Post on 17-Dec-2015
•“Kings play chess on fine gold sets”
–Kingdom Animalia
–Phylum Chordata
–Class Mammalia
–Order Primate
–Family Homidea
–Genus Homo
–Species sapien
Classification
What is a Chordate?
All chordates have 4 basic features that are present at some point during their life cycle
– Hollow Nerve Cord – Nerve cord in which nerves branch out at regular intervals
– Notochord – Long supporting rod that runs throughout body– Pharyngeal Pouches/Gill Slits – Paired structures in throat– Muscular Tail – Extends beyond anus
Only 4-5% of animals are chordates Examples = Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Section 30-1
Nonvertebratechordates
FishesAmphibians
ReptilesBirds
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
Chordate Cladogram
Section 30-1
Muscle segments
TailAnus
Pharyngeal pouches
Mouth
Hollownerve cord
Notochord
The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
Vertebrates
Vertebrates have an internal system of bones called an endoskeleton
Ectotherms are cold-blooded animals whose body temperatures change as their environmental temperatures change, e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles
Endotherms are warm-blooded animals whose body temperatures do not change with changes in their surroundings, e.g., birds and mammals
Fish – Basic Facts
Fish are ectotherms living in nearly every single aquatic habitat Fish are aquatic vertebrates characterized by fins, scales, and gills
Fish were the first vertebrates to evolve some 500 million years ago during the Paleozoic era!!
Fish bring in oxygen rich water through gills and remove oxygen poor water through gill slits; GILLS exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
Closed circulatory system with two chambered heart Fins help fish steer, balance, and move Scales cover and protect skin Swim bladder controls buoyancy Most are egg laying LARGEST GROUP OF VERTEBRATES!
Fish Classification
Phylum: Chordata– Subphyla:
Urochordata -- sea squirtsCephalochordata -- lanceletsVertebrata -- vertebrates
– Classes:Agnatha -- lampreys and hagfishesChondrichthyes -- sharks and raysOsteichthyes -- bony fishes
Osteichthyes
Bony fishes ~ majority of fishes Three subclasses: lungfishes, lobe-finned
fishes, and ray-finned fishes – Have a skeleton made of bone; 95% of all fish– Have a swim bladder or air sac to help control
swimming depth– Carp, sea horse, perch, etc – Flexible skeleton allows for fast speeds– Separate sexes, fertilization external in most
Live-bearers include guppies, mollies, swordfish
Agnatha
Hagfishes and Lampreys– Jawless fish w/ slit-like, toothed mouth; feed on dead or dying
fish by drilling a hole and sucking the blood and insides from the animal
– Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth.– Have no bones; Only vertebrates with no vertebral column as
adults– Breathe using gills– Reproduce sexually (external fertilization)– Two-chambered heart
blood flow through body is slow, as most of pumping action is used to push blood through gills.
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Sharks, Skates, and Rays (living fossils)– Cartilaginous fish w/ skeleton of cartilage– Paired fins for balance, swimming, and steering– Evolution of jaws
Sharks -- 6-20 rows of teeth, continually replaced
– Highly developed sensory systems extremely sensitive sense of smell lateral line system -- detects movement and vibrations in
water (line of fluid-filled canals)
– Internal fertilization -- eggs kept inside body when young are released, they behave like mini-adults
Amphibian Classification
Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order:
– Urodela -- salamanders and newts– Anura -- frogs and toads– Apoda -- legless caecilians
Groups of Amphibians
Salamanders – – Long bodies and tails– Adults are carnivorous– Usually live in moist woods
Frogs and Toads – – Lack tails– Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to water– Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water
Caecilians –– Legless animals that burrow in moist soil– Have fishlike scales
Spotted Salamander
Poison Dart Frog
Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian
Amphibian Characteristics
Spend part of their lives on land and part in water, but nearly all rely on water for breeding
Adaptations – adjustments for temperature Ectotherms -- body temperature changes with
temperature of the surroundings– Hibernation – inactivity during cold weather– Estivation – inactivity during warm weather
Three-chambered heart ~ skin very important as an organ for gas exchange
Amphibian Characteristics
Endoskeleton made of bones to support body on land
Lungs to breathe on land; also exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin
Hearing and vision adapted to land life Long tongue captures insects for food Descendants of ancestral organisms that evolved
some, not all, adaptations for life on land First appeared 360 million years ago
Amphibian Metamorphosis
Hatched from eggs fertilized in water; tadpoles live in water and breathe through gills
Land-function structures such as legs and lungs develop for land life
Section 30-3
Adult FrogAdult Frog
Young FrogYoung Frog
Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs
TadpolesTadpoles
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.
Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
The Life Cycle of a Frog
that allow for
are
that providethat allow
are
and have special adaptations such as
larvae they live in adults they live on
Section 30-3
means
as
Efficientmovement
Breathingair
Support andprotection
Bones Lungs Ribs
Amphibians
Water Land
“Double life”
Reptiles – Basic Facts
Ectothermic animals that generally live whole lives on land Body plans vary, but all reptiles have:
– Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body water in dry environments
– Terrestrial eggs – first animals to develop amniotic eggs that didn’t need to be deposited in water
Respire using lungs Internal Fertilization; Most are egg-laying Behavior controls body temp. (swimming, burrowing, basking,
etc.) Closed circulatory system; double loop; Heart = two atria/one or two ventricles
Reptiles – Basic Facts
Some reptiles, such as turtles, use a hard shell for protection; turtles eat insects, worms, fish, plants
Some, such as alligators or crocodiles, live in or near water Some, such as lizards and snakes, use their tongues to smell
their environment; no ears – feel vibrations on ground Reptile adaptations:
– Thick, dry skin covered with scales protects and reduces water loss
– Breathe using lungs– Internal fertilization produces amniotic egg that nourishes and
protects the young until they hatch, fully developed
Groups of Reptiles
Lizards and Snakes– Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable
eyelids– Highly evolved specialized forms (venom)
Crocodiles and Alligators– Long, typically broad snout and squat appearance– All are carnivorous– Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouth– Live in tropics and subtropics– Alligators live in freshwater– Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater
Groups of Reptiles (con.)
