Post on 03-Jun-2018
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American HistorySociety in the 1920s
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Womens Changing RolesThe Great War had a profound impact
on America
Millions of young men had marched off
to war full of enthusiasmThe horrors of the war led them to
question and ideas and attitudes of the
time
This led to a revolution of attitudes andmorals
Perhaps none were impacted more than
women
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Womens Changing RolesThe Flapper symbolized this revolution
This term defined a new type of women:
rebellious, energetic, fun loving and bold
Flappers wore their hair short, in a bobThey wore wide brimmed hats, bright
red lipstick,heavy makeup, plucked their
eye brows. Common practices by
prostitutesThey spit,smoked, cursed, and
associated more with guys rather than
other girls
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Womens Changing Roles
In 1920,the hemline of the American
dress stood 9 inches above the ground
By 1927, the dress had risen to the kneeor just above
The amount of fabric in a dress went
from 19.5 yards to 7
All of these changes shocked Americansociety and enraged parents
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Womens Changing Roles
There are several reasons for these
changes
During the war, women had entered theworkplace
They had also gained the right to vote
These experiences made them eager for
greater equality with menWithout intending to, the rebellious
flapper brought them closer to that goal
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Womens Changing RolesIt is important to note that not all
women were flappers
Many adopted the style but not the
movementAnother interesting side note is that even
though women gained the right to vote,
only 35% of women went to the polls
Jeanette Rankin of Montana becamethe first woman representative
Nellie Ross of Wyoming was one of the
first women governors
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Americans on the Move
In addition to the social changes, there
were major demographic changes
For the first time in its history, more
people lived in the city than in thecountry
Farms began to be stressed following the
war while industry boomed
6 million people moved into the city
This also affected society as rural
communities held traditional values
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Americans on the Move
With jobs booming in industry, African
Americans once again moved to the
north
It led to renewed conflict anddiscrimination
Following the War, the US set forth
strong immigration laws against Asia
and Eastern EuropeTo fill the need of cheap labor,
companies turned to Mexican laborers
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American Heroes
The changing morals of the 1920s made
many Americans hungry for the values
of an earlier time
Society became fascinated with heroes
The greatest of all of them was Charles
Lindbergh
A prize of 25,000 dollars was offered tothe first person to fly from New York to
Paris
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American Heroes
Charles Lindeberg was a 25 year old
American from Minnesota
He was determined to win
After 33 and a half hours of non stop
flight, Lindbergh accomplished his goal
He was offered millions of dollars in
publicity fees which he turned downHe became an true moral hero to
Americans
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American Heroes
Another American hero of the time was
Amelia Earhart
She became the first women to fly solo
across the Atlantic
Then she was the first to fly from
Hawaii to California
In 1937 she attempted to be the first to
fly around the world
After completing 2/3 the trip, she
disappeared over the Pacific Ocean
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American Heroes
There were several sports heroes
Jack Dempsey became the boxing
heavyweight champion of the world
Jim Thorpe, a Native American, was
a famed football player who won olympic
gold and was elected the first president of
the NFL
Babe Ruth hit 714 home runs inbaseball, a record that would not fall for
40 years
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American HistoryMass Media and the Jazz Age
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Todays Learning Goal
Jig Saw w/1920s flash card scatter activity
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American HistoryCultural Conflicts
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Todays Learning Goals
2 Topics: Prohibition and Racial Tensions
1) What were the results of prohibition in the 1920s?2) Who were the main targets of the KKK?
3) What movement did Marcus Garvey lead and what
did it accomplish?
