Ajax

Atul Kahate

akahate@gmail.com

Traditional HTTP Processing

Web Server

Request-

response pairs

(Synchronous

in nature)

AJAX | Atul Kahate 2

in nature)

AJAX-based Processing

Web Server

JavaScriptAsynchronous

JavaScript

function

abc() { …}

Update

Asynchronous

operation

What is AJAX?

� Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

� Allows for asynchronous communication between a browser (client) and server

between a browser (client) and server

� Does not mandate that the end user must wait for processing a request

� Can be used as an alternative to HTML forms in certain situations

AJAX – Basic FAQ – 1

� Do we not use request/response model in AJAX?

� We do, but the approach is different now. We do not submit a form now, but instead send requests

not submit a form now, but instead send requests using JavaScript

� Why not submit the form? Why AJAX?

� AJAX processing is asynchronous. Client does not wait for server to respond. When server responds, JavaScript does not refresh the whole page.

� How does a page get back a response, then?

� When the server sends a response, JavaScript can update a page with new values, change an image, or transfer control to a new page. The user does

or transfer control to a new page. The user does not have to wait while this happens.

� Should we use AJAX for all our requests?

� No. Traditional form filling is still required in many situations. But for immediate and intermediate responses/feedbacks, we should use AJAX.

� Where is the XML in AJAX?

� Sometimes the JavaScript can use XML to speak with the server back and forth.

speak with the server back and forth.

AJAX: Technical Details

Writing AJAX

� Ability to fetch data from the server without having to refresh a page

� Applications without AJAX� Normal Web applications communicate with the server by referring to a new URL

� Normal Web applications communicate with the server by referring to a new URL

� Example: When a form is submitted, it is processed by a server-side program, which gets invoked

� AJAX applications� Use an object called as XMLHttpRequest object built into the browser, using JavaScript to communicate with the server

� HTML form is not needed to communicate with the server

The XMLHttpRequest Object

� Alternative for HTML forms

� Used to communicate with the server side code, from inside a browser

� Server side code now returns text or XML data, not the complete HTML Web page

� Programmer has to extract data received from the server via the XMLHttpRequest object, as per the needs

AJAX Steps

1. Create a request object

2. Tell the request object where to send the request

the request

3. Tell the object what to do when the request is answered

4. Tell the object to make a request

XMLHttpRequest Object –Technical Details

� In some browsers, this object is native (part of the browser); in some others, it needs to be downloaded (as an ActiveX needs to be downloaded (as an ActiveX control)

� Accordingly, coding changes across browser versions as well

Ajax Sequence Diagram

Step 1: Create the XMLHttpRequest Object

Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object Using JavaScript – 1

� Two main browsers are required to be handled: Internet Explorer and Others� Non-IE code

var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;

if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Non-IE browser

XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();

� IE codeelse if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE browser

XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

� Now start writing HTML as usual, after checking for the presence of the XMLHttpRequest object

XMLHttpRequest objectif (XMLHttpRequestObject) {

document.write ("<h1>Welcome to AJAX</h1>");

Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object Using JavaScript – 3� Final code (1.html)<html><head><title>AJAX Example</title>

if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();

XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();} else if (window.ActiveXObject) {

XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}

if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {document.write ("<h1>Welcome to AJAX</h1>");

</script></head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

� Output

<div> and <span> HTML Elements

<div> and <span> - 1

� A <div> HTML container can hold all related elements together and can allow us to style all those elements with one CSS rule

<a href=“books.html”>writing</a>

<a href=“links.html”>links</a>

</div>

� Now we can refer to the div’s id in our CSS, and style all the elements in that div in a uniform manner

<div> Example

� dummy.html<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<a href="books.html">writing</a>

<a href="links.html">links</a>

</div>

</body>

</html>

� dummy.css#menu {

font-family: Verdana;

font-color: red;

background-color: silver;

<div> and <span> - 2

� <span> allows individual element formatting better

<li><span class=“books”>Books</span></li>

<span> Example

� dummy.html modified

� <html>

� <head>

� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="dummy.css" />

� </head>

� <body>

� <p />

Step 2: Tell the object where to send the request (Open the XMLHttpRequest Object)

Open the XMLHttpRequest Object – 1

� Opening the XMLHttpRequest object prepares it for use to fetch data from the server

the server

� Use the open method

� Mandatory parameters

� Method type (GET, PUT, POST)

� URL

Open the XMLHttpRequest Object – 2

� Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData

� To prepare for fetching data from the server, pass1. The name of a text file (data.txt) to this function

Also pass the ID of the <div> element where results

2. Also pass the ID of the <div> element where results should be displayed, which is targtDiv

� Create the getData function and add an if statement to check if the XMLHttpRequest object has been created

� Open the XMLHttpRequest object, passing the open Get HTTP method, and the name of the file on the server to be opened

Open the XMLHttpRequest Object – 3� Final code (2.html)�

� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 2</title>

� <script language = "javascript">

� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }

� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� document.write ("<h2>Welcome to AJAX</h2>");� }

� function getData (divID, dataSource) {� alert ("Hello");� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);

� obj.innerHTML = "Object opened";� }� }

� </script>� </head>

�

� <body>

� <H1>Fetching data with AJAX</H1>

Step 3: What to do when the request is answered (Get Ready to Download)