Turtles and Tortoises –– All are shelled– Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial
Tuatara – – Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands
Birds – Basic Facts
Endothermic vertebrates that have two wings, two legs, a bill or beak, feathers, and lay eggs
Nearly 10,000 modern bird species Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on legs) Feathers separate birds from all other animal species Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body
heat Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only exposed to
Oxygen rich air Internal fertilization; amniotic eggs; many mate for life
Birds – Basic Facts
Adaptations for flight:– Strong, hollow bones– High-energy diet– Large, efficient heart and a specialized respiratory system– Lungs with air sacs for efficiency and light weight– Wing shape and surface area, and air speed and angle
combine with wing movements to provide an upward push for flight
– Wing shape, area, and speed determine amount of lift produced!
Birds – Basic Facts
Functions of Feathers– Strong, lightweight contour feathers give adult birds their
stream-lined shape and coloring Barbs: parallel strands off the main shaft Help bird steer in air or swim Attract mates or protect bird from predators
– Down feathers – insulating layer of fluffy feathers under contour feathers
– Feather care – preening adds oil for water-repellency; also closes breaks or gaps in feathers (oil gland found at base of tail)
Section 31-2
which are that also that power that provide that ensure
have the followingadaptations to flight
Birds
Homologous tofront limbs in other
vertebrates
Providewarmth
Upward anddownward wing
strokes
One-way flowof O2-rich air
O2 distributionto body tissues
Wings FeathersStrong chest
muscles
Efficientrespiratory
system
Efficientcirculatory
system
Groups of Birds
More than thirty orders of birds Some of the most common
– Perching Birds – largest order; many are songbirds (sparrows, crows, cardinals, etc.)
– Birds of Prey – fierce predators with hooked bills; large talons (condors, hawks, owls, eagles, etc.)
– Herons & Relatives – Wade in aquatic habitats (storks, herons, cranes)
– Ostriches & Relatives – flightless birds move by running or swimming (ostriches, emus, etc.)
Mammals – Basic Facts
Endothermic vertebrates with mammary glands and hair First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct – 65 million years ago Basic characteristics
– Hair– Mammary glands – produce milk to nourish young– Breathe air– Four chambered heart– Endotherms – can generate own body heat– Internal fertilization; care for young– Specialized teeth
Herbivores: plant-eating animals with incisors for cutting and molars for grinding Carnivores: meat eaters with sharp canines for tearing flesh Omnivores: eat both plants and animals using a variety of teeth
Mammals – Basic Facts
Body Systems– Well developed lungs made of millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli,
which enable the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing
– Large brain and complex nervous system– Internal fertilization to form embryo
Monotremes (platypus – lay eggs) Marsupials Placentals
Mammal Types
Monotremes: lay eggs and lack nipples on mammary glands Marsupials: give birth to immature young that finish developing in a
pouch, e.g., opossums, kangaroos, koalas, Tasmanian devils, and wallabies
Placentals: develop from embryos connected to a placenta by an umbilical cord
– Placenta provides food and oxygen to embryo and removes its waste– Time of development in uterus is called gestation period
Humans: 280 days Mice and rats: 21 days Elephant: 616 days
Mammals Today
More than 4,000 species of mammals exist on Earth today Found on every continent and in every climate Have a role in maintaining environmental balance Many mammals are endangered due to destruction of their habitat
Orders of Placental MammalsOrders of Placental Mammals
Order
Insectivores
Sirenians
Cetaceans
Chiropterans
Rodents
Order
Insectivores
Sirenians
Cetaceans
Chiropterans
Rodents
Section 32-2
Characteristics Examples
Long, narrow snouts, sharp claws
Water-dwelling, slow-moving
Live and breed in ocean, come to surface to breathe
Winged, capable of true flight
Single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws
Shrews, hedgehogs, moles
Manatees, dugongs
Whales, dolphins
Bats
Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, chinchillas
Orders of Placental MammalsOrders of Placental Mammals
Order
Perissodactyls
Carnivores
Artiodactyls
Proboscideans
Order
Perissodactyls
Carnivores
Artiodactyls
Proboscideans
CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Section 32-2
Hoofed, with an odd number of toes on each foot
Sharp teeth and claws
Hoofed, with an even number of toes on each foot
Trunks
Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, zebras
Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels
Asian and African elephants, mastodons and mammoths
Orders of Placental MammalsOrders of Placental Mammals
Order
Lagomorphs
Xenarthrans
Primates
Order
Lagomorphs
Xenarthrans
Primates
CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Section 32-2
Two pairs of incisors in upper jaw, hind legs allow leaping
No teeth (or very small teeth in the back of the jaw)
Highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors
Snowshoe hares, rabbits
Sloths, anteaters, armadillos
Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans