ANATOMY OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS

SUBMITTED TO: DR. ZEESHAN AKBAR SUBMITTED BY: 14-ARID-2022 PMAS FAISAL SHAHZAD SOMROO

HORMONES“Hormones are chemicals messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and function in extremely small concentration”

Response of a Hormone:• A nerve impulse travels rapidly and produces an almost

instantaneous response but one that lasts only briefly.• In contrast hormones act more slowly and their effects may be long

lasting.• Target cells respond to minute quantities of hormones and a

concentrations in the blood is always extremely low.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS1. Hypothalamus Gland2. Pituitary Gland3. Pineal Gland4. Thyroid Gland5. Parathyroid Glands6. Thymus Gland7. Adrenal Glands

8. Pancreas9. Liver10.Kidneys11.Heart12.Testes13.ovaries

LOCATION

THYROID GLAND“The thyroid is a very vascular ductless gland,

firm in texture and dark red-brown in color”Location:It is situated below the larynx (Voice Box).On the anterior part of trachea, first five or six rings of trachea, to which it is loosely attached.

SECRETED HORMONES1.Tri-iodo-thyronine(T3)2.Tetra-ido-thyroxine(T4)3.Calcitonin

1.TRI-IODO-THYRONINE (T3)

From Cells:“Thyroid Epithelial Cells”

Effect:• Potent form of thyroid hormone.• Increase the basal metabolic rate.• Affect protein synthesis

2. TETRA-IDO-THYROXIN (T4)

From Cell:“Thyroid Epithelial Cell”

Effect:• Less act form of thyroid hormone .• Increase the Basal Metabolic rate.• Often function as a pro-hormone.

3. CALCITONIN

From Cell:“Para-Follicular Cells”

Effect:• Construct Bone• Reduce Blood Calcium

ISTHMUS

“It is connected to with the lateral lobe at or near the posterior end of the latter, and crosses the trachea

about the 5th ring of trachea”

PARATHYROID GLAND“The parathyroid are pale in color and not so dense as thyroid”

Location:They are small glandular bodies, found in the thyroid gland.Posterior extremity or on the deep surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid.

SECRETED HORMONEIt secretes only one hormone:

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)From Cell:

“Parathyroid Chief Cells”Effect:• Increase Blood calciuma) Calcium reabsorption in kidneyb) Active vitamin D

• Slightly decrease blood phosphate

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