Downloading Data from Server – 1

� We can download data from the server using the XMLHttpRequest object� Happens ‘behind the scenes’, in an asynchronous manner

� When data comes from the server:

� When data comes from the server:� The readyState property of the HTTPRequestObject changes to one of the following possible values:

� 0 – Uninitialized, 1 – Loading, 2 – Loaded, 3 – Interactive, 4 –Complete

� The status property holds the results of the HTTP download� 200 – OK, 404 – Not found, etc

Handling Asynchronous Requests

� To handle the response received from asynchronous requests, we need to define a callback function

� For this, associate a function with the XMLHttpRequest object’s onReadyStateChange property like this:

request.onreadystatechange = myFunction, where myFunction is a � request.onreadystatechange = myFunction, where myFunction is a function that would deal with the response;

� Trouble is that with this approach, we cannot pass parameters to the function

� Alternate syntax is to use closures (an linline JavaScript function) like this:

� request.onreadystatechange = function () { myFunction (request) };

� Now, we can pass whatever parameters to the callback function as we like

Downloading Data from Server – 2� 3.html�

� <script type = "text/javascript">

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }

� function getData(divID, dataSource) {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);

� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� obj.innerHTML = "Ready to download";� }� }

XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);

� }� }

XmlHttpRequest Object Properties and Methods

Properties and Methods – 1

Property/Method Description

readyState Integer indicating the state of the request: 0 = Uninitialized, 1 = Loading, 2 = Response headers received, 3 = Some response body received, 4 = Request complete

onreadystatechange Function to call whenever the readyState changesonreadystatechange Function to call whenever the readyState changes

status HTTP status code returned by the server, such as 200, 404, etc

statusText Full status line returned by the server (eg “OK, No content”)

responseText Full server response as a string

responseXML Server’s response as an XML in the form of a Document object

abort () Cancels a request

Properties and Methods – 2

Property/Method Description

getAllResponseHeaders ()

Gets all headers in a name/value format

getResponseHeader(header name)

Returs header value corresponding to a specified header name(header name) name

open (method, url, asynch)

Initializes the request for sending to the server

setRequestHeader(name, value)

Adds an HTTP header to the request with a specified value

send (body) Initiates the request to the server

Step 4: Tell the object to make a request (Download Data with the XMLHttpRequest Object)

Download Data with the XMLHttpRequest Object – 1

� Using the open method, configure the XMLHttpRequest object to fetch a file named data.txt from the server

� When the button on the screen is clicked, a method named getData is called, to which to which the above file name is passedThe getData function calls the open method on the

� The getData function calls the open method on the XMLHTTPRequest object

� The open method opens the text file on the server using a GET method� Later, we call the send method of the XMLHTTPRequest object to fetch data from this file, by passing a null value to it

� This method fetches data from the text file on to the browser� It is made available inside the responseText property of the XMLHTTPRequest object

� We read that property and assign its value to <div> element

� Note: This page needs to be opened using a Web server URL (http://localhost:8080/ajax/4.html) when Tomcat is running

Download Data with the XMLHttpRequest Object – 2�

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();

� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }

� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 0)) {� obj.innerHTML = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }

Using Absolute URLs

Using Absolute URLs – 1

� We can also specify the absolute URL of a file while retrieving data from it from the server side

the server side

Using Absolute URLs – 2�

Using Server-side Code

Using Server-side Code – 1

� Instead of reading data from a text file stored on the server, we can invoke a server-side program (e.g. a JSP)

The AJAX-enabled HTML page calls the

� The AJAX-enabled HTML page calls the server-side program on the click of a button

� The server-side program returns text back to the HTML page, which gets displayed on the screen

Using Server-side Code – 2�

The “X” of AJAX – Using XML

Using XML – 1

� Create a button with caption Get sandwiches� Write a new function getSandwiches, which gets called when the user clicks on this button

� This function downloads a simple XML file titled sandwiches.xmlfrom the server

The button is also connected to a drop-down list control to

� The button is also connected to a drop-down list control to display sandwich types received from this XML

� Configure the XMLHTTPRequest object to fetch the sandwiches.xml file in the open method

� Add code to extract the contents of this XML file into a variable named xmlDocument, and add code to display a message Got the XML when the XML is succcessfully downloaded

Using XML – 2�

� function getSandwiches () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");

� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "sandwiches.xml");

� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� document.write ("Got the XML");� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }

Extracting Contents from an XML Document

Extracting Contents from an XML Document – 1

� Extract an array of XML elements, such as sandwiches by using the getElementsByTagName method, and store that array in a variable named sandwichesAdd the code to pass this sandwiches array

� Add the code to pass this sandwiches array variable to a new function, listSandwiches

� At this point, have the listSandwichesfunction only display a message Got the sandwiches� Later, we will see how to extract the XML contents

Extracting Contents from an XML Document – 2�

� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� var sandwiches = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName

("sandwich");

� listSandwiches (sandwiches);

� document.write ("Got the XML");� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }

Extracting Data from XML Elements

Extracting Data from XML Elements – 1

� We can extract data from XML elements by using JavaScript

� In our XML document, we have three

� In our XML document, we have three sandwich elements inside the root element

� We want to extract these elements and display them on the HTML page

� The text inside each XML element is considered as a text node� Text node = Data item whose only content is text

� e.g. In<sandwich>cheese</sandwich>, the text

� e.g. In<sandwich>cheese</sandwich>, the text node holds the text cheese

� To extract this text node, we need the syntax of sandwiches[i].firstChild

� The next step is to extract the actual text data from this text node. For this purpose, we need the syntax sandwiches[i].firstChild.data

� Modify the listSandwiches function so that it:� stores the drop-down list control in a variable named selectControl

� loops over all <sandwich> elements in the sandwiches array

� Add code to add <option> elements to the select

� Add code to add <option> elements to the select control� The select control’s options property holds an array of <option> elements inside the control, which display items in the control

� To create a new <option> object, use the JavaScript newoperator

� Insert the expression to get the name of the current sandwich type

� We need to pass the text we want to appear in an <option>element to the option constructor method

Extracting Data from XML Elements – 4�

� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� var sandwiches = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName

("sandwich");

� listSandwiches (sandwiches);� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }

Read Data Sent to the Server

Read Data Sent to the Server – 1

� We can write our scripts on the server to read data passed from the browser to the server

� Write a JSP page to return an XML document

� The HTML page provides two buttons to the user

� On click of the button, call the JSP page to retrieve the XML and display it on the screen

Read Data Sent to the Server – 2�

� function getSandwiches1 () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {

� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "ajax10.jsp?type=1");

� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� var sandwiches = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName

("sandwich");

� listSandwiches (sandwiches);� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }

� function getSandwiches2 () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {

� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "ajax10.jsp?type=2");

Read Data Sent to the Server – 3� <%

� String param = request.getParameter ("type");� int type = 0;�

� String [] sandwiches = new String [3];

� if (param != null) {� type = Integer.parseInt (param);� }�

� switch (type) {

� switch (type) {�

� case 1: sandwiches [0] = "hot";� sandwiches [1] = "cold";� sandwiches [2] = "frozen";� break;�

� case 2: sandwiches [0] = "veg";� sandwiches [1] = "jam";� sandwiches [2] = "cheese";� break;� }�

� response.setContentType("text/xml");� out.println ("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>");� out.println ("<sandwiches>");�

� for (int i=0; i<3; i++) {� out.println ("<sandwich>");� out.println (sandwiches [i]);� out.println ("</sandwich>");� }�

� out.println ("</sandwiches>");� %>

Using Multiple XMLHttpRequest Objects

When is this needed?

� If multiple operations (e.g. buttons) use the same XMLHttpRequest object, this can cause confusion

� For example, user may get impatient and click on two buttons – one after the other – quickly; and if both buttons cause the same XMLHttpRequest object to be

buttons – one after the other – quickly; and if both buttons cause the same XMLHttpRequest object to be referred to, we have a problem

� Solution: Use multiple XMLHttpRequest objects

� Ref: D:\tomcat\webapps\examples\ajax\multipleXMLHttpRequest

11.html� <html>� <head>� <title>Using two XMLHttpRequest Objects</title>�

� <script type = "text/javascript">�

� var menu;�

� var XMLHttpRequestObject1 = false;�

� // alert ("start");�

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject1 = new XMLHttpRequest ();� XMLHttpRequestObject1.overrideMimeType ("text/xml");� // alert ("first");� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject1 = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�

� var XMLHttpRequestObject2 = false;�

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject2 = new XMLHttpRequest ();� XMLHttpRequestObject2.overrideMimeType ("text/xml");� // alert ("second");� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject2 = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�

� function getMenu1 () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject1) {� XMLHttpRequestObject1.open ("GET", "menu1.xml");�

� XMLHttpRequestObject1.onreadystatechange = function () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject1.readyState == 4 && XMLHttpRequestObject1.status == 200) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject1.responseXML;� menu = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName ("menuitem");

menu1.xml

� <?xml version = "1.0"?>

� <menu>

� <menuitem>Main

� <menuitem>Main course</menuitem>

� <menuitem>Fasting</menuitem>

� <menuitem>Salad and Fruits</menuitem>

� </menu>

menu2.xml

� <?xml version = "1.0"?>

� <menu>

� <menuitem>Tomato</menuitem>

� <menuitem>Cheese</menuitem>

� <menuitem>Cucumber</menuitem>

� </menu>

Ajax Calculator

Write a simple Ajax application to accept two integers from the user and display their sum on the same screen

NetBeans - AjaxCalculator

index.html� <html>�

� <head>� <title>Ajax Multiplier</title>� <link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="calc.css" />� <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">� <script type="text/JavaScript" src="ajax.js"></script> � </head>�

� <body>� <form name = "the_form">� <h1>Ajax Multiplier</h1>

� <h1>Ajax Multiplier</h1>� <br><br>� <h3>Enter integer values below</h3>� <br><br>�

� <table>�

� <tr>� <td>Value 1</td>� <td><input type="text" id = "field_1"></td> � </tr>�

� <tr>� <td>Value 2</td>� <td><input type="text" id = "field_2"></td> � </tr>�

� <tr>� <td align="center">� <input type = "button" id = "submit" value = "Multiply" onclick="multiplyThem();return false;">� </td>� </tr>�

