Post on 10-May-2015
Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. FranciscoFrancisco
III-CommunionsIII-Communions
World HistoryWorld History
Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. FranciscoFrancisco
III-CommunionsIII-Communions
World HistoryWorld History
““Peking Man”Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE)(750,000 – 500,000 BCE)
““Peking Man”Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE)(750,000 – 500,000 BCE)
SinanthropusSinanthropuspekinesispekinesis
Yellow River Yellow River CivilizationCivilization
Yellow River Yellow River CivilizationCivilization
Neolithic Neolithic PotteryPottery
Neolithic Neolithic PotteryPottery
3000 BCE 3000 BCE toto
2000 BCE2000 BCE
The 4 Old-World The 4 Old-World River Valley River Valley
CulturesCultures
The 4 Old-World The 4 Old-World River Valley River Valley
CulturesCultures
Pan-Gu: Pan-Gu: Mythical Mythical Creator of the Creator of the
UniverseUniverse
Pan-Gu: Pan-Gu: Mythical Mythical Creator of the Creator of the
UniverseUniverse
““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”(The (The “Middle “Middle Kingdom”Kingdom”))
““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”(The (The “Middle “Middle Kingdom”Kingdom”))
Overview
• Time span of the dynasties– 21st century B.C. thru– 1911 A.D.– Almost 4000 years
• Over 30 different dynasties• We will present 13 of the most important one.
Xia Dynasty(21st until 16th B.C.)
• First prehistoric dynasty• Excavations made at Anyang, Henan in 1928• Evolutionary stage between:
– Late Neolithic culture • Hunter gatherers• Stone tools
– Chinese civilization• Agricultural communities• Silk and pottery
Yu, the Great – Yu, the Great – Founder Founder
of of the Hsiathe Hsia
Yu, the Great – Yu, the Great – Founder Founder
of of the Hsiathe Hsia
““Huangdi”Huangdi” – – EmperorEmperor
““Huangdi”Huangdi” – – EmperorEmperor The “Yellow The “Yellow
Emperor.” Emperor.”
Legend has it Legend has it that that he ruled for over he ruled for over 100 years. 100 years.
Associated with Associated with thethe invention of invention of wheeled wheeled vehicles,vehicles, ships, armor, ships, armor, pottery, and pottery, and silk-making. silk-making.
Emperor FuxiEmperor FuxiEmperor FuxiEmperor Fuxi Mythical Mythical HsiaHsia ruler. ruler.
Taught the Taught the Chinese how Chinese how to read and to read and write, write, according to according to legend. legend.
Hsia Plaque, Hsia Plaque, 1700 BCE1700 BCE
Hsia Plaque, Hsia Plaque, 1700 BCE1700 BCE
Bronze Age Bronze Age EmpiresEmpires
Bronze Age Bronze Age EmpiresEmpires
Shang: Shang: 1523-1028 1523-1028 BCEBCE
Shang: Shang: 1523-1028 1523-1028 BCEBCE
Shang Dynasty(17st until 11th B.C.)
• Cradle of Chinese civilization– Based on agriculture– Developed a writing system– High level of civilization: bronze
workmanship
• Ruled by kings– Cities were centers of glittering court life – Court rituals honoring ancestors– Slaves buried alive in royal tombs
Oracle BonesOracle BonesOracle BonesOracle Bones
Oracle Bones Oracle Bones CalendarCalendar
Oracle Bones Oracle Bones CalendarCalendar
The Evolution of The Evolution of ChineseChinese
Writing during Writing during the Shangthe Shang
The Evolution of The Evolution of ChineseChinese
Writing during Writing during the Shangthe Shang
PictograpPictographshs
Semantic-Semantic-PhoneticsPhonetics
Axe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - jade- jade
Axe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - jade- jade
Ceremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE
Ceremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE
ShaShangngUrnUrn
ShaShangngUrnUrn
Shang Shang BronzesBronzesShang Shang
BronzesBronzes
Ritual Wine Vessel Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze, – bronze, 13c BCE13c BCE
Ritual Wine Vessel Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze, – bronze, 13c BCE13c BCE
Zhou Dynasty10th until 2nd century B.C.
• Capital at Hao (near Xi’an) in Wei Valley• Ruled much of China north of Yangtze river• Extended Shang culture• Early rule: Feudal
– Decentralized; control based on family ties• Later: City States
– Central control over local governments – Impersonal political and economic institutions– Culture: philosophy, poetry and prose
Western Zhou:Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCE
Western Zhou:Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou:Eastern Zhou: 771-771-256 BCE256 BCE
Eastern Zhou:Eastern Zhou: 771-771-256 BCE256 BCE
Ritual Food Vessel, Ritual Food Vessel, bronze bronze
11c BCE11c BCE (Western Zhou) (Western Zhou)
Ritual Food Vessel, Ritual Food Vessel, bronze bronze
11c BCE11c BCE (Western Zhou) (Western Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer Pendant of a Dancer - jade - jade
3c BCE (Eastern 3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)Zhou)
Pendant of a Dancer Pendant of a Dancer - jade - jade
3c BCE (Eastern 3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)Zhou)
Ritual Wine Vessel Ritual Wine Vessel – 4c– 4c
bronze, silver, bronze, silver, gold, coppergold, copper
Ritual Wine Vessel Ritual Wine Vessel – 4c– 4c
bronze, silver, bronze, silver, gold, coppergold, copper
Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze
Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze
““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”The Mandate of The Mandate of
HeavenHeavenThe Mandate of The Mandate of
HeavenHeaven
1.1.The leader must lead by ability The leader must lead by ability and and virtue. virtue.
