Greece is a mountainous peninsula that is made up of Greece is a mountainous peninsula that is made up of more than 1,000 islands. The sea was extremely more than 1,000 islands. The sea was extremely

important to the Greeks as a means of transportation important to the Greeks as a means of transportation and communication. and communication.

Review of Geography Part of the Balkan Peninsula Greece is mountainous

Development of independent city-states The soil is rocky and therefore unfertile Seas were important for communication but

also for trade

Review of Geography Because so little farmland and freshwater

Never able to support a large population Diet based on staple crops such as grains,

grapes, and olives Desire for additional resources and adequate

farmland probably the motivation to establish colonies

TIMELINE 2000 BC - Crete – Minoans rule

1600 BC – Greece – Mycenaean Kings rule

1450 BC – Crete – Mycenaeans invade Crete

1400 BC – Crete – Minoans disappear

1200 BC – Anatolia – Trojan War Dorian Age

Early Greece Minoan Civilization (2000 BC – 1500 BC)

First Civilization in Europe (Balkan Peninsula) Founded on the island of Crete

Early Greece (cont’d) King Minos ruled Knossos and was the

protector of the Minotaur according to legend

Sea People: Sailors, Fishermen, and Traders

Theories of Disappearance Volcanic eruption

Thera – Island 100 km from Crete Trade collapsed

Imported grain Famine broke out

Overpopulation Mycenaeans invaded and conquered

Mycenaeans• 2000 BC – Mainland Greece• Last phase of Bronze Age in

Greece• Warrior Kings• Militaristic Rulers• Developed City-States

B. Mycenaean Civilization (1600B.C to 1200 B.C.) 1. Built fortified cities in Peloponesus

- Mycenae (my see nee)2. War-like Conquered Crete

3. 1200 B.C. invaders conquered it.

Ruins of Mycenae

Burial mask of Mycenaean King

Background Information

• Settled on the Greek mainland

• Known as Mycenaeans, after main city, Mycenae

• City-states controlled by militaristic rulers

LIFE OF MYCENAEANSLIFE OF MYCENAEANS• Nobles

–Life of Splendor–Drank from Gold Pitchers and

Silver cups–Buried with Treasures

• Commoners–Farmers, weavers, goat hearders–Leftovers from Nobles

Preservation of Minoan Culture

• Invasions by Mycenaeans prevented Minoans from rebuilding their cities

• Adopted pieces of Minoan culture into everyday lives– Value of seaborne trade– Writing system– Minoan legends helped form part of the Greek

religion

MYCENAEMYCENAE

• Leading City-State• On top of steep rocky ridge• 20 Ft walls• 90 km SW of Athens• Military Strong Hold

Ruins at Mycenae

Outline of the City walls

Recreation of Mycenae

Lion’s Gate at Mycenae

Trojan War

• Begins approximately 1200 B.C.• 1189 B.C. the city of Troy falls• Greek city-states v. Troy• Cause:

– According to legend, a Trojan youth, Paris, kidnapped Helen, the wife of Greek king, Menelaus

GREECE

TURKEY

CRETE

ROMANTIC VERSIONROMANTIC VERSIONParis of Troy

– Most beautiful man alive– Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful

woman in the world• Helen, wife of Menelaus

Paris travels to Sparta– Steals Helen while Menelaus is at Funeral– Takes her back to Troy and marries her

• Menelaus calls upon all former suitors to attack Paris and Troy

• Odysseus calls on Achilles, the greatest warrior in all of Greece

• Agamemnon was commander-in-chief of Greek army

MONETARY VERSION MONETARY VERSION Trade with Asia

–Dardenelles – Constantinople–Sea of Marmara–Black Sea

• Ruler who controls TROY controls TRADE

WAR AT TROYWAR AT TROY10 year war

–1st nine Greeks battled Troy and surrounding regions

–Greeks realized other regions were helping Troy

–Greeks defeated the other regions

Hard times under the DoriansHard times under the Dorians• Dorians replaced the Dorians replaced the

Mycenaeans around 1200 Mycenaeans around 1200 BC.BC.

• Dorians were much less Dorians were much less advancedadvanced – no writing – no writing exists during their timeexists during their time

• HomerHomer = kept stories alive = kept stories alive with epic poems and with epic poems and mythsmyths

• The IlliadThe Illiad• The OdysseyThe Odyssey

II. Greek ReligionA. Gods and Goddesses ruled from Mt.

Olympus

1. Zeus – King of the gods and of the Sky.2. Hera – Queen of

gods, wife of Zeus and goddess of marriage and women 3. Hades – brother of Zeus and ruler

of the Underworld (House of Hades) all dead went there.