� </table> �

� <br> <br>�

� <table>�

calc.css� /* � Document : calc� Created on : Nov 19, 2007, 5:20:41 PM� Author : atulk� Description:� Purpose of the stylesheet follows.� */

� /* � TODO customize this sample style� Syntax recommendation http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/� */

� */

� h1 { � text-align: center;� color: blue; � font-weight: lighter; � font-family: fantasy;� clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);� letter-spacing: 3px;� }

� td {� font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;� font-size: 14px;� background-color: #ffffcc;�

� input {� font-family: cursive;� font-size: 14px;�

� table {� border-right-style: groove;� border-left-style: groove;� border-bottom-style: groove;� border-top-style: groove;

ajax.js� var req;

� function multiplyThem () {� var num_1 = document.the_form.field_1.value;� var num_2 = document.the_form.field_2.value;�

� var url = "MultiplyNumbersServlet?num_1=" + escape (num_1) + "&num_2=" + escape (num_2);�

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� req = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }�

� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� req = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�

� req.open ("get", url, true); �

� req.onreadystatechange = callback;� req.send (null);� }

� function callback () {�

� if (req.readyState == 4) {� if (req.status == 200) {� var servlet_response = req.responseText;� // alert (servlet_response);� document.the_form.result.value = servlet_response;� }�

� } �

MultiplyNumbersServlet.java� /*� * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates� * and open the template in the editor.� */� package com.ajax.servlet;

� import java.io.*;� import java.net.*;

� import javax.servlet.*;� import javax.servlet.http.*;

� /**� *� * @author atulk� */� public class MultiplyNumbersServlet extends HttpServlet {

� protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)� throws ServletException, IOException {� response.setContentType("text/text");� PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

� String num_1_str = request.getParameter("num_1");� String num_2_str = request.getParameter("num_2");

� System.out.println(num_1_str);� System.out.println(num_2_str);

� try {� int num_1 = Integer.parseInt(num_1_str);� int num_2 = Integer.parseInt(num_2_str);� out.print(num_1 * num_2);� } catch (java.lang.NumberFormatException e) {� e.printStackTrace();� out.print("--- NUMBER ERROR ---");� } � }� }

Modify Ajax Calculator

Changes to be done

� Now allow all operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide)

index-2.html

� Ajax Calculator

Enter integer values below

Value 1 Value 2 Operation (+ - * or /)

Result AJAX | Atul Kahate 71

ajax-2.js

� var req;

� function computeResult () {� function computeResult () {

� var num_1 = document.the_form.field_1.value;

� var num_2 = document.the_form.field_2.value;

� var operator = document.the_form.field_3.value;

AllOperationsServlet

� /*

� * To change this template, choose Tools | TemplatesTools | Templates

� * and open the template in the editor.

� */

� package com.ajax.servlet;

� import java.io.*;

� import java.net.*;AJAX | Atul Kahate 73

AJAX Application

Character Decoder – Allow the user to enter a character and show its ASCII value

(Netbeans – AJAX-Character-Decoder-1)

index.html� <html>� <head>� <link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />� <script language="JavaScript" src="ajax.js"></script>� <title>Ajax with Java</title>� </head>� <body onload="focusIn ();">� <h1>Ajax Character Decoder</h1>� <h2>Press a key to find its value ...</h2>�

� <table>� <tr>

� <tr>� <td>Enter key Here ->� <input type = "text" id="key" name="key" onkeyup="convertToDecimal ();">� </td>� </tr>� </table>�

� <br />�

� <table>� <tr>� <td colspan = "5" style="border-bottom: solid black 1px;">� Key pressed:� <input type="text" readonly id = "keypressed">� </td>� </tr>�

� <tr>� <td>Decimal</td>� </tr>�

� <tr>� <td>� <input type = "text" readonly id="decimal"> � </td>� </tr>� </table>�

� </body>

ajax.js� var req;

� function convertToDecimal () {� var key = document.getElementById ("key");� var keypressed = document.getElementById ("keypressed");� keypressed.value = key.value;�

� alert (keypressed.value);�

� var url = "AjaxResponseServlet?key=" + escape (key.value);

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� req = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� req = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�

� req.open ("get", url, true);�

� function callback () {

� alert ("readyState = " + req.readyState);� alert ("status = " + req.status);

� if (req.readyState == 4) {� if (req.status == 200) {� var decimal = document.getElementById ('decimal');� decimal.value = req.responseText;� }� }� clear ();� }

� function clear () {� var key = document.getElementById ("key");

style.css� body {� font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;� font-size: small;� text-align: center;� background: #cbdada;� }

� #keypressed {� width: 30;� border: none;� }

� #key {� width: 20px;� padding: 0;� margin: 0;� border: none;� text-align: left;� }

� h1, h2 {� font-size: 120%;� text-align: center;� }

� h2 {� font-size: 110%;� }

� table, input {� margin-left: auto;� margin-right: auto;� padding: 0px 10px;� text-align: center;� color: black;� background: #a0f6f5;� border: solid black 1px;� }

