ANCIENT

GREECE

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RL D

HI S

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1. What are the 2 great epics that were written in ancient Greece and who wrote them?

2. Compare Greek religion with others you have learned about.

3. How did nobles get power in Greece? How did they lose it? What part did tyrants play?

4. What 4 things did all Greek city-states have in common?

QUESTIONS TO ANSWER BY THE END OF THIS LESSON:

WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT GREECE?

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE

NO UNITY BECAUSE OF GEOGRAPHY

Mountain ranges and water separatedCommunities.

NO great river systems unlike otherAncient civilizations.

AGRICULTURE

Climate good for crops (mild)

Good pasture for sheep and goats

BUT not enough flat land to grow a lot of crops

So………………………………………..

GREEKS DEPENDED ON SEA TRADE

RESULTS OF SEA TRADE

Greek traders gained knowledge from places like Egypt and the Fertile Crescent.

Check up: How did geography influence the way of life of the early Greeks?

MINOAN CIVILIZATION

On Crete

Minos= king

Minotaur myth

DEVELOPMENTS IN MINOAN CIVILIZATIONWriting, running water in homes!

Frescoes, art, bronze. Ivory, gold, silver

Women has important roles

Minoans playful, had festivals, worshipped bull and earth goddesses….

VOLCANO!

Weakened Minoan civilization.

Eventually, Indo-Europeans came and took over.

DARK AGES

War-like Mycenaeans conquered Crete.

Illiterate. Knowledge of reading and writing disappeared until Phoenicians introduced alphabet around 750 BCE

CITY-STATES = POLIS

Influenced by geographic and tribal organization .

polis- fort + city + land surrounding

COMMON FEATURES OF CITY-STATES

1. Small size (300-500 sq miles) Athens is smaller than Rhode Island!

2. Small population (usually less than 10,000 people). Citizens=free males. Women were citizens but had no political rights.

3. Placed on a hill or mountain (Acropolis)

4. Has a public market place (Agora)

IN EACH CITY STATE

Unique for each city state: laws, calendar, money, system of weights and measures

All city states: common language, descendant (Hellen), religious ideas, common temples and festivals like the Olympics! Prejudice against non-Greeks

GREEK GOV’T AND SOCIETY

Homeric Age: named after poet Homer who wrote epics: Iliad and Odyssey

Story of both revolves around

the Trojan War

RELIGION AND MORALS

Purposes:

1. Explain the physical world

2. Explain human passions

3. Means for gaining long life, good harvest, and fortune

People needed to speak to gods through priests and priesteses

Oracle: could predict future

GREEK GODS

Human characteristics and weaknesses

MYTHS

Explained the world

ATHLETICS

Important because displays of strength pleased the gods. Only men!

NOBLES

Took over kingdoms because they controlled armies and had the power to take over! They owned land and farmers were allowed to live and work on land if they paid a small amount.

COLONIES SPREAD GREEK CULTURE

Sometimes farmers couldn’t pay for their land so they were forced to leave. Some moved to cities to become merchants, some left to settle colonies . This also spread Greek culture around the Mediterranean and helped the Greeks to learn from other civilizations.

TRADE

Colonies imported goods from Greece and exported grain and other products to Greece.

ARISTOCRACIES: RULE BY THE BEST

City-states ruled by nobles = Aristocracies

Eventually power of nobles weakened by hoplites (non-aristocratic soldiers who could afford their own weapons.

They fought in phalanx (close rows) so they could withstand cavalry charges by aristocratic horsemen.

DEMANDS OF HOPLITESMore say in gov’t

Poor citizens and farmers also wanted leaders who promised a better life: tyrants.

Idea of popular gov’t led to democracy.

CHECK UP!

Answer the following questions!

1. What are the 2 great epics that were written in ancient Greece and who wrote them?

2. Compare Greek religion with others you have learned about.

3. How did nobles get power in Greece? How did they lose it? What part did tyrants play?

4. What 4 things did all Greek city-states have in common?

SPARTA!