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Prohibition
The consumption of alcohol was viewed
as one of Americas great vices
In the inner city slums, crime wasrampant
A characteristic of many of the slums
were drunks
Even before WWI, alcoholconsumption was under attack
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ProhibitionThe Anti-saloon league and Womens
Temperance movements pushed congress
to ban alcoholic beverages
On January 16, 1920 the 18th
Amendment set forth 3 goals
1) Eliminating drunkenness that resulted
in abuse of others
2) Getting rid of saloons where gambling
and prostitution thrived
3) Prevent absenteeism and on the job
accidents resulting from alcohol
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Prohibition
Many returning soldiers following
WWI found themselves without work
Bootlegging, illegally selling alcohol
offered a way to make money fastIn older times, bootleggers were people
who hid their booze in their boot
Many created stills to produce their own
alcohol
Others smuggled it from Canada or the
Caribbean
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Prohibition
Speakeasies became increasingly
popular
These were hidden bars where alcoholwas sold
In Washington DC, before prohibition
there were 300 bars
During prohibition there were 700speakeasies
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Prohibition
Overtime, bootlegging alcohol became a
huge operation
At first, a handful of people sold alcohol
Overtime people banded together and
formed huge covert operations
Rival groups fought for control of cities
This led to the formation of gangs and
increased crime waves
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Prohibition
In many situations, gangs paid off the
police to ignore them Racketeering
The most notorious crimes took place in
ChicagoIn 1925, Al Capone murdered his way
to the top of the gangs of Chicago
Once in power, he monopolized the sale
of alcohol, eliminating competitors
He bribed police, city officials,
politicians and even judges
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Prohibition
In order to fight against gang leaders
like Capone, the government created the
Bureau of Investigation
It later became the FBI and washeaded by J. Edgar Hoover
Even with the FBI on his tale, Capone
eluded capture for years
In 1931 he was convicted of tax evasionand sent to prison at Alcatraz
Prohibition was repealed in 1933
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Racial Tensions
Many African Americans had
migrated to the North at the turn of the
century
They came to escape Jim Crow laws inthe South and for jobs
The waves of African Americans
arriving in northern cities sparked
violence and riots1919 was known as the Red Summer
for all the blood spilt across the country
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Racial Tensions
The worst of all the riots occurred in
Chicago
Blacks and Whites at Lake Michigan
started throwing rocks at one anotherIt was done because blacks were using
beaches designated as white only
A white threw rocks at black children
that were swimmingOne was struck, knocked unconscious
and drown
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Racial Tensions
The incident sparked a wave of violence
23 blacks and 15 whites were killed
537 people were wounded and the
destruction left 100s homeless
The Klu Klux Klan returned
A Methodist preacher, William J.
Simmons revived the organization
In 1922 there were 100,000 members
Two years later it surged to 4 million
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Racial TensionsThe organization began to target any
organization or group that was Un-
American
Catholics, Jews, Immigrants were all
targeted
Beatings and killings took place all
across the country
In 1925, the Indiana Klan leader was
sentenced to prison for assaulting a girl
who later poisoned herself
Membership declined
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Racial Tensions
African American, Marcus Garvey,
had a different idea
The Jamaican born leader sought unitAfrican Americans and move to
Africa
He wanted to create a free African
Nation in the motherlandMany joined his cause, raised money
and sailed to Africa
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Racial Tensions
Garveys follower dressed in military
apparel
The formed UNIA, Universal Negro
Improvement UnionMany African Americans objected
Garvey
His streamline was convicted of fraud
and he was deported to JamaicaHis ideas would serve later Black Pride
movements
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American HistoryThe Scopes Trial
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The Scopes TrialSince the turn of the century, many
Americans were were uneasy with social
values
Cities seemed immoral and radical ideas
were spreading
Many felt that:
1) Science and Technology were taking
a large role
2) War and problems caused many to
question Gods role in human affairs
3) The Bible was made by man
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The Scopes Trial
In response to these challenges, religious
traditionalists published a series of
pamphlets
They were known as the
Fundamentals
As a result, there was a massive
religious revival attacking the ills of
society and defending God and the Bible
The issue came to a head in 1925
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The Scopes Trial
The debate raged over the teaching of
evolution in public schools
In 1925, Tennessee passed the Butler
ActIt forced schools to teach the Biblical
account of mans origin
It banned the teaching of evolution
John T. Scopes a school teacherdecided to challenge the act as
unconstitutional
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The Scopes TrialSides quickly formed and mass mediadescended on Tennessee
William Jennings Bryan decided to
take up the defense with Scopes
supported by Clarence DarrowBoth men were well known for their
debating skills
Darrow attacked Bryan and the Bible
as being the work of man
Bryan, a master at the Bible, remarked
that not all of the Bible could be taken
literally
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The Scopes Trial
The Jury found Scopes guilty and fined
him $100 dollars
The trial so exhausted Bryan that he
died a few days later
Fundamentalists saw Bryan as a
martyr and the trial as a victory
Modernists felt Darrow had done a
great job for science and reason
Fundamentalism continued to grow
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American HistoryThe Red Scare
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The Red Scare
In the years that directly followed
WWI, chaos ensued in Russia
As we discussed, the Russian
government was overthrown by Vladimir
Lenin
A civil war raged for years between
whites and reds
The reds triumphed in 1920
Russia was renamed the USSR
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When Lenin died in 1924, the state ofthe Soviet Union was quite bleak
The nation had endured years of civil
war, starvation and disease
As the Bolsheviks seized control, theyspeculated as to how they could catchup to the west
Political factions and members vied tofix the nations economic woes andpromote themselves to the vacatedleading position left absent by Lenin
The Red Scare
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Leon Trotsky, Lenins right hand manpromoted the idea to industrialize theUSSR by taxing the peasants
Nikolai Bukharin, another politicalleader thought it had to beaccomplished through agriculture
He wanted to enrich the peasants andget raise the money for
industrialization by increasing theagricultural output
This was adopted as the New EconomicPolicy
The Red Scare
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Behind the backdrop stood Josef Stalin
He was viewed as a nobody eventhough he held a powerful position
Stalin was a mere paper pusher whoheld power to recruit and enlist partymembers
Not only did he serve as the gateway toreceive powerful positions but hedecided who got promoted and towhere
Soon, vast members of the party owedtheir membership to Stalin alone
The Red Scare
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Stalin, like many others, began plottingto become the soviet figurehead
At first he backed Bukharins economicpolicies because he saw Trotsky as thegreater threat
After Trotsky was expelled from theparty he turned on Bukharin
In 1928, Stalin emerged as thesupreme leader of Soviet Russia andbegan his own policies
The Red Scare
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Stalins new policy, revolution fromabove turned soviet Russia tocollectivization
Stalin abolished private property andpersonal profit
Farms were taken, given to the stateand run as a sort of commune
Stalin speculated that Russia was 100years behind Europeans and desired tocatch up to them in the next ten years
The Red Scare
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Communal farms were given quotas ofoutput that would create a surplus
This surplus would be used toindustrialize Russia
In order to get the workers to produceand meet quotas a sharp method ofrewards and punishments was imposed
Workers were given ration cards, ifthey did not meet their daily quotasthey did not get fed
If they rebelled they cards were takenand they were kicked out to starve
The Red Scare
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Stalin implemented a massivepropaganda machine
Posters, flyers, papers were distributedto inspire and motivate hard work
Those who made impressive personalaccomplishments medals, specialceremonies and personal gifts
Since all money went to transform andbuild the Russian industry, Russiancitizens were stripped of luxury
Through it all, the face of Stalin wasemblazoned as their savior and hero
The Red Scare
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Peasants did resist however acrossRussia against the brutality of this newregime
In the Ukraine and Kazakh almost 40%
of the population died
Labor camps were created for politicalrebels where they were forced to laborto death
25% of all economic output came fromthese labor camps [gulags] wherehorrible crimes were committed
As many as 10 to 20 million died asRussia industrialized
The Red Scare
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By the end of the 1930s however,Stalins dream had reached its goal
Pouring every bit of money intoindustry and demanding every once ofphysical labor from its people, Russiahad industrialized