� td {

AjaxResponseServlet.java� /*� * AjaxResponseServlet.java� *� * Created on September 21, 2007, 2:58 PM� */

� package com.ajax.servlet;

� import javax.servlet.*;

� /**� *� * @author AtulK� * @version� */� public class AjaxResponseServlet extends HttpServlet {�

� public static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;� // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="HttpServlet methods. Click on the + sign on the left to edit the code.">� /** Handles the HTTP <code>GET</code> method.� * @param request servlet request� * @param response servlet response� */� protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)� throws ServletException, IOException {�

� System.out.println("Inside servlet");�

� String key = request.getParameter("key");�

� System.out.println("Key = " + key);�

� if (key != null) {� // Extract first character from key as int, and convert it into a string� int keychar = key.charAt(0);

web.xml� <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>� <web-app version="2.4" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">� <servlet>� <servlet-name>AjaxResponseServlet</servlet-name>� <servlet-class>com.ajax.servlet.AjaxResponseServlet</servlet-class>� </servlet>� <servlet-mapping>� <servlet-name>AjaxResponseServlet</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/AjaxResponseServlet</url-pattern>

� <url-pattern>/AjaxResponseServlet</url-pattern>� </servlet-mapping>� <session-config>� <session-timeout>� 30� </session-timeout>� </session-config>� <welcome-file-list>� <welcome-file>� index.jsp� </welcome-file>� </welcome-file-list>� </web-app>

Exercise

� Modify the above example to allow the user to type. As soon as the user types a character, get all the matching entries

a character, get all the matching entries starting with that character and display back to the user

� NetBeans: Ajax-Character-Decoder-2

index.html� <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

� <html>� <head>� <link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />� <script type="text/JavaScript" src="ajax.js"></script>� <title>Ajax with Java</title>� </head>� <body onload="focusIn ();">� <h1>Get Matching Values from the Database</h1>� <p><p>� <h2>Press a key to get matching values ...</h2>

� <h2>Press a key to get matching values ...</h2>�

� <table>� <tr>� <td>Enter key Here ->� <input type = "text" id="key" name="key" onkeyup="getMatchingValues ();">� </td>� </tr>� </table>�

� <br />�

� <table>� <tr>� <td>� Key pressed:� <input type="text" readonly id = "keypressed">� </td>� </tr>�

� <tr>� <td>Matching values</td>� </tr>�

� <tr>� <td> � <input type = "text" id = "decimal" readonly value = ""> � </td>� </tr>

style.css� body {� font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;� font-size: small;� text-align: center;� background: #cbdada;� }

� h1, h2 {� font-size: 120%;� text-align: center;� }

� h2 {� font-size: 110%;� }

� table, input {� margin-left: auto;� margin-right: auto;� padding: 0px 10px;� text-align: center;� color: black;� background: #a0f6f5;� border: solid black 1px;� }

� td {� margin: 10px;� padding: 0px 5px;� border: none;� }

� input {� width: 300;� border: none;� border-top: solid #999999 1px;� font-size: 80%;� color: #555555;� }

ajax.js� var req;

� function getMatchingValues () {�

� // decimal.clear ();� var key = null;� key = document.getElementById ("key");� var keypressed = document.getElementById ("keypressed");� keypressed.value = key.value;�

� // alert (keypressed.value);�

� var url = "AjaxResponseServlet?key=" + escape (key.value);

� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� req = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� req = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�

� req.open ("get", url, true);�

� function callback () {

� // alert ("readyState = " + req.readyState);� // alert ("status = " + req.status);

� if (req.readyState == 4) {� if (req.status == 200) {� var decimal = document.getElementById ('decimal');� // alert (req.responseText);� decimal.value = req.responseText;� }� }� clear ();

AjaxResponseServlet.java� /*� * AjaxResponseServlet.java� *� * Created on September 21, 2007, 2:58 PM� */� package com.ajax.servlet;

� import javax.servlet.http.*;

� import java.sql.*;� import java.util.*;

� /**� *� * @author AtulK� * @version� */� public class AjaxResponseServlet extends HttpServlet {

� protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)� throws ServletException, IOException {

� String key = request.getParameter("key");

� System.out.println("Key = " + key);

� List userIds = new ArrayList ();

� if (!key.equals("")) {

� try {

� Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:derby://localhost:1527/users");� ResultSet rs = null;

� PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("SELECT user_id FROM user_table WHERE user_id like ? ");

Account Balance Example

NetBeans Ajax-Misc

Requirements

� User types an account number. Show corresponding account balance. Also show one of the following messages:show one of the following messages:

� Success

� Account number is invalid

� Error in processing

getAccountDetails.html

� Account Details

Enter acocunt details

Account Number Account Balance

Status AJAX | Atul Kahate 87

account.js

� var req;

� function getAccountDetails () {� function getAccountDetails () {

� var accountNumber = document.the_form.field_1.value;

� // alert ("inside JS");

� var url = AJAX | Atul Kahate 88

getAccountDetails.jsp

� <%@ page import="java.util.*" %>

� <%@ page import="com.ajax.serverside.Account" import="com.ajax.serverside.Account" %>

� <%

� String accountNumber = request.getParameter ("accountNumber");AJAX | Atul Kahate 89

Account.java

� /*

� * To change this template, choose Tools | TemplatesTools | Templates

� * and open the template in the editor.