2.2.The dynasty's leadership must The dynasty's leadership must be be justified by succeeding justified by succeeding generations.generations.
3.3.The mandate could be revoked The mandate could be revoked by by negligence and abuse; the will negligence and abuse; the will of of the people was important. the people was important.
Qin (221 until 207 B.C.)
• Achievements:– Standardized language & Writing– Standardized currency– Standardized measurements– Public Works
• Great Wall• Roads & Irrigation canals
• Leader: Shi Huangdi
Western Han (206 B.C.- 9 A.D.)
Eastern Han (25-225 A.D.)
• Achievements:– Silk Road
• Better Tools—Iron– Agriculture
» Crop Rotation
– Education– Paper and Porcelain
Xin (9 - 24 A.D.)
• Brief Interlude
• One Family Member had too much power
• Introduced Imperial Seal
Three Kingdoms (220-280 A.D.)
Western & Eastern Jin (265-315 A.D.)
Southern & Northern
(420-588 A.D.)
Sui Dynasty (581-617)
Reunified China in 589Reunified China in 589
High Taxes and Compulsory LaborHigh Taxes and Compulsory Labor
Completion of the Grand Canal (connect Yellow Completion of the Grand Canal (connect Yellow and Yangtze/ Beijing to Hangzhou)and Yangtze/ Beijing to Hangzhou)
Campaign against Korea in the early 7Campaign against Korea in the early 7thth century century
A lot of revolts and assassinationsA lot of revolts and assassinations
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
High point of Chinese High point of Chinese civilization (comparable to civilization (comparable to Han Dynasty)Han Dynasty)
Golden age of literature and artGolden age of literature and art• India and Middle-East India and Middle-East
relations stimulated relations stimulated creativitycreativity
• Buddhism (from India) was Buddhism (from India) was widely promoted (Confucius widely promoted (Confucius era)era)
• Block printing was inventedBlock printing was invented
Tang Dynasty (618-907) Cont’d
Better government systemBetter government system• Civil service examination and Civil service examination and
other competitive entrance other competitive entrance procedures (why?)procedures (why?)
• Independent from aristocracy Independent from aristocracy and warlords (why? How?)and warlords (why? How?)
• ““Scholar-officials” (who? duty Scholar-officials” (who? duty and privileges?)and privileges?)
Fragmentation of China (5 north Fragmentation of China (5 north dynasties, 10 south kingdoms)dynasties, 10 south kingdoms)
• Economic, politic, societal Economic, politic, societal reasons + Arab warsreasons + Arab wars
• North invadersNorth invaders
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
2 Phases: Northern (960-1127) and 2 Phases: Northern (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279) Southern Song (1127-1279) Centralized bureaucracy (more power on emperor)Centralized bureaucracy (more power on emperor)(regional governors (regional governors centrally appointed officials) centrally appointed officials) City developments (admin., trade, industry, maritime commerce)City developments (admin., trade, industry, maritime commerce)Mercantile classMercantile class• Printing and education spreadPrinting and education spread• Private trade grewPrivate trade grew• Market network grewMarket network grewThe Neo Confucius Philosophy (by Zhu Xi) The Neo Confucius Philosophy (by Zhu Xi) inhibited pre modern societal inhibited pre modern societal
development development
Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)Mongolian Rule
• Kublai KhanKublai Khan• Established the Yuan Established the Yuan
dynasty (1279-1368dynasty (1279-1368• Moves Capital to BejingMoves Capital to Bejing• Marco Polo visits Marco Polo visits
BejingBejing• Drama and novels are
developed
Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644)
Construction of the Forbidden City
Completion of the Great WallCompletion of the Great Wall
Ocean voyages as far as Africa by Zheng HeOcean voyages as far as Africa by Zheng He
Ch’ing Dynasty (1644 – 1911)
Expansion and Expansion and unificationunification
Opium WarsOpium Wars
Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion
TheDynastic
Cycle
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power.
A new dynasty
comes to power.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Emperor isdefeated !!
Emperor isdefeated !!