*Myths – stories of the gods and heroes Ex. Pandora – opened a chest and let all the evils loose

4. Poseidon – brother of Zeus and Ruler of the Sea5. Athena - daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom6. Aphrodite - daughter of Zeus, goddess of Love and Beauty7. Apollo – god of light, music, poetry, archers, and the Sun.8. Dionysus – god of fertility and wine

III. Greek City-StatesA. Greek city-states were called Polis (fort). (politics, police, policy, etc.)

1. Chora – surrounding area

3. Acropolis – Hill or mountain with temples, public buildings Ex. Parthenon – temple of Athena on Acropolis in Athens.

2. Agora – Public meeting place

AcropolisAcropolis

IV. Early HistoryA. Age of Kings (1000 B.C. –700 B.C.)

1. Epics – Long poems about the gods and heroes were written.

* Illiad- About Trojan war between Greeks and the city of Troy in Asia Minor (Turkey).* Odyssey - Odysseus (Hero) fights to return to Ithaca after Trojan War.

*Both written by Homer – a blind Greek poet

Trojan Horse

D’OH!!!!

The 2 main city-The 2 main city-states that existed in states that existed in

Greece:Greece:1.1.AthensAthens2.2.SpartaSparta

Life in AthensLife in Athens• DemocracyDemocracy was government ( was government (by the by the

people)people)• Rich and poor struggled for powerRich and poor struggled for power• Solon Solon reformed government to outlaw reformed government to outlaw

debt slavery and allow all citizens to debt slavery and allow all citizens to charge others with crimecharge others with crime

• Cleisthenes Cleisthenes reformed Athens government reformed Athens government so all citizens could participateso all citizens could participate

• Women focused life in the home and with Women focused life in the home and with childrenchildren

B. Athens (personal freedom/ intellectual center of Greece) 1. Sea traders, and farmers

3. Four Reformers made Athens a Democracy:

2. Democracy – all citizens participated in government.

Draco - Code of Laws were harsh but written for all to read (Draconian = harsh)Solon – allowed most citizens to vote, cancelled debts to prevent debt slavery.Pisistratus – exiled nobles who disagreed with him and gave their land to landless.Cleisthenes – established democracy. All citizens voted on all issues.

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B. Rise of Nobles (c. 700 B.C.)1. Aristocracies rule by Nobles2. Oligarchy rule by wealthy

C. Age of Tyrants (650 B.C. – 500 B.C.)* Tyrant – cruel ruler which has total power

Life in SpartaLife in Sparta• Spartans conquered Messenian people Spartans conquered Messenian people

and made them work the land (and made them work the land (helotshelots))• OligarchyOligarchy ( (rule by a few peoplerule by a few people) was ) was

the Governmentthe Government• Military and athletics more important Military and athletics more important

than anything elsethan anything else• Children as young as 7 sent to military campChildren as young as 7 sent to military camp• Even women were active in fightingEven women were active in fighting

• Less time for arts Less time for arts

V. Two City-StatesA. Sparta (Military State) 1200 B.C.

1. Helots – Sparta’s slave farmers2. Suspicious of strangers, little trade, gov. controlled people from cradle to grave. 3. At seven, boys went to live in a barracks (military). Served until age 60. Unhealthy babies left on mountain to die. Boys could not wear shoes and had one set of clothes. They stole to eat, if caught were beaten.

Ruins of Sparta

VI. Persian WarsA. Cyrus – King of Persia conquered Greek city-states in Asia Minor. (546 B.C.)B. Darius –(son of Cyrus) puts down revolts of these city-states (499B.C.) (“Remember the Athenians”)C. 492 B.C. Darius sent a fleet to defeat Athens. A storm sinks them.

D. 490 B.C. the Persians fought a battle against the Greeks at Marathon. (Battle of Marathon) A Greek runner ran 26 mile to Athens to give the news of victory. He died.

(Pheidippides) Darius

Persian WarsPersian Wars• Wars between Greece and the Persian Wars between Greece and the Persian

Empire (490 BC)Empire (490 BC)• Greeks far better trained warriorsGreeks far better trained warriors

– Battle of Marathon and runner Battle of Marathon and runner PheidippidesPheidippides– Greeks defeat the Persians badlyGreeks defeat the Persians badly

• Darius the Great attacks from Persia 480 Darius the Great attacks from Persia 480 BC BC

– Greeks badly divided; beaten by Persians Greeks badly divided; beaten by Persians – Persian General Persian General XerxesXerxes attacks and burns Athens attacks and burns Athens– After Persian Wars Athens leads the After Persian Wars Athens leads the Delian Delian

LeagueLeague (alliance of 140 city-states for defense (alliance of 140 city-states for defense and protection)and protection)

F. Battle of Salamis (479 B.C.) Greeks destroyed the Persian fleet.

G. Battle of Plataea – Last Persian army defeated. THE GREEKS WON!!!

E. Xerxes (son of Darius) – tried to defeat Greeks with an army of 200,000 (480 B.C.)Battle of Thermopylae –300 Spartans under King Leonidas with 6,000 allies hold the Persians for 3 days.