� */

� package com.ajax.serverside;

� /**AJAX | Atul Kahate 90

Case Study – Building an AJAX Application

Requirements

� We have a book shop, where we want to constantly view the amount of profit we have made

For this purpose, the server-side code sends

� For this purpose, the server-side code sends us the latest number of copies sold, as on date

� We multiply that with the profit per copy (sale price less purchase price), and compute the total profit made

Traditional Application Example

Web form that submits the

JSP returns

submits the request to a JSP page

returns the latest number of copies sold

Execution Steps – 1User clicks here

Execution Steps – 2

Reload!

Server sends a response now

Reload!

Code for the AJAX Version

� Several basic concepts are needed to understand this, and hence, we shall study it after the theoretical and

study it after the theoretical and conceptual overview

� Come back to the next slide later, once the basic concepts are finished

Application Design

� Our code would have the following JavaScript functions:� getBooksSold ()

� Would create a new object to talk to the server

� updatePage ()� Would ask the server for the latest book sales figures

� createRequest ()� Set the number of books sold and profit made

The HTML Part (d:\tomcat\webapps\examples\AJAX\books.html)

<html>

<head>

<title>Sales Report</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Sales Report for our Books</h1>

<table>

<tr><th>Books Sold</th>

<tr><th>Sell Price</th>

<tr><th>Buying Cost</th>

</table>

<h2>Profit Made: Rs. <span id="cash">27750</span></h2>

</form>

</div>

</body>

</html>

Add JavaScript Now

On click of the button, call a JavaScript function getBooksSold ()

The getBooksSold () Function

� Create a new request by calling the createRequest () function

� Specify the URL to receive the updates from

� Set up the request object to make a connection

� Request an updated number of books sold

JavaScript Code Outline

function createRequest ()// JavaScript code

function getBooksSold ()createRequest ();

</script>

createRequest () Function

� This function would simply try to create an instance of the XMLHttpRequest object, as per the browser type

function createRequest () {

if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {

XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();

if (window.ActiveXObject) {

XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

Now Modify getBooksSold ()

function getBooksSold () {

createRequest ();

var url = "getUpdatedBookSales.jsp";

XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", url);

� This would call getUpdatedBookSales.jsp

� We want to process the response sent by this JSP now

Now, Process the Results

function getBooksSold () {

createRequest ();

var url = "getUpdatedBookSales.jsp";

XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", url);

XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = updatePage;XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);

� How does this work?

updatePage ( ) Needs to do this

Updated number of books sold

JavaScript

Update these now

When to call updatePage ()?

� When this function receives a response from JSP, it needs to update the values on the screen, making this asynchronous

asynchronous

� Hence, we have:XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = updatePage;

� Call updatePage () when a response is received

updatePage () Function – 1

� First read the response sent by the JSP page

function updatePage () {

var newTotal = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;

� This would read the updated values of books sold to date from the server-side into a JavaScript variable called as newTotal

function updatePage () {var newTotal = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;

var booksSoldElement = document.getElementById ("books-sold");

("books-sold");

var cashElement = document.getElementById ("cash");

� Now, read the current values of the HTML elements books-sold and cash into two JavaScript variables

� We want to update these on the screen

function updatePage () {

var newTotal = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;

var booksSoldElement = document.getElementById

var booksSoldElement = document.getElementById ("books-sold");

var cashElement = document.getElementById ("cash");

replaceText (booksSoldElement, newTotal);

� This is our own function, which will replace the current HTML element’s value with the updated one, on the screen

What should the JSP do?

� Normally, the JSP would return a full HTML

� Now, it has to return a single number:

� Now, it has to return a single number: number of books sold at this moment

� Hence, the JSP just has:

out.print (300);

Want to see how it really works?

� Change the JSP to introduce delays

<% for (int i=1; i<40000; i++) { for (int j=1; j<40000; j++); } for (int i=1; i<40000; i++); for (int i=1;

j++); } for (int i=1; i<40000; i++); for (int i=1; i<40000; i++);

out.print ("300");

� Now rerun the application

Modify the example to expect an XML from the JSP

D:\tomcat\webapps\ajax\books-xml-version

Initial Screen

Requirements – 1

� When the user clicks on the button, the browser should send a request to the JSP as beforeJSP as before

� The JSP would now send an XML document, containing the following:<?xml version="1.0"?>

<total-sale>

<complete-reference-books>20</complete-reference-books>

<professional-books>35</professional-books>

<head-first-books>15</head-first-books>

</total-sale>

Requirements – 2 - Result

books.html

� <html>

� <head>

� <title>Sales Report</title>� <title>Sales Report</title>

� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="books.css" />

� <script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

getUpdatedBookSales.jsp

� <%

� response.setContentType("text/xml")� response.setContentType("text/xml");

� out.println ("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>");

� out.println ("<total-sell>");

books.css

� body {

� font-family: Verdana;

� }� }

� h1 {

� background-color: silver;

User ID – Case Study

NetBeans – Ajax-Misc

Requirements

� Accept a user ID from the user for new ID creation

� If it is free, accept user name and allow � If it is free, accept user name and allow user to create/cancel a new user

� If it is already taken, show an error message and allow to choose another ID

checkUserID.html

� User ID Details

Enter user ID details

User ID Status

user.css

� /*

� Document : user

� Created on : Jun 9, 2008, 2:30:51 � Created on : Jun 9, 2008, 2:30:51 PM

� Author : atulk

� Description:

� Purpose of the stylesheet follows.

