tissue contains neurons
Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axonan axon
Long axons covered by myelinLong axons covered by myelin
Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers form nervesform nerves
Neuroglia support and nourish Neuroglia support and nourish neuronsneurons
18Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous TissueNervous system has three functionsNervous system has three functions
Sensory inputSensory inputSensory receptors detect changesSensory receptors detect changes Transmit info to the spinal cordTransmit info to the spinal cord
Data integrationData integrationSpinal cord and brain integrateSpinal cord and brain integrateDecision is made regarding appropriate Decision is made regarding appropriate responseresponse
Motor outputMotor outputResponse is transmitted to effector Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)(gland or muscle) Effector initiates actual responseEffector initiates actual response
19Neurons and Neuroglia
20Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisFunctions & Regions of SkinFunctions & Regions of SkinFunctions of skinFunctions of skin
Covers and protects underlying body Covers and protects underlying body regionsregions
Regulate body temperature, andRegulate body temperature, andContains sensory receptorContains sensory receptor
Epidermis - Outer, thinner regionEpidermis - Outer, thinner regionStratified squamous epitheliumStratified squamous epitheliumNew cells are pushed outward, become New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed offkeratinized, and are sloughed off
Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)Nails grow from specialized epidermal Nails grow from specialized epidermal cellscells
21Human Skin Anatomy
22Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisRegions of SkinRegions of SkinDermis - Deeper and thicker than Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermisepidermisFibrous connective tissue containing Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:elastic and collagen fibers Contains:Hair folliclesHair folliclesSebaceous glandsSebaceous glandsReceptorsReceptorsNerve fibersNerve fibersBlood vesselsBlood vessels
Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermistissue located below dermis
23The Epidermis
24Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsBody CavitiesBody Cavities
Dorsal cavity (toward the back) Dorsal cavity (toward the back) Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canalcanalThe brain is in the cranial cavity, andThe brain is in the cranial cavity, andThe spinal cord is in the vertebral canalThe spinal cord is in the vertebral canal
Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into by the diaphragm into The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and and The abdominal cavity (most other internal The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)organs)The pelvic cavityThe pelvic cavity
25 Mammalian Body Cavities
26Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisHomeostasisHomeostasisThe organ systems of the human body contribute The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasisto homeostasis The digestive systemThe digestive system Takes in and digests foodTakes in and digests food Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrientsnutrients
The respiratory systemThe respiratory system Adds oxygen to the blood Adds oxygen to the blood Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide
The liver and the kidneysThe liver and the kidneys Store excess glucose as glycogenStore excess glucose as glycogen Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose usedused
The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storageThe hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage The kidneysThe kidneys Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and saltssalts
27Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNegative FeedbackNegative FeedbackHomeostatic ControlHomeostatic Control
Partially controlled by hormonesPartially controlled by hormonesUltimately controlled by the nervous Ultimately controlled by the nervous systemsystem
Negative Feedback is the primary Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set valuevariable close to a set value Sensor detects change in environmentSensor detects change in environment Regulatory Center activates an effectorRegulatory Center activates an effector Effector reverses the changesEffector reverses the changes
28 Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
Simple
29Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
Complex
30Regulation of Body Temperature
31Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisPositive FeedbackPositive FeedbackDuring positive feedback, an event During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another increases the likelihood of another eventeventChildbirth ProcessChildbirth ProcessUrge to urinateUrge to urinate
Positive FeedbackPositive FeedbackDoes not result in equilibriumDoes not result in equilibriumDoes not occur as often as negative Does not occur as often as negative feedbackfeedback
32Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisReviewReviewTissue TypesTissue Types
Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous
OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis
Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Ending Slide Chapter 33