This would become very apparent in
WWII
Stalin pushed to advance communismacross the world
The Red Scare
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The Red ScareMost Americans were fearful of
communism
It stood as a threat to American
freedom
Immigrants were treated with greater
scrutiny as many were viewed as
communists
Revolutions took place in many
European cities
American worried it would soon come
home
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The Red Scare
In Seattle, 1000s of workers went on
strike
The mayor called them revolutionaries
Several bombs were sent through the
mail with the intent of killing the mayor
The media made it appear communists
were to blame
The Red Scare was reaching a fever
pitch
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The Red Scare
More mail bombs were sent
One nearly killed the Attorney General
He remarked afterward that he was
convinced people were trying tooverthrow the government
He assembled a special task force to root
out subversives
1000s were arrested and charged withanarchy
Most were innocent
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The Red Scare
Americans assumed the worst on May
1, 1920 the Socialist Holiday
It came and went without incident
Things began to slowly cool off
The following month, a gunman robbed
and killed a guard and paymaster of a
shoe company
Police arrested two Italian immigrants,
Saco and Vanzetti
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The Red Scare
Both of them were anarchists and
carried a gun similar to that used in the
crimeMany Americans saw through the case
The two men were anarchists but they
were innocent
The trial found the two guilty and theywere killed at the electric chair in 1927
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The Red Scare
Several strikes rocked the nation during
the 1920s
Strikers were accused of being
communistsMany unions began to fall apart under
communist accusations
During the boom of the 1920s strikes
slowedThe country would soon turn to new
leadership
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American HistoryPolitics of the 1920s
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Republicanism
The Red Scare had political
consequences
Americans felt that democrats leanedmore towards communism
Republicans would hold power for the
next decade
Warren G. Harding, a republicanbecame the next US president
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RepublicanismHarding was a mixed bag as president
He appointed Herbert Hoover as
secretary of commerce
Charles Hughes as supreme court justiceand Andrew Mellon as treasurer
Those were all great appointments that
greatly propelled the US into an era of
prosperity
Other appointments however were
friends that were incompetent and
dishonest
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Republicanism
Harding moved the US away from
international affairs
He did not join the League of Nations
because he felt it was another corruptalliance system
The US therefore adopted a policy of
isolationism
Harding also advocated disarmamentHe, along with other nations, signed
treaties to reduce the size of their navies
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Republicanism
Harding was all about business
He wanted the American economy to
run free and boom
He placed tariffs on foreign goods to
encourage people to buy domestic
The tariff enraged European nations
They owed the US a debt for WWI
With the US not buying their goods
they could not repay their debts
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RepublicanismBecause Germany could not pay its
debts, France and England could not
pay theirs to the US
The US became the key to the whole
process
In 1924 and again in 1928 the US
helped reorganize the Germany economy
Loans were given to Germany to pay
France and England which paid it backto the US
The system worked for awhile but a
catastrophic failure was on the horizon
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RepublicanismAs American became more isolationistthey also became more nativist
Nativism favored natural born
Americans over immigrants and it
flared for several reasons:
1) Patriotism: Americans believed
foreigners would never be loyal to the
US
2) Religion: many immigrants were notprotestant
3) Urban Conditions: Immigrants were
blamed for dirty city conditions
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Republicanism
The new law essentially halted all
immigrants from Asia into the US
Harding enjoyed huge popularity
Then it peaked and all came tumbling
down
Several scandals in the Harding
administration came to light
Some officials stole government money,
other took bribes in order to get laws
passed
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Republicanism
Harding was greatly stressed by the
scandals and died in office in 1923
The worst of the scandals was the
Teapot Dome Scandal
Hardings secretary of the interior gave
government oil fields in California and
Wyoming to private companies in return
for money$300,000 dollars in illegal payments
were made disguised as government gifts
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Republicanism
