Anatomy and Anatomy and Physiology for Physiology for

Emergency CareEmergency CareChapter 11Chapter 11

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

ObjectivesObjectives

Compare the similarities between the Compare the similarities between the endocrine and nervous systemsendocrine and nervous systems

Compare the major chemical classes of Compare the major chemical classes of hormoneshormones

Explain the general mechanisms of Explain the general mechanisms of hormonal actionhormonal action

Describe how endocrine organs are Describe how endocrine organs are controlledcontrolled

ObjectivesObjectives

Discuss the location, hormones, and Discuss the location, hormones, and functions of the following glands and functions of the following glands and tissues: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, tissues: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, kidneys, heart, thymus, adrenals, kidneys, heart, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and pineal pancreas, testes, ovaries, and pineal glandgland

Explain how hormones interact to produce Explain how hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responsescoordinated physiological responses

ObjectivesObjectives

Identify the hormones that are especially Identify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their important to normal growth, and discuss their rolesroles

Explain how the endocrine system responds to Explain how the endocrine system responds to stressstress

Discuss the results of abnormal hormone Discuss the results of abnormal hormone productionproduction

Discuss the functional relationships between the Discuss the functional relationships between the endocrine system and other body systemsendocrine system and other body systems

An Overview of the Endocrine An Overview of the Endocrine SystemSystem

An Overview of the Endocrine An Overview of the Endocrine SystemSystem

Structure of Structure of HormonesHormones Hormones and the Cell Hormones and the Cell

MembraneMembrane Hormones and Hormones and

Intracellular ReceptorsIntracellular Receptors

An Overview of the Endocrine An Overview of the Endocrine SystemSystem

Control of Endocrine Control of Endocrine ActivityActivity Direct Negative Direct Negative

Feedback ControlFeedback Control Hypothalamus and Hypothalamus and

Endocrine RegulationEndocrine Regulation

The Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary Gland

Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland Hypophyseal Portal SystemHypophyseal Portal System Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior PituitaryHypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones of the Anterior PituitaryHormones of the Anterior Pituitary

TSHTSH ACTHACTH FSHFSH LHLH PRLPRL GHGH MSHMSH

Anatomy and Orientation of the Anatomy and Orientation of the Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

Hypophyseal Portal SystemHypophyseal Portal System

Feedback and Control of Feedback and Control of Endocrine SecretionsEndocrine Secretions

The Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary Gland

The Posterior Pituitary GlandThe Posterior Pituitary Gland ADHADH OxytocinOxytocin

Pituitary Hormones and their Pituitary Hormones and their TargetsTargets

The Thyroid GlandThe Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid HormonesThyroid Hormones

The C Cells of the The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Gland: CalcitoninCalcitonin

Homeostatic Regulation of Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion ConcentrationsCalcium Ion Concentrations

The Parathyroid GlandsThe Parathyroid Glands

PTHPTH

The ThymusThe Thymus

Relatively enormous in newbornsRelatively enormous in newborns Reaches maximum size just before Reaches maximum size just before

pubertypuberty ThymosinsThymosins

Key role in development and maintenance of Key role in development and maintenance of normal immunological defensesnormal immunological defenses

The Adrenal GlandsThe Adrenal Glands

The Adrenal CortexThe Adrenal Cortex CorticosteroidsCorticosteroids MineralcorticoidsMineralcorticoids AndrogensAndrogens

The Adrenal The Adrenal MedullaMedulla

The KidneysThe Kidneys

CalcitriolCalcitriol ErythropoietinErythropoietin ReninRenin

The HeartThe Heart

Cardiac muscle cells in right atriumCardiac muscle cells in right atrium Atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)Atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

Endocrine Tissues of the Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive SystemDigestive System

The PancreasThe Pancreas Regulation of Blood Regulation of Blood

Glucose Glucose ConcentrationsConcentrations

Regulation of Blood Glucose Regulation of Blood Glucose ConcentrationsConcentrations

Endocrine Tissues of the Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive SystemReproductive System

The TestesThe Testes Interstitial cellsInterstitial cells

AndrogensAndrogens TestosteroneTestosterone

Sustentacular cellsSustentacular cells The OvariesThe Ovaries

FolliclesFollicles EstrogensEstrogens

Corpus luteumCorpus luteum ProgesteroneProgesterone

The Pineal GlandThe Pineal Gland

MelatoninMelatonin Slows the timing of sexual maturitySlows the timing of sexual maturity Acts as an antioxidantActs as an antioxidant Establishes day-night cycles of activityEstablishes day-night cycles of activity

Patterns of Hormonal InteractionPatterns of Hormonal Interaction

Hormones and GrowthHormones and Growth Growth hormonesGrowth hormones Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones InsulinInsulin Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone Gonadal hormonesGonadal hormones

Hormones and BehaviorHormones and Behavior Hormones and AgingHormones and Aging

General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome

Integration with other Integration with other SystemsSystems

Summary Summary

Emergency Care Emergency Care ApplicationsApplications

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Overview of the Many Facets of Overview of the Many Facets of Endocrine Systems DisordersEndocrine Systems Disorders

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

Type I Diabetes MellitusType I Diabetes Mellitus Type II Diabetes MellitusType II Diabetes Mellitus Emergency Complications of DiabetesEmergency Complications of Diabetes

Hypoglycemia (Insulin Shock)Hypoglycemia (Insulin Shock) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic Coma)Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic Coma) Nonketotic Hyperosmolar ComaNonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma

Intravenous Glucose Intravenous Glucose AdministrationAdministration

Disorders of the Thyroid Disorders of the Thyroid GlandGland

Grave’s DiseaseGrave’s Disease Thyrotoxic Crisis Thyrotoxic Crisis

(Thyroid Storm)(Thyroid Storm) Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroidism and

MyxedemaMyxedema

Disorders of the Thyroid Disorders of the Thyroid GlandGland

Disorders of the Adrenal Disorders of the Adrenal GlandsGlands

Hyperadrenalism Hyperadrenalism (Cushing’s (Cushing’s Syndrome)Syndrome)

Adrenal Insufficiency Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)(Addison’s Disease)

SummarySummary