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
Start here
Geographical Influences
• Mountains, sea, and desert provide some protection and isolation
• Vulnerable to northwest
• River valleys 1. Yellow(Huang Ho) earliest civilization - damaging floods 2. Yangtze- very important in unification- transportation- irrigation
Earliest Civilizations- most isolated
• Earliest- Neolithic- Ban Po- similar to other parts of the world/ one of the oldest
• Shang Dynasty 1500-11 BCE in No China along the Huang Ho- raised silk worms- silk part of lure and fascination of China, famous for bronze sculpture, daggers, jade jewelry paid homage to ancestors- family important
• Chou (Zhou) 1027-256-longest-developed foundations for Chinese society
Ancient China Way of Life- Confucianism p58-
59• Moral and ethical code highly developed treat everyone with consideration
• Advocated paternalistic government
• Value on family head- ancestor respect
• Values- loyalty, righteousness, wisdom, sincerity
• very practical and humanistic Gentility
Daoism (Taoism)LaoTzu (Lao Zi) p 60
• contemporary of Confucius
• Tao= the road way
• Absolute=sum of existence
• Goal to bring people into harmony
• very introspective
• not as influential as Confucius
ANCIENT CHINA
• Great Wall• Began 2000 B.C.• Mandate of
Heaven• Dynasties• Silk• astronomy
As in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and along the Indus River, Chinese civilization began within a major river valley. Modern China itself is a huge geographical expanse. Around 4000 BC, this huge area contained an almost infinite number of ethnic groups and languages. This history, in which a vast area populated by diverse ethnic groups became, over time, a more or less single culture, began in the Yellow River Valley.
Yellow River Civilization
• G:Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River.
• The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.
Chinese accomplishments
• During the Zhou and Shang periods, the Chinese made remarkable achievements in astronomy and bronzework, learned to make silk and create books, and developed a complex system of writing
E:Chinese invented silk
• Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world.
• It is made from silk worms.
• Silk also makes “paper”
Silk worm
S:Chinese astronomy
•2137 BC - Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on October 22. •ca. 2000 BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution of its orbit. •ca. 1400 BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and the earliest known solar variation 日珥 . •ca. 1200 BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for recognitions of the stars. •ca. 1100 BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄赤交角 . •776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliably record of solar eclipse.
In the Middle Ages the Arabs made known throughout Muslim Spain a material which was to replace all its predecessors. This was paper, whose manufacture they imported from far distant and mysterious realm of China.
The first paper appeared in China about 200 BC. Its name is derived from papyrus. Silk was transformed into paper by a process of pasting, but because silk was expensive, wool and cotton came to be used instead. This invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun.
In the picture above, the manufacturing process used by the Chinese. They steeped mulberry or bamboo bark in water, then kneaded it to produce a paste from which they obtained smooth thin sheets of paper.
According to Chinese political theory, every dynasty goes through the so-called dynastic cycle:
1.A new ruler unites China and founds a new dynasty. 2.China, under the new dynasty, achieves prosperity and a new golden age. 3.The royal family of the dynasty begins to decay, corruption becomes rampant in the imperial court, and the empire begins to enter decline and instability. 4.The dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven, their legitimacy to rule, and is overthrown by a rebellion. The Mandate of Heaven is then passed to the next dynasty
Ancient China
Chinese pyramids!!!!
The Great Wall of China was built to keep the Mongols out.
Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.
Contributions.Contributions. The ancient Chinese provided the world with its The ancient Chinese provided the world with its
first paper,ink and gunpowder . It offered various first paper,ink and gunpowder . It offered various philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism to answer philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism to answer
life’s big questions.life’s big questions. It introduced different items for practicas and It introduced different items for practicas and
enjoyable use, like the chopstick, kite, and umbrella. It enjoyable use, like the chopstick, kite, and umbrella. It also presented the world with its own brand of grand also presented the world with its own brand of grand
architecture, as shown by the Great Wall of China, which architecture, as shown by the Great Wall of China, which has an imposing presence even in modern times.has an imposing presence even in modern times.
Governments
China-is divided among three bodies: the Communist Party of China, the state, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA). This article is concerned with the formal structure of the state, its departments and their responsibilities. Most, but not all, positions of significant power in the state structure and in the army are occupied by members of the Communist Party of China which is controlled by the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, a group of 4 to 9 people, usually all older men, who make all decisions of national significance. As the role of the Army is to enforce these decisions in times of crisis, support of the PLA is important.The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRC constitution and its position as the supreme political authority in the PRC is realised through its comprehensive control of the state, military, and media. According to a prominent government spokesman:We will never simply copy the system of Western countries or introduce a system of multiple parties holding office in rotation, although China’s state organs have different responsibilities, they all adhere to the line, principles and policies of the party.
MAO ZEDONG-Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-Tung) was the world's most prominent Chinese
communist during the 20th century. Mao's Red Army overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek in 1949, and the communists
seized power of mainland China.
FOUR OLDS:
*old thoughts*old culture*old customs*old habits
DENG XIAOPING-a Chinese politician, statesman,
theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China,
Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market
economy.
Deng Xiaoping in 1979