� */AJAX | Atul Kahate 122

user.js

� var req;

� function getUserID () {� function getUserID () {

� var userID = document.the_form.field_1.value;

� // alert ("inside JS");

� var url = "getUserID.jsp?userID=" + AJAX | Atul Kahate 123

getUserID.jsp

� <%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>

� <%@ page � <%@ page import="com.ajax.serverside.User" %>

� <%

� String userID = request.getParameter("userID");

� ResultSet rs = null;AJAX | Atul Kahate 124

createNewUser.jsp

� <%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>

� <%@ page � <%@ page import="com.ajax.serverside.User" %>

� <%

� String userID = request.getParameter("userID");

� String userName = AJAX | Atul Kahate 125

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

What is JSON?

� Alternative to XML when we do not need advanced capabilities of XML, such as validations, formatting using XSLT, as validations, formatting using XSLT, etc

� When we use XML as a simple means of transmitting data between two points, we can use JSON instead of XML

JSON Advantages

� JSON is lightweight

� Data represented in JSON is quite concise

� Like XML, JSON is also human-readable (but not to the level of XML)the level of XML)

� Performance when parsing JSON is quite good

� JSON can be recognized and parsed by JavaScript alone unlike XML, where we need special APIs to deal with XML

JSON Technical Details

� JSON is a small subset of the JavaScript language, aimed at representing structured data. This means that we need to follow certain JavaScript syntax, which enables us to deal with the following constructs:

� Objects – These are unordered sets of name/value pairs. They start and end with the { and } symbols, respectively.

� Arrays – These are ordered collections of values. They start and end with the [ and ] symbols, respectively.

� Values – These are strings, numbers, Boolean values, nested objects, arrays, etc.

XML Versus JSON

<?xml version=”1.0”?>

<books>

<book>

<title>Computer Networks</title>

<author>Andrew Tanenbaum</author>

</book>

{ “books”: [

{ “book”: { “title”: “Computer Networks”,

“author”: “Andrew Tanenbaum”}},

{ “book”: { “title”: “TCP/IP”,

“author”: “Douglas Comer”}},

{ “book”: { “title”: “C: The Complete Reference”,

<book>

<author>Douglas Comer</author>

</book>

<book>

<title>C: The Complete Reference</title>

<author>Herbert Schildt</author>

</book>

</books>

“author”: “Andrew Tanenbaum”}}

XML JSON

Creating JSON on the Server (in Java)

� String myString = new JSONObject().put (“title”, “TCP/IP”).toString ();

� This creates a Java String named myString, containing the value {“title”: “TCP/IP”}.

� We can add it to our JSON text.

� Later, we can parse this on the client-side, as shown next.

Parsing JSON in JavaScript

� How do we parse a JSON document? It is very simple, and can be accomplished by one line of JavaScript code:

� var result = eval (‘(‘ + jsonText + ‘)’);

� This statement parses the JSON text and produces a JavaScript-� This statement parses the JSON text and produces a JavaScript-compatible object out of it.

� Once we have the parsed JSON document available to us as a JavaScript variable, the next steps are very easy:

� var thirdBookTitle = result.books[3].book.title;

� This would read the title of the third book of our JSON text and store it inside a JavaScript variable.

JSON Drawbacks

� While being less verbose than XML makes JSON faster, it can also become a drawback if we actually expect the content representation to be verbose

� There is no concept of namespaces in JSON, making the possibility of mixing contents from different sources seamlessly possibility of mixing contents from different sources seamlessly more difficult as compared to XML

� What are element-equivalent portions and what are attribute-equivalent portions in JSON is not very clear, in contrast to XML

� Creation and validation of JSON documents is more difficult as compared to XML

JSON Example (Same Books Example now in JSON)

D:\tomcat\webapps\ajax\books-json-version

books.html

� <html>

� <head>

� <title>Sales Report</title>� <title>Sales Report</title>

� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="books.css" />

getUpdatedBookSales.jsp

� <%

� out.println ("{\"totalSale\": [");� out.println ("{\"totalSale\": [");

� out.println ("{");

� out.println ("\"completeReferenceBooks\": 20,");

� out.println ("\"professionalBooks\": 35,");

books.css

� body {

� font-family: Verdana;

� }� }

� h1 {

� background-color: silver;

Second Case Study – Pizza Delivery

Requirements

User would type the phone number here. Once

here. Once finished, the customer’s address details should be shown automatically.

Processing Steps

1. Customer enters phone number.

2. A JavaScript function gets called.

3. This JavaScript function sends the customer’s phone number to the server and asks for the

phone number to the server and asks for the customer’s address.

