Ancient History

Early History• Scientists:• Archaeologists-

scientists who dig for artifacts and traces of early settlements

• Artifacts are human-made objects

• Anthropologists- scientists who study people’s cultural behavior

• Culture-people’s unique way of life including customs, family life, and social relationships

Early History

• Those who could walk upright are called hominids

• Prehistory is the time before the development of writing

Early History

• Origin of man is Africa and man migrated out

Early History

• The next evolution of hominids?

• Bones found in Neander Valley in Germany = Neanderthals

Early History

• The next version? =

Cro-Magnon

• Closely resemble us

• The common picture for the cave man

RECIPES• R-Religion (how people relate to the unknown)• E-Economic (how people made a living)• C-Cultural (how people express themselves

using painting, sculptures, music, dance, theater, and literature)

• I-Intellectual (how people think or what they invent in science, math, philosophy, or tech)

• P-Political (how people are governed)• E-Environmental (physical places where

people are• S-Social (how people organize in society)

Early History

• Paleolithic Age (Early Stone Age)- mastered fire, development of language, created art and invented stone tools

• No Civilization started because people were just trying to survive

Early History

• People who move place to place to search for food = Nomads

• They were hunter-gatherers– Males hunted– Females gathered– Small groups and small bodies

Cave Paintings

• The first works of art

Early History• Neolithic Age• During the Neolithic

Revolution, people developed agriculture

• Agriculture was developed at the different times in different parts of the world

• Plow invented• Wheel invented

Early History

• Agriculture will lead to development of villages

• Why?

Early History

• All early civilizations developed in river valleys

Early History

• Civilization Characteristics:• Advanced cities • Specialized workers• Complex institutions• Record keeping• Advanced technology

Early History

• Cultural Diffusion: Borrowing or exchanging of goods and ideas between peoples

Sumer

• Oldest civilization developed in the Fertile Crescent between 2 rivers: Tigris and Euphrates

• Between 2 rivers is called Mesopotamia

Sumer

• Governed by theocracy (led by religious leaders or a divine leader)

• Barter- exchange goods for other goods

• Sumer started Bronze Age.

Sumer

• Pyramid shaped temples of Sumer society - Ziggurat

• Compare to a pyramid.

Sumerians later• Created irrigation-bringing

of water to crops by using canals and ditches

• City State was formed where a city controls the area around the city

• Kings started dynasties (kids inherit)

Writing

• Sumer developed the first writing system called cuneiform

• Created Gilgamesh hero of the world’s oldest epic

Sumer’s Religion

• Polytheistic- believed in many gods– Enlil most powerful

(sky and cloud god)– Wicked Udugs (lowest

gods)– Believed in roughly of

3000 gods

Sumer Culture• Agriculture economy

• Windowless box houses

• Can move up in society

• Slaves (prisoners of war or children sold to pay debts) can work to become free

• Women could own property and join lower ranks of priesthood, but most were uneducated

• Invented number system with a base of 60

Art of Sumer

Sargon of Akkad

• Created world’s first empire (many different people, cultures, and nations under one ruler)

Akkad

• Borrower Empire-takes over a country and adopts their culture

Code of Hammurabi

• Hammurabi was king of Babylon • First written code of laws • The principal was “eye for an eye”

Egypt

• Civilization started on the Nile River

Egypt continued

• Menes unites upper and lower Egypt and started the Old Kingdom

• Egypt was ruled by pharaohs (god-kings). They led the religion and government.

• Pyramids built as a tomb for the dead pharaohs

Egyptian Culture

• Polytheistic– More than 2000 gods– High God is Ra– Death God is Osiris and his wife Issis

• Egyptians could move up in society

• Slavery was used

• Women were almost equal– Could own property – Could divorce and receive 1/3 of property

Mummies

•Pull brain out of nostrils with iron hook

•With sharp stone they would cut you on the side and take out your bowels

•They would remove your organs and put them in jars

•Fill you up with spices and perfume and sew you up.

•Leave you in a preserver for 70 days then wrap you

Writing

• Egyptians used hieroglyphics where pictures were used to show ideas and sound

Rosetta Stone

• The way to read hieroglyphics was lost for 1000’s of years until Napoleon found the Rosetta Stone which allowed us to decipher the pictures

The Fall of Egypt

• Group of Asians called Hyksos came with chariots and took over the Egyptian Civilization.

Egyptian Empire

• Pharaohs overthrew the Hyksos

• The New Kingdom (rulers after the Hyksos) started to expand Egypt

Great Egyptian Pharaohs

• Hatshepsut: First Women ruler

• Thutmose III expanded Egypt through war

• Others– Nefertiti (Rachel Wiez in the “Mummy”)– Akenaton (monotheistic ruler)– King Tut (grave untouched)

Ramses II

• Ramses II was the last great pharaoh

Egypt Declines

• Unknown group called “People of the Sea” attacked Egypt and the Hittites weakening them further

• Egypt eventually faded

Kush move

• Arrival of the Assyrians forced the Kushites to flee to Meroe and started a trading empire there

Assyria• With a large and organized military, Assyria

conquered the Fertile Crescent and Egypt

Assyria• Destroyer Empire-

They destroyed all cultures of other peoples

• Its capital was Nineveh • Under Assyrian king

Ashurbanipal, Nineveh had the largest library in the world

Fall of Assyria

• Combined army attacked Assyria and burned down Nineveh

• The fire glazed the tablets, so they were preserved for archaeologists to find

New Babylon Empire

• Nebuchadnezzar restored the city

• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is one of the seven wonders of the world

Judaism

• God chose Abraham to be the father of the Hebrew people and he made a covenant with him

• The Hebrew’s God was called Yahweh and they believed in him only= Monotheistic

Judaism

• The Hebrews migrated to Egypt where they were enslaved

• Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt

Judaism• After much fighting, only one large tribe left (Judah=called Jews)

• The Hebrews united under 3 kings to form Israel– Saul (first king)– David (beat Goliath and great warrior)– Solomon (greatest of all Israeli kings)

Judaism

• After Solomon, the kingdom divides into 2– Israel in the North– Judah in the South

Judaism• Assyria conquers Israel

• New Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar destroys Judah

– Destroyed the Temple

• Cyrus of Persia allowed the Hebrews to return and rebuild the Temple

Writings of the Hebrews• Torah-first five books of the Old

Testament

• Ten Commandments- laws handed to Moses

Traditional Economic Systems

• Reliance of labor of the entire family, with distinct economic roles for each