Vice President Calvin Coolidge became
the next president
Coolidge was not involved in any of the
government scandals
He was elected in 1924
Coolidge was a great public speaker but
in private he was a man of few words
One person remarked that he could be
silent in five languages
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Republicanism
The major theme of Coolidge could be
summarized in one phrase
The chief business of the Americanpeople is business
Coolidge advocated a hands off
approach to the economy and he let it
run free
It created an economic boom known as
the Roaring 20s
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Republicanism
Herbert Hoover urged Coolidge to
regulate the purchase of cheap stocks
which he refused
The Mississippi River flooded and whenvictims pleaded for government help he
refused
France came to the US with the idea of
outlawing war though a treaty
The Kellog-Briand Pact involved 60
nations that swore never to declare war
on one another. It was unrealistic
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Republicanism
In 1928, Coolidge decided not to run for
a second term
The Republicans nominated J. Edgar
Hoover who was a protestantprohibitionist
The Democrats nominated Alfred
Smith, a catholic who sought to end
prohibition
The vote drew in many women and
Hoover was elected as the next US
president
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American HistoryBig Business
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Jigsaw
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American HistoryThe American Economy
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The EconomyThe mood of Americans in the late
1920s was great
Medical advances had reduced diseases
like whooping cough and diphtheria
Life expectancy increased by 10 years
Technology was making life easier
The economy appeared healthy and was
booming
America had entered the world stage
and was in position to lead it
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The Economy
In 1925, the value of American stock
was 27 billion dollars
In 1928 it was 39 billion
In 1929 it soared to 87 billion
Wages in the 1920s rose 40%
It was estimated if Americans put 15
dollars a week in savings it would bring a
$400 dollar income in 20 years
Many felt American potential was
limitless
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The Economy
Business began enjoying great success
and paid back employees
They paid for vacations, gave them
health care, recreation and taughtEnglish and other skills
They felt this would prevent unions and
strikes
This new philosophy was called WelfareCapitalism
Labor unions began to disappear
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The Economy80% of Americans did not have savings
of any shape or form
The government was part to blame
In the 1920s taxes were reduced
Only the wealthy paid income tax
therefore it made the rich richer
Americans spent heavily on credit
Everyone wanted electric lights,refrigerators, radios and cars
The economy was doing so well they
thought they would pay it off later
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The Economy
The stock market was doing so well
many Americans invested unwisely
The press told stories of people whoinvested everything and became rich
overnight
Life savings went into the stock market
This would come back to haunt manyAmericans
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The Economy
Businesses too were overly optimistic
The assembly line had created massive
surpluses that consumers could not use up
In 1925, the auto industry began to losemoney
The purchase of iron, rubber, and glass
declined
Housing construction fell 25%
Business was beginning to slip and the
world depended on the US market
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The EconomyFarmers also fell on hard times
During the war, America fed many
nations and farming boomed
Many bought land and equipment oncredit
Following the war, demand slowed and
debts were called in
Many farms went bankrupt and banksfailed as a result
Congress attempted to bail out farmers
but Coolidge vetoed initiatives
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The Economy
In September of 1929, American stocks
peaked and began a slow fall
Some people began to sell their stocks
and the rate of the fall speed upMany brokers assured Americans the
market was healthy and experiencing a
small bump
In October, more investors began to sellPeople who had bought stock in GE for
$400 dollars sold it for $283
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The Economy
The following week, stock prices
continued to fall rapidly
Many investors withdrew all their money
from the market
On Tuesday, October 29, 1929 the
stock market crashed
The market continued to fall for the next
several weeks
Overall, 30 billion dollars disappeared
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The Economy
At first, only those who had invested in
the stock market lost their money
A short time later there was a ripple
effect across AmericaMany banks gave out huge loans to
businessmen who invested the cash
When the market fell they could no
longer repay the loansBanks had also given credit to
consumers to buy products