?S TO ANSWER BY THE END OF THE LESSON1. Describe the gov’t of Sparta, incl the

emphasis on militarism

2. Define the following: helot, ephors, metics, archon,Draco, Solon, Persistratus, Cleisthenes.

3. Define the features of the early government of Athens. What reforms occurred to transform this government into a democracy?

4. What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

STRUCTURE OF SPARTA

Est. by Dorian invaders. Highly militarized

3 social groups:

1. Equals: citizens descendant to Dorians. Land dist equally among them and worked on by helots.

2. Half-citizens: free, paid taxes, served in army, but no political power. Some were farmers and some lived in towns and were merchants.

3. Helots: slaves of Sparta city-state. Outnumbered other groups!

Spartans terrorized helots to keep them from rebelling.

GOVERNMENT

Assembly: all adult male citizens

Council of elders

2 kings

5 ephors (overseers) elected by assembly for 1 year term. Monitored kings and citizens. Unlimited power as guardians of the state.

MILITARY MACHINE

Training from birth!

Every adult male had to be in the military

Weak baby boys sent to die

7 year olds went to live in military barracks

Had to steal food to live: punished only for being caught. EXPECTED to steal!

RULES OF THE MILITARY

Service from age 20-50!

Can marry @ 20 but can’t live at home or go to the marketplace until you’re 30.

No trade or business: love of money gets in the way of military discipline

SPARTAN GIRLS

Had to be strong to raise soldiers!

Boys and girls: studies music to learn discipline and coordination

SACRIFICES OF MILITARY MIGHT

-No individual freedom, no art, no literature, no philosophy or science

ATHENS: BIRTH OF DEMOCRACY

Dif from Sparta: passed up by Dorian invaders.

Infertile land: they became traders, coined money, city inland

Typical polis: on a hill, protected by city walls.

SOCIAL STANDING

1.Citizens: All adult men had full rights NOT women

2.Non-citizens: metics: worked as merchants or artisans. Free but couldn’t vote or own land.

3.Slaves: considered a necessity. Captured in war

At Athens' peak, over half of the population were metics and slaves!

EARLY GOVERNMENT IN ATHENS

After monarchy, aristocratic citizens with a certain amt of land held office.

Elections: All adult males met in assembly and elected generals and 9 archons (rulers).

Judges interpreted the laws and applied them to specific situations.

POLITICAL REFORM

Late 600s: economic discontent, Arbitrary decisions made by aristocratic judges.

LAWS

Greeks began writing down laws so everyone knew what they were.

Draco’s laws: 1st law code-harsh. Today Draconian = harsh law or rule

MORE PROBLEMS: INEQUALITY

Nobles and metics were wealthy but peasants and farmers were poor and unhappy so………

NEW LEADER: SOLON

Solon became a leader in 594 BCE and mediated between debtors and auditors.

Awesome things Solon did:

Cancelled debt for poor, outlawed enslavement for debt, freed those who had been enslaved for non-payment.

MORE THINGS SOLON DID:

Solon divided citizens into 4 groups based on wealth

3 wealthiest groups could hold public office. All citizens could sit in assembly to elect officials.

Limited power of judges: set up court composed of many citizens who could appeal unfavorable decisions.

Unrest NOT over! Nobles formed rival political groups and struggled to control gov’t

TYRANT PEISITRATUS SEIZED POWER

Improved economy and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. MAY have distributed land to poor farmers.

DEMOCRATIC STATE

Cleithenes (508 BCE): turned Athens into a democracy.

Divided citizens into 10 tribes and subdivided them into 100 smaller units widely spread out.

Unit of Power: self-governing states. Representatives chosen by lot. Members of the Council of 500 (50 members from each tribe)

Rules: members serve 1 year and can’t serve more than twice

Laws: proposed by council to assembly at least 10x/year. Source of ultimate authority.

COURTS DEMOCRATIC

Jurors chosen by lot

Equality of all citizens for government service

Each man pleads own case. Jury votes by secret ballot.

