Post on 19-Mar-2018
An Overview of Grid Requirements in Denmark and the DTU Advanced Grid Test Facility at Østerild
Tom Cronin
DTU Wind Energy
Technical University of Denmark
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
DTU Wind Energy
2 14 June 2013
Composites and Materials Mechanics
Materials Science and Characterisation
Fluid Mechanics
Test and Measurements
Wind Turbines Structures
Aerolastic Design
Meteorology
Wind Energy Systems
Fluid Dynamics
Composite Mechanics
Materials Research Division
Wind Energy Division
Wind Energy Division
> 230 staff members
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
DTU Wind Energy
3 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
DTU – Excellence since 1829
4
MISSION DTU will develop and create value using the natural sciences and the
technical sciences to benefit society
14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Overview of this presentation
• DTU Wind Energy
• What’s the reason for me being at this workshop?
• The Danish grid requirements
– Who, what and how?
• The DTU Advanced Grid Test Facility
– Why, what, where and when?
5 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Danish grid codes
• ”Technical regulation 3.2.5 for wind power plants with power output greater than 11kW”
• Issued by the Transmission System Operator: Energinet.dk
• Website: www.energinet.dk
• Due to history of Danish wind power, the Danish grid codes have been at the forefront
• Comprehensive grid codes are needed if have high penetration
• Occasions in Western Denmark when wind power exceeds consumption
• National annual average around 25%
• Average wind production to increase to meet the goal of 50% by 2025.
• Grid codes need to keep in front of this development.
6 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 14 June 2013 7
• Tolerance of voltage and frequency deviations
– Normal operation
– Abnormal operation
• Electricity quality
• Control and monitoring
• Protection
• Data communication and exchange of signals
The Danish Grid Codes - structure
All diagrams courtesy of Energinet.dk
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 14 June 2013 8
“A wind power plant must be able to withstand frequency and voltage deviations in the point of connection under normal and abnormal operating conditions while reducing the active power as little as possible.”
Tolerance of frequency & voltage deviations
Normal Operation
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 14 June 2013 9
Tolerance of frequency & voltage deviations
Abnormal Operation
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 14 June 2013 10
The grid codes consider:
• Voltage fluctuations
– Rapid voltage changes
– Flicker (continuous and switching)
• High frequency currents and voltages
– Harmonics
– Inter-harmonics
– Disturbances greater than 2 kHz
Electricity quality
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Control & Monitoring: Active power control
• Frequency control
– Remotely set droop curves dictate active power vs. frequency
11 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Control & Monitoring: Active power control
• Absolute production constraint
– Used to prevent overload of system/power lines
• Delta production constraint (spinning reserve)
– To create a reserve in preparation of frequency control
• Power gradient constraint
– To prevent system instability dues to fast and large changes in wind speed
12 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Active power control: example
13 14 June 2013
Deactivation of delta and
activation of gradient
production constraint
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Active power control limits
• Must be able to down-regulate from 100% to 20% of power plant capacity
• Near cut-out wind speed: additional control
14 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Control & Monitoring: Reactive power control
• Q control
– Reactive power is independent of active power
• Power factor control
– Reactive power is proportional to active power
• Voltage control
– Controls the voltage at the voltage reference point , wrt reactive power output
15 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Reactive power control limits
16 14 June 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Grid codes and the DTU Grid Test Facility
• In 2011, our feasibility study looked at
– Global grid codes
– Manufacturers’ requirements
– Developers’ needs
– Research areas
– Equipment alternatives
• Conclusion
Optimum facility combines a converter-based unit and an impedance-based unit
• The DTU Advanced Grid Test Facility
– 10MW, upgradable to 16MW
– Grid codes – verification of compliance esp. frequency control
– Wind turbine testing/development/proving
– Development of future standards and grid codes
– Simulation models – validation
– Wind farm testing
18 14 June 2013
Vestas Siemens Wind Power DONG Energy Vattenfall ABB Siemens DTU Aalborg University
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind Farm Performance Requirements
BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
MV ARRAY CABLES
Wind Farm TSO Interface. Grid code requirements apply HERE
Set-points
SUBSTATION MV SG
HV GRID (TSO)
Wind BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
Wind BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
Wind
SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER
SUBSTATION HV SG
OLTC
COMP
SS
CO
NTR
OL
SC
AD
A
WTG
CO
NTR
OL
WTG feedback
CON
CON
14 June 2013 19
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Contract structures…
BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
MV ARRAY CABLES
Set-points
SUBSTATION MV SG
HV GRID
Wind BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
Wind BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
Wind
SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER
SUBSTATION HV SG
OLTC
COMP
SS
CO
NTR
OL
SC
AD
A
WTG
CO
NTR
OL
WTG feedback
CON
CON
Grid Code
14 June 2013 20
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind Farm Test - scope
BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
MV ARRAY CABLES
Set-points
SUBSTATION MV SG
HV GRID
Wind BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
Wind BLADE
DT
GEN
CONV
XFR
SG
CO
N
CO
N
WTG
CO
N
Wind
SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER
SUBSTATION HV SG
OLTC
COMP
SS
CO
NTR
OL
SC
AD
A
WTG
CO
NTR
OL
WTG feedback
CON
CON
Physical Hardware Real Time Simulation Grid Emulation
Legend:
14 June 2013 21
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Overall schematic
TEST STAND 3, etc…
22 14 June 2013
GRID EMULATOR
MAIN TRANSFORMER
TEST STAND 1
TEST STAND 2
MV SWITCHGEAR
TO PUBLIC GRID
Test Centre switchgear allows
turbines to be connected to the grid
either directly or through the Test
Facility
The Test Facility grid emulation equipment allows
tests to be performed without disturbing the main public
grid
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST UNIT
The Test Facility short circuit
equipment can also be coupled in and out to
individual turbines
TEST CENTRE
TEST FACILITY
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
To be located at the Danish National Test Centre for Large Wind Turbines, Østerild
23 14 June 2013
Courtesy of Siemens Wind Power
Test Centre: •Opened Oct 2012 •For turbines up to 250m height •Up to 16MW Grid Facility: •€4M secured •Further funding negotiations •Transportable •Ready ‘mid 2015’