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The EconomyMany people did not earn enough to
repay the loans
When the banks called in its loans
people lost everything
As banks began to fail, many
Americans rushed to withdraw their
savings
Most of the money was invested and not
in bank vaults
As people withdrew their savings at
once, banks failed
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The EconomyThose who came late had lost all theirmoney
Within just a few years after the stock
market crash, 5,500 banks had failed
Businesses went broke or stopped spending
Jobs were scaled back and people went
without work
Houses were sold along with all
possessions
Many lived in their cars
The Great Depression had begun
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American HistoryTheGreat Depression
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The Great DepressionThe Great Depression represents one of
the most difficult times in American
history
As a result of the stock market crash and
bank failures businesses closed
Henry Ford shut down his Detroit
factories leaving 75,000 without work
Small businesses failed leaving more
Americans without jobs
By 1932, 12 million Americans were
without work
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The Great Depression
The depression was felt across the world
The US could no longer lend loans to
Germany
German banks failed and they stoppedpaying France and Britain
As a result, Britain and France stopped
paying debts owed to the US
Europeans also stopped buying Americangoods because they could no longer afford
them
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The Great DepressionThe first few years of the depression were
tough
Many Americans awaited a quick
recovery that never came
Many people lost their homes and all their
possessions
There were 15,000 people alone in New
York that were homeless
Many flocked to central park and built
makeshift shelters from cardboard, tar,
and wood fragments
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The Great DepressionPresident Hoover was blamed for not
fixing the economy
The shantytown of New York was called
Hooverville
Newspapers were called Hoover Blankets
Pockets turned inside out were Hoover
Flags
Those who did not live in Hoovervilles
lived in their cars
Others refused this lifestyle and traveled
the country as hobos searching for work
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The Great DepressionHoovers administration reached a low
point in 1932
20,000 jobless WWI vets had had
enough
For their service in the War, the US
government had promised them a pension
bonus in 1945
Veterans gathered in Washington asking
the government to pay the bonus early
They called their gathering the Bonus
Army
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The Great DepressionThe House of Representatives agreed to thepayout but the Senate shot it down
Some vets gave up and headed home but
many stayed
Soon, a shantytown was built up on thesteppes surrounding DC
Some became upset and violent acts broke out
Hoover called in the army under the control
of Douglas MacArthur
MacArthur used guns, teargas and tanks to
clear away gathered vets
The incident spelled the end for Hoover
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The Great DepressionFarmers in the midwest faced additional
problems
In the previous years, pioneers had
overturned the soil of the great plains for
farming
During the war, farmers depleted the soil
by over growing crops for profit
During the 1920s the great plains were
struck by drought
The green plains of the midwest turned
into a massive dust bowl
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The Great Depression
President Hoover continued his stance
that the economy would recover
He remarked No one starved but many
did and 1000s were hungry
Schools across the nation failed
Without work, parents could not longer
afford to feed their children
Parents told their kids to fend forthemselves
Others sought work to help their parents
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The Great Depression
250,000 teenagers left home and illegally
hitched rides on trains
These teens faced dangers every day
Many were beaten, some shot, girls wereraped
In many cases they were all alone without
help
They traveled from city to city seekingwork
Most had little success
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The Great Depression
Many families across America started to
grow their own food to survive
Some begged, some stole, others searched
restaurant garbage bins
Many committed suicide
Men abandoned family due to pressure
and the lack of ability to care for them
The average Americans healthplummeted
Most no longer went to doctors or dentists
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The Great DepressionLife became terribly difficultThe roaring twenties were an incredible
contrast with the low life of the 1930s
The depression across the world would
lead to desperationMany nations turned to radicals to lead
their nations
In many instances, the seeds of WWII
were being sownAs bad as the situation was, hope
remained and things slowly, but gradually
improved as the decade closed