SalamisLeonidas (David)

Athens’ Athens’ Golden AgeGolden Age was an was an important time for drama, important time for drama,

sculpture, poetry, philosophy, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, arts, and sciencearts, and science

Pericles’ 3 Goals for Pericles’ 3 Goals for AthensAthens

Direct Democracy (people elect

leaders)

Increase the wealth and power of Athens

Glorify Athens with beautiful art and

sculptures

VII. Pericles - Greatest leader of Athens (461 B.C. –429 B.C.)

A. “Age of Pericles” – time of Great prosperity for Athens (Athens's “Golden Age”)B. Delian League – alliance of city-states against future Persian attacks. (140+ city-states)C. Athens dominated them and rebuilt their city with its money.

Pericles was the greatest statesman of Athens, and helped create the “Golden Age” of Greece.

The “disc thrower” and the Acropolis were 2 of the examples of the Golden Age of Greece with bronze and marble.

Socrates• 469-399 B.C.• Believed in absolute standards for truth & justice.* Created a teaching method of questions and answers.• At age of 70, was tried and convicted for his beliefs.• Chose to drink poison for a death on his own terms.

Plato• 427-347 B. C. • Student of Socrates/teacher of Aristotle• Greatly affected by Socrates’ death. Wrote down the conversations of Socrates.• Wrote his book The Republic because he was not a fan democracy.

Aristotle• 384-322 B. C.• Student of Plato/teacher of Alexander the Great• Opened a school called the Lyceum• Invented a method of arguing according to rules of logic.• Became basis of the scientific method used to this day.

VIII. Peloponnesian War (Athens v. Sparta)A. Sparta did not like Athens’ heading the Delian League. Sparta developed its own alliance and declared war.B. After years of war, Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C. SPARTA WON!!! and took control of the Delian League.

Greek Hoplite

Careful! You’ll put an eye out!

Sparta and Corinth vs. Athens Sparta and Corinth vs. Athens The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War

• Lasted from 431 B.C. – 404 B.C. • Athens finally defeated in 404 B.C.• End of ‘Golden Age’Golden Age’ – Philosophers

search for truth–Socrates, Plato, Aristotle question

nature of the world; create methods of thinking we still use today

King Phillip II of Macedonia attacked Greece in 338 B.C.

Greece no longer had its Greece no longer had its freedom!freedom!

• City-states allowed to continue, but now the country of Greece under the control of Macedonia

• Phillip II killed by assassins -- his son Alexander declares himself King

Only 20 years old, Alexander Only 20 years old, Alexander was ready to be Kingwas ready to be King

• Taught by Greek philosopher Aristotle• Defeated Darius III and Persian

Empire• Invaded Egypt and declared pharaoh • Conquered all the way to India by 327

B.C.

Alexander was known for Alexander was known for fighting bravely with his men fighting bravely with his men in battle. (Left) a bronze in battle. (Left) a bronze statue of the General.statue of the General.

By 323 B.C. Alexander returns By 323 B.C. Alexander returns from Asia to unify his Empire.from Asia to unify his Empire.

• Wanted to build roads, new cities, and Wanted to build roads, new cities, and conquer Arabiaconquer Arabia

• Became sick with a terrible fever – died at Became sick with a terrible fever – died at only 32 years oldonly 32 years old

• His Generals fought for control of EmpireHis Generals fought for control of Empire1.1. AntigonusAntigonus – became king of Macedonia – became king of Macedonia2.2. PtolemyPtolemy – declared himself pharaoh of Egypt – declared himself pharaoh of Egypt3.3. SeleucusSeleucus – took control of old Persian Empire – took control of old Persian Empire

Alexander’s Empire brought Alexander’s Empire brought different cultures into contactdifferent cultures into contact

• Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian ideas began to come together to create “Hellenistic CultureHellenistic Culture”

• Alexandria, Egypt = important city for commerce and technology

• New ideas emerged about Math and Science

1. Pythagorus and mathematical theorum2. Archimedes discovers pi 3. Eratosthenes correctly discovered earth’s size

Pythagorus is remembered for his Pythagorus is remembered for his mathematical theorummathematical theorum

Hellenistic Art blended Hellenistic Art blended the ideas of different the ideas of different cultures, and used realism cultures, and used realism to show everyday life. to show everyday life.

The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the 7 The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the 7 Wonders of the World.Wonders of the World.

The End