UNDER CLEISTHENES

Direct democracy: all citizens participate in making decisions. CONTRAST to U.S!

Representative Government: Citizens vote for government representatives to make decisions.

CHECK UP: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. Describe the gov’t of Sparta, incl the emphasis on militarism

2. Define the following: helot, ephors, metics, archon,Draco, Solon, Persistratus, Cleisthenes.

3. Define the features of the early government of Athens. What reforms occurred to transform this government into a democracy?

4. What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

ATHENS SOCIETY

DAILY LIFE IN ATHENS

Farming: Over ½ citizens

Used terracing Farming not good, so Athens depended on trade.

?’S TO ANSWER AT END OF LESSON

1.Define terracing, pedagogue, rhetoric

2.Why was Athens so dependent on trade?

3.Describe Greek attitudes toward women as shown in marriage, rights of citizenship, social life and education.

4.What does Greek education reveal about their society?

MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

Small, in homes

HOMESSimple

Money spent on community buildings not private property

Streets: dirty

FAMILY

Marriage=important because of having kids

Arranged. Girls usually 13 or 14, husbands 2x age

Women's rights: inferior but citizens. Couldn’t own or inherit land (In Sparta they could inherit land). Rarely in public places. Housework. Didn’t go to school

HORRIBLE HISTORIES

Rome v. Sparta Wifeswap!

EDUCATION AND MILITARY

Literacy and education=good

Many boys went to school to learn literature, poetry incl. Iliad and Odyssey by heart. Also learned from pedagogue: Greek slave who took boys to school and looked after them.

Around 400 BCE Older men: sophists: wise men who learned and discussed politics, ethics, math poetry and rhetoric: the study of oratory.

Military training at 18. Those who could afford armor: hoplites

Education spread Greek language and civilization all over. Mediterranean traders spoke Greek commonly

BRAIN POP!

http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/athens/

PERICLES AND THE PELOPONNESIAN WARGreat General

Height of Athenian democracy

Used all of the money in the Delian League for Athens

Led to fighting with Sparta: Peloponnesian War

Athens Lost!

QUIZ NEXT TIME! MAKE SURE YOU CAN ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:1. Define the following terms: democracy, polis, agora,

terracing, myth, aristocracy, tyrant, popular government, helot, metic, rhetoric, direct demopcracy, representative democracy, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Dorians

2. What are the 2 most famous Greek epics and who is credited with writing them?

3. Who is Pericles? Explain the Golden Age of Athens.

4. How did nobles get power in Greece? Why did they lose power? What role did tyrants play?

5. Describe the government in Sparta (incl emphasis on militarism)

6. Describe the features of the early gov’t of Athens. What reforms occurred to transform this gov’t into a democracy? (hint: See p120)

7. What 4 things did all Greek city states have in common?

Essay question on NEXT slide!

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. How democratic was Athenian society? Describe the democratic system in Athens.

Consider the following:

Who had political rights? What rights did people have? What is a democracy?

GREECE’S GOLDEN AND HELLENISTIC AGEAthens: center of Greek culture

During the 400s known as “Greece’s golden age”

Hellenistic Culture: culture founded on Greek ideas and features from other cultures of the Mediterranean region.

?’S TO ANSWER AT END OF LESSON

1. What teaching method did Socrates use?

2. What were the main characteristics of the ideal gov’t in Plato’s Republic?

3. How was Aristotle’s view of gov’t different from Plato’s?

4. What value do ancient Greek mathematicians and scientists have for us today?

5. List some famous playwrights

6. How did Euripides and Aristophanes feel about war?

ARCHITECTURE

Beautiful temples, gymnasiums and theaters

PARTHENON

On top of the Acropolis in Athens

PAINTING

Much destroyed, but evidence on vase painting.

SCULPTURE

Also much destroyed but there are Roman copies!

STYLE OF ART

1. Glorified human beings

2. Pride for city state (gods thanked for good fortune)

3. Ideals of simplicity in life

4. Combine beauty and usefulness

PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS

Cosmologists: wanted to understand the nature of the universe.