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The New DealAmericans suffered a greatly during thedepression
They never gave up though
Many banded together and helped those
in needSome shared food, others shelter
Farmers worked together
When farmers lost land, the bank would
seize it and auction it offMany farmers worked together and held
penny auctions in order to get their land
back
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The New DealIn Europe, the depression brought
political change
Governments were toppled and dictators
arose
In America, most citizens had faith that
democracy would handle their problems
In 1933, congress repealed the 18th
amendment
Despite the nation repealing the
consumption of alcohol, 8 states continued
to ban it
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The New Deal
During the 1930s the Empire State
Building was raised
Many viewed it as a symbol for hope in a
new future
4,000 people helped build it
It stood at 102 stories tall and had 67
elevators
When the building opened, 1000s of
people paid 1 dollar for a trip to the top
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The New DealPresident Hoover remained enemy #1 to
most Americans
He did little to fix the ruined economy
He produced the Hawley-Smoot Tariff
which increased tariffs on European goods
Europeans responded with their own
tariffs that hurt the nations economy
Other initiatives also failed to restore the
economy
By 1932, Americans were ready for a
change in leadership
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The New DealIn July of 1932, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt won the democratic nomination
Upon selection he remarked: I pledge
myself to a new deal for the American
people
FDR graduated from Harvard with a
degree in law
He was elected twice to the New York
senate
He served as secretary of the Navy under
Woodrow Wilson
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The New DealIn 1920, FDR ran for vice president
and lost
In 1921 he contracted Polio and lost the
use of his legs
That did not keep him down
From 1929 to 1932 he served as the
governor of New York
As governor, he set up relief organizations
that gave money to the poor and needy
His New Deal sought a similar
program for the nation
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The New DealThe election of 1932 between Roosevelt
and Hoover was about two different views
on government
The Republicans under Hoover argued
less government was best
The Democrats with Roosevelt held that
the nation needed a stronger government
A strong government that could help
those in need
Many people did not necessarily support
Roosevelt so much that they hated Hoover
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The New DealRoosevelt won the presidency by a huge
margin, 7 million votes
In 1933, amidst a down pour of rain,
Roosevelt was sworn into office
He stated, This nation asks for action
and action now
The Great Depression had taught many
Americans they needed the government
Many thought they could make it on their
own. Now they acknowledged the need for
help
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The New DealThen came Roosevelt's most famous line,
So first of all let me assert my firm belief
that the only thing we have to fear is fear
itself
Having overcome fear in his own life,Roosevelt spoke with conviction
Roosevelt was soon tested
After his inauguration WWI vets again
assembled in a second bonus army
Roosevelt built a camp for them and
provided them with three meals a day
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The New Deal
Rather than send the army he sent his wife
Eleanor
She met with the Vets, thanked them for
their service and reassured them
They would later be drafted into
Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps
The first Sunday after taking office,
Roosevelt spoke to the nation over the
radio
It was the first of his weekly fireside chats
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The New Deal
His easy manner restored American faith
From his inauguration in March through
June of 1933, Roosevelt pushed program
after program through congress
Many of these programs were recovery,
relief and reform programs
These programs were known as the first
100 days
Roosevelt was meeting the Great
Depression head on
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Class ActivityStudent exploration of New Deal Programs
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The New DealMany Americans were happy with
Roosevelts New Deal Programs
Part of its success came from the people
Roosevelt placed on his staff
He surrounded himself with the great
intellectuals on the day creating what
many called the Brain Trust
Roosevelt was the first president to appoint
a woman to a Cabinet PostFrances Perkins helped pass laws that
helped wage earners and the unemployed
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The New DealRoosevelt even appointed many African
Americans to key political positions
An important key to Roosevelts success
was his wife Eleanor
She helped mediate the Bonus Armydispute
She also traveled the nation for her
husband as his disability made traveling
difficult