4. While the server is looking up for the customer’s address, the customer can enter order details.

5. The browser calls a JavaScript function that updates the Web page in the browser with the customer’s address.

HTML for the Basic Page

� pizzaDelivery.html<html>

<head>

<title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>Enter your phone number:

CSS for the Basic Page

� pizzaDelivery.cssbody {

font-family: Verdana;

background-color: black;

font-size: large;

color: red;

textarea {

Event Handling

� We need to capture an event to know when the customer provides a phone number� onChange – Gets called when the value in a form field changes (e.g. typing a new value or clearing

field changes (e.g. typing a new value or clearing an existing one)

� onFocus – Gets called when the user enters a field in the form

� onBlur – Gets called when the user leaves a field

� We would use onChange

� Modifying the form now …

Modified HTML Page

� <html>

� <head>

� <title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>

� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pizzaDelivery.css" />

� </head>

� <body onLoad="document.forms[0].reset();">

� <form method="POST"

Writing the getCustomerInfo () Function – 1

� We need to obtain the value of the phone number entered by the user

function getCustomerInfo () {

var phone = document.getElementById (“phone”).value;

� Next, we want to request for the customer’s address

1. Create a request object.

2. Send the request, containing the phone number to the server.

3. Write the server-side code to process this request.

function getCustomerInfo ( ) {

var phone = document.getElementById (“phone”).value;

var url = “lookupCustomer.jsp?phone=“ + escape

var url = “lookupCustomer.jsp?phone=“ + escape (phone);

request.open (“GET”, url, true);

request.onreadystatechange = updatePage;

request.send (null);

Full HTML (C:\tomcat\webapps\examples\AJAX\pizza)

� <html>

� <head>

� <title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>

� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pizzaDelivery.css" />

� var XMLHttpRequestObject = null;

JSP Page

� <%

� for (int i=1; i<30000; i++)

for (int j=1; j<30000; j++)

� for (int j=1; j<30000; j++)

� for (int k=1; k<5; k++);

� out.print ("Pune");

� %>

Exercise

� Modify the JSP page to read the address from a database

Modified JSP

� <%@page import="java.sql.*" %>

� <%@page import="java.util.*" %>

� <%

� // Open Database Connection

� Class.forName ("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

� // Open a connection to the database

� Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:cust

Another Case Study – Coffee Maker

User Interface

Place your coffee order here:

Coffee Maker

-ame: ________________________

Small O Medium O Large O

Beverage

Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O

Order Coffee

Requirements

� Initially, both Coffee Maker #1 and #2 would be idle

� Whenever anyone submits an order for

� Whenever anyone submits an order for coffee, Maker#1 comes into action, and needs some time to make coffee

� During this time if another order comes, it needs to be processed by Maker #2

Application Structure

� Coffee maker HTML� Take orders, report status of the two makers

� JavaScript codeCreate a request object, a function to send order

� Create a request object, a function to send order to the coffee-making script, serve a drink when ready, Event handlers to connect the form buttons to JavaScript functions

� Server-side code� Coffee-making script when an order is placed, should be able to handle two requests at a time

Application Flow – 1

� The Web page should display the status of both coffee makers (Idle initially)

Coffee Coffee

Place your coffee order here:-ame: ________________________

Beverage

Order Coffee

Coffee

Maker #1

Coffee

Maker #2

Coffee

Maker #1

Coffee

Maker #2

The JavaScript should be

Var XmlHttp …

<!– Server side code for coffee making -->

<% if … %>

Beverage

Order Coffee

The JavaScript should be able to send requests to brew coffee to the coffee maker script on the server and handle response received from the server. It also needs to update the status of the coffee maker, and let the users know when the coffee is

ready.

Coffee

Maker #1

Coffee

Maker #2

The server-side code is quite

Var XmlHttp …

<% if … %>

Beverage

Order Coffee

The server-side code is quite simple. It takes a request to brew coffee along with the cup size, coffee type, and

name of the person. Once the coffee is ready, it sends back the response along with the name of the person who placed the order.

Sample Flow – 1

Coffee

Maker #1

Coffee

Maker #2

Sachin has placed an order for

Var XmlHttp …

<% if … %>

Place your coffee order here:-ame: __Sachin_____________________

Small Medium O Large O

Beverage

Mocha Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O

Order Coffee

Sachin has placed an order for small coffee of mocha type. This should cause the JavaScript code to send a request to the server-side for making this type of coffee. This order would be placed to

Coffee Maker #1.

Sample Flow – 2

Coffee

Maker #1

Coffee

Maker #2

While Sachin’s order is being

Var XmlHttp …

<% if … %>

Place your coffee order here:-ame: __Rahul_____________________

Small O Medium Large O

Beverage

Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee

Order Coffee

While Sachin’s order is being processed, Rahul wants to

order a filter coffee of medium size. Since this is an

asynchronous application, it should allow Rahul to place his order. Rahul’s order will go to Coffee Maker #2. We have updated the status of Coffee

Maker#1, though.

Sample Flow – 3

Coffee

Maker #1

Coffee

Maker #2

When Sachin’s coffee is ready,

Var XmlHttp …

<% if … %>

Beverage

Order Coffee

When Sachin’s coffee is ready, we send a message from the server-side code to indicate so. Also, the status of Coffee Maker #1 is changed back to Idle, indicating that it is ready

to take a fresh order.

Sachin: Your coffee is ready!

Thank you!

Any Questions?

Ajax

Education

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