Philosopher: lover of wisdom

Famous philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

SOCRATES 470-399BCE

Examine life, think for yourself,

Persistent questioning = Socratic method

Criticized democracy because it is unwise for unskilled people to hold power.

Downfall: Socrates was criticized for not showing gods respect and corrupting youth. He was put to death.

PLATOLearned from Socrates.

Wrote imaginary dialogues about government, education, justice, virtue and religion

The Republic: ideal org of society. People should do the work best suited to them

Ideal gov’t = aristocracy based on intelligence, education, reasoning, and high ideals.

PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

Theory of forms: Everything physical is an imperfect expression of a perfect universal form or idea.

ARISTOTLE

Student of Plato.

Collector and organizer of facts

Wrote Ethics: what brings people happiness? Poetics: looked at Greek drama and defined what was good and bad.

Ideas about government: Middle class important! Perfect gov’t=mix of aristocracy, monarchy and democracy.

UNLIKE Plato, A believed that lower class people could rise above their position in life WITHOUT the help and guidance of intellectual leaders who rep higher authority.

MATH AND SCIENCE

Pythagoras: Pythagorean theorem

Medicine: Hippocrates: Hippocratic oath, disease comes from natural causes not the gods

Herodotus: 1st historian in western world

Thucydides: wrote History of the Peloponnesian War. Tried to be unbiased.

DRAMA

Greeks 1st to write drama

Performances in outdoor theaters built into hillsides.

Tragedies: main character struggles against fate and fails. Tragic heroes have hubris.

(excessive pride)

Some writers: Aeschylus, Sophocles (Oedipus Rex), Euripides (Trojan Women)

Euripides: anti-war. Used his plays to challenge the ideals of war.

COMEDIESUnlike dramas, central characters usually

succeed in solving problems.

Famous comedy playwrights: Aristophanes: Clouds: made fun of Socrates and his methods of educating youth of Athens

Aristophanes disliked war and used his comedies to make Athenians think about its causes and consequences.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1. What teaching method did Socrates use?

2. What were the main characteristics of the ideal gov’t in Plato’s Republic?

3. How was Aristotle’s view of gov’t different from Plato’s?

4. What value do ancient Greek mathematicians and scientists have for us today?

5. What did Sophocles write?

6. List some famous playwrights

CHANGING ATTITUDES

The middle class thrived because of the many opportunities for acquiring wealth. Trade was the most profitable activity.

With middle class, education spread. Novels, status of women improved,

New definition of Greek (Hellenized Egyptian of Syrian also considered Greek)

HELLENISTIC RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Decline of polis

People felt less control over their lives and turned to religion or philosophy for comfort

4 SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY

Cynicism: live according to nature. Scorn pleasure, wealth, social position

Skeptic: No definite knowledge is possible because everything is always changing. People can’t know how things really are. Today, skeptics bout generally accepted ideas.

Stoic: Est by Zeno: divine reason directs the world. Accept what nature brings you. Happiness = discovering how to best fulfill the role given to you by the spark of the divine. Influenced Roman and Christian thinking

Epicurius: Aim of life: seek pleasure and avoid pain. Limitless desires. Don’t try to fulfill all of them. Today epicure is someone who enjoys the pleasures of the senses. Postpones worry.

MEDICINE

People in Hellenistic Age dissected bodies of executed criminals. Figured out that the brain is the center of the nervous system.

ASTRONOMY AND GEOGRAPHY

Calculated the position of stars and planets

Found that earth and planets revolve around the sun.

Greeks 1st to use trigonometry for science. Calculated times of the eclipse of the sun and moon and the length of a year accordingly.

Geographers knew earth was round

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1. What changes occurred in society during the Hellenistic Age? Why did the middle class thrive?

2. What did Greek art glorify?

3. What ideas about ethics did the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age have?

4. In what ways did Hellenistic scientists add to the existing body of knowledge?

5. What were the primary ideas of the 4 major Hellenistic philosophies?