She turned heads more than once on with
her stance on equal rights for African
Americans
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The New DealWhile many of Roosevelts programs were
providing work for Americans, the
economy continued to stagnate
Two of his programs, the NIRA and
AAA were deemed unconstitutional
Many saw the programs giving too much
power and regulation to the US
Government
Roosevelt was not doneHe soon launched a Second New Deal
with a new wave of programs
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The New Deal
The Second New Deal brought into
creation the Workers Progress
Administration
It built and improved playgrounds,
schools and hospitals
In response to the AAA falling in
supreme court, Roosevelt launched a new
program for farmers
The Farm and Security Administrationloaned 1 billion dollars to struggling
farmers
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The New Deal
The Rural Electrification Act brought
power to remote areas across the US
It was estimated that only 10% of rural
American had electric power
It brought power to 98% of American
farms
Roosevelt's programs had won the faith of
the American people
In 1936 Roosevelt won in another
landslide vote
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The New Deal
For all of its gains and progress, the New
Deal did have its critics and shortcomings
Women in particular were at a
disadvantage
NRA codes permitted lower wages for
women doing equal work as men
In relief programs, men and boys received
the most assistance
Jobs also went primarily to males who
were seen as the heads of households
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The New DealAfrican Americans received similar
treatment
Many received lower wages for the same
work
They were kept out of skilled and
professional jobs
The New Deal did little to prevent
discrimination, in many ways it made it
worseLynchings in the South were rampant
and the US government did little to help
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The New DealRich Republicans were also strongly
opposed to the New Deal
They were taxed more than the poor
They felt New Deal programs elevated
the poor and uneducated and pulled downthe rich
Social Security was also hated by
Republicans
They saw it as a move toward socialism
Republicans called the New Deal un-
American and akin to Bolshevism
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The New Deal
There were others who complained the
New Deal did not do enough
Upton Sinclair wanted the government to
take control of business and farms
He was accused of communism
Others across the nation felt it was not
doing enough for the poor
They advocated a total redistribution ofwealth evenly across the nation
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The New DealA dynamic speaker, Father CharlesCoughlin captivated American audiences
At first he backed the New Deal
He advocated government takeovers of
business
Then he went against Roosevelt
He went so far as to shower praise on
Mussolini and Hitler in Europe
Many Americans lashed out
In 1942, Catholic Officials ordered him
to stop broadcasting
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The New DealIn Louisiana, Huey Long grew toimmense popularity
He became a powerful US Senator in
1932
He built his power on helping the poor,improving education and medical care
He was an original supporter of FDR
but broke from many of his New Deals
He advocated seizing money from the
wealthy and giving it to the poor
He also wanted veteran benefits, better
education and pensions for the elderly
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The New DealToday, many see Roosevelts programs in
great light
They are viewed as the nations saving
grace
Critics however have seen serious flaws inRoosevelt's programs
In some ways they hindered economic
progress, encouraged inefficient use of
resources and empowered the governmentThe greatest criticism arises on the issue of
deficit spending
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The New DealThe nation began to deficit spend in orderto help its people
It is part of the debt the nation has today
The US went from a lending nation to a
nation in debtIn 1937 the US experienced a recession
Despite all of the growth, the economy
began to slide
Roosevelt scaled back many of hisprograms and increased taxes
His goal was to balance the national debt
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The New DealThe national debt went from 21 million in1933 to 43 billion in 1937
Hard times would continue until the onset
of WWII
With the economy in s slump, there was anew wave of business strikes
In 1935, the Wagner Act made it easy
for people to unionize
36% of the American People belonged to
unions
Many strikes took place in the form of sit-
downs
The New Deal
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The New Deal
Strikes lasted until 1939 when the supreme
court again stuck down strikes
Roosevelt also attempted a court packingscheme
Because the supreme court had shot down
his plans, he tried to add 6 more justices
This initiative created a black mark on his
New Deal
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American HistoryTheNew Deal