Anatomy 2 Review

What is peristalsis?

Peristalsis – alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscles that mix and squeeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs

DESCRIBE MASTICATION

There are four pairs of muscles involved in mastication

Prime movers – temporalis and masseterGrinding movements – pterygoids and buccinators

All are innervated by cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

Name the muscles of the hamstrings

Which muscles are synergists and primary movers of the hamstrings?

Name the muscles of the quads

What is the prime mover of the lower leg

Describe Movements of the body

Flexion — bending movement that decreases the angle of the jointExtension — reverse of flexion; joint angle is increasedDorsiflexion and plantar flexion — up and down movement of the footAbduction — movement away from the midlineAdduction — movement toward the midlineCircumduction — movement describes a cone in space

Rotation:The turning of a bone around its own long axisExamples

Between first two vertebraeHip and shoulder joints

Supination and pronation=palm up and downInversion and eversion=ankle in and outProtraction and retraction=chin out and inElevation and depression=body part up and downOpposition=thumb works in opposition to the fingers

What are the non-specific lines of defense?

First line of defense – intact skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms

What are the second lines of defense?

Phagocytic WBC’s – neutrophylls Monocytes – macrophagesEosinophils – fight against parasitic invadersInflammatory response/FeverComplimentInterferons

What is the third line of defense?

This is known as the specific immune defense system

Third line of defense – mounts attack against particular foreign substances

• Which vitamin can help build your immune system during colds?

• Vitamin C

What is the role of vitamin K in the diet?

It helps blood clot. It is made by some bacteria in the digestive tract.

Which vitamin helps with night blindness?

Vitamin A

Which vitamin helps a person absorb calcium?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin helps cell membranes develop. It can help a person from scarring.

Vitamin E

What do the B vitamins do?

Helps the nerves (stress) and the skin.

How fast does blood circulate throughout the body?

One minute

What is a stroke?

A blood clot that occurs in the brain leading to damage in that area to the brain tissue and the blood vessels.

Name the hormones and their role of the hypothalamus

• The hypothalamus secretes:• 1. ADH = Antidiuretic Hormone=stimulates

reabsorption of water in the body.

• 2. Oxytocin- Used during childbirth to bring on labor contractions.

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

– A. GH= Growth Hormone– B. ACTH= Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone– C. FSH= Follicle Stimulating Hormone– D. LH=Luteinizing Hormone– E. TSH=Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

• Name any under and over production of the thyroid gland.

• Over production- Grave’s disease• Under production-goiter

• Name hormones and their role with the adrenals

– The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones that stimulate a “flight-or-fight” response to a stress.

– In this response, the hormones epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and norepinephrine are released

– Also cortisol during long term stress

• What conditions occur during too much or too little adrenal hormones?

• Over production= Cushing’s Syndrome• Under production= Addison’s Disease

• Name the hormones and their roles with the gonads.

– The first hormone is luteinizing hormone (LH). This hormone stimulates ovulation and the release of progesterone in females and the release of androgens, such as testosterone, in males.

• The second hormone is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.

• Name the hormones and their role of the pancreas.

• Insulin=decrease blood sugar levels• Glucagon=increases blood sugar levels

• What major conditions and diseases are there for the pancreas.

• Diabetes=too little insulin• Hyp0glycemia=too much insulin with the

consumption of sugar

• What is the role of the thymus?

• The thymus gland is located beneath the sternum and plays a role in the development of the immune system by secreting thymosin.

• What is the role of the pineal gland?

• The pineal gland is located near the base of the brain and helps regulate sleep patterns by secreting melatonin.

• What is the role of the parathyroid gland?

• These glands secrete the parathyroid hormone, (calcitonin) which stimulates the transfer of calcium ions from the bones to the blood.

• What types of foods contain calcium and what benefit is calcium to your diet?

• Calcium is found in milk products, leafy green vegetables, egg yolk, shellfish.

• How does the minerals Cl and Na help you?

• They help with osmotic pressure balances of the body.

• Which mineral helps with muscle contractions?

• Potassium (K)

• Which mineral helps convert ATP to ADP?

• Magnesium

• How does phosphorus help you?

• It helps with nerve and muscle activity

• Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the actual gas exchanges?

• The alveoli

• How does second-hand and first-hand smoke affect the alveoli’s job?

• The smoke renders the alveoli less elastic and therefore they can’t expand to capture their maximum amount of air. This shorts the person’s amount of oxygen they can take it. It also decrease circulation within the body making the heart work harder and potentially causing a heart attack. They could eventually develop emphysema if chronic.

• Name the conducting tubes of the respiratory system.

• Pharynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchiloes.

• What part of the eyes do cataracts affect?

• The lens

• Which part of the neuron protects it with a sheath?

• The myelin sheath

• What is the major function of the frontal lobe of the brain?

• The frontal lobe of the cerebrum

• What is the main function of the large intestine?

• Removing water from waste.

• What are the differences between dendrites and axons?

• Dendrites receive impulses from an incoming nerve impulse and the axon helps sends it away to the next neuron.

• What are the functions of the sphincter muscle all along the digestive system?

• They are rings of muscle that regulate what can go into the next digestive part. There are sphincter muscles at the end of the esophagus leading into the stomach, end of stomach leading into small intestine, end of large intestine leading out of body (rectum) There is a sphincter at the end of the urethra leading urine out of the body.

• What are the three parts of the intestine?

• Duodenum• Jejunum• ileum

• Which element is needed to make thyroid hormones?

• iodine

• Impulses leading into the neuron will be received by the ________________.

• dendrites

• Impulses traveling through the neuron will exit out the ______________.

• axon

• What do nuerotransmitters do?

• Allow the beginning of an impulse to form between a neuron and neuron or neuron and muscle.

• Which food source provides the most energy?

• carbohydrates

• Which part of the digestive system produces bile?

• The liver

• Which part of the digestive system concentrates bile?

• The gall bladder

• What is the pH of the stomach contents?

• 2

• Where is the pH changed to a higher level?

• Leading into the small intestine

• What cells are involved with the specific immune system?

• The B and T cells

• What is the main purpose of the lymphatic vessels?

• To return leaked fluids back into the circulatory system

• What is the difference between hematocrit and plasma?

• Hematocrit=RBC, WBC, platelets• Plasma=liquid portion of blood

• What are the parts of the urinary system?

• Kidneys (nephrons)=filter blood of wastes• Ureters=tubes carry urine from kidneys to

bladder• Bladder=holds urine• Urethra= tube that carries urine out of body

• What are glomerulus?

• Tufts of capillaries in the nephron which are the first stop for filtration

• Which is the smallest blood vessel and site of gas exchange?

• The capillary