Post on 26-Aug-2020
AICP Exam PreparationPreparing you for AICP membership
Sponsors: American Institute of Certified Planners, professional institute of the American Planning Association
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of PlanningMary M Shaw, AICPURS CorporationGaithersburg, MD
History, Theory, Law
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
People
Memorize people who made important contributions to planning
Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. –Mid 1800s – Central ParkEdward Bassett – 1916 New York City Zoning CodeRobert Moses – 1920s NY Parks and ParkwaysJane Jacobs – Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961Rachel Carson – Silent Spring, 1961Ian McHarg – Design with Nature, 1969
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History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Places
Memorize facts that have influenced current planning and development decisions such as:
First National Park, Yellowstone 1872First National Wildlife Refuge, in Florida 1903
First historic preservation commission, New Orleans 1921First off-street parking regulations, Columbus, OH 1923First limited access highway, Bronx River Parkway, 1926
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Milestones
For example1916 NYC zoning ordinance1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Events
Growth Management1958 First Urban Growth Boundary, Lexington KY1973 Oregon Land Use Act
Environmental Legislation1969 NEPA1970 Clean Air Act1972 Clean Water Act1972 Coastal Zone Management Act1973 Endangered Species Act1980 Superfund Act
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
The Profession
1901 First National Conference on City Planning1917 American City Planning Institute
Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
1934 American Society of Planning Officials1978 APA / AICP
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Theories on Doing Planning
Evolution from planning as science to planning through participation
Rational Planning ModelMyerson and Banfield
Incremental PlanningCharles Lindblom
Advocacy PlanningSherry Arnstein, Ladder of Participation, 1969 articlePaul Davidoff
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Theories on How Cities Develop
Be able to distinguish among1893 City Beautiful
Daniel Burnham1898 Garden Cities
Ebenezer Howard1920s Radiant City
LeCorbusier1925 Concentric Ring Theory
Ernest Burgess1932 Broad Acre City
Frank Lloyd Wright
1939 Sector TheoryHomer Hoyt
Multiple Nuclei TheoryHarris and Ullman
Growth Machine TheoryHarvey Molotch
1982, New UrbanismSeaside, Andres Duany
1991 Edge CityJoel Garreau
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning Law
Know some facts about key cases such as the legal issue debated
Eminent domain1954 Berman v Parker
Takings1987 Nollan v California Coastal Commission
Freedom of speech1994 City of Ladue v Gilleo
Growth Management1972 Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo
Housing1975 Mount Laurel
2005 Supreme Court DecisionsKelo v City of New London
Eminent domainLingle v Chevron USA
TakingsCity of Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams
Telecommunications Act
San Remo Hotel L.P. v City and County of San Francisco
State courts can adjudicate challenges to land-use decisions
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning Law
The general direction of the recent Supreme Court decisions has been to
Affirm the value of the planning processSupport good planning principlesReject attempts to take away established planning and development toolsSupport the capability of local officials, who are directly accountable to citizens, to make the best development decisions
Spatial Areas of PlanningThis is a new category listed for the AICP ExamBased on results of a survey of AICP members
Spatial Areas of Planning
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning at the National level
Identify important Federal programs, policies
Federal Housing programsFederal Transportation decisionsFederal Environmental Protection programs
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning for Multi-State or Bi-State RegionsIdentify important issues that are not limited to political boundaries
Watershed planningTennessee Valley AuthorityHoover DamCommuting patterns
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning at the State Level
State requirements may be more restrictive than Federal requirements
Floodplain development regulationsEnvironmental protection standardsDillon Rule or Home Rule
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning for Sub-state Regions
Sub-state regions may have particular development regulations
Adirondack ParkOuter Banks
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning at the County Level
County level planning may involve the cooperation of municipalities within the county
Hazard Mitigation PlanningGrowth Management
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning for Urban Areas
When studying, ask yourself: What concerns are specific to urban areas?Answers may include
Urban Heat IslandInfill developmentTraffic management
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning for Suburban Areas
Ask, for example:What problems are unique to suburban areas?
SprawlWhat problems are new to suburban areas?
Aging infrastructureDecay, blight
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Planning for Small Towns
Think, for example, of small towns with a growing population and small towns with a diminishing population
Water supply and increasing connections to the water systemDecline of the farm economy – economic development Protecting the character of the town
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Corridor Planning
What are the concerns of planners when planning for a corridor?
ParkingConnectivityDesignSafetyTurning lanes
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Neighborhood Planning
Neighborhoods may be defined by history, geography, street boundaries, administrative boundaries, socio-economic factors, or cultural traditions
Clarence Perry –Neighborhood unit concept
What issues might best be addressed at a neighborhood level
Access to grocery stores, services
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Waterfront Planning
Key issues might beVariety of land uses and economic interests
Residential, Retail, Commercial, InstitutionalTourism, Shipping
Evacuation
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Historic District Planning
Rich history in planningRegulations
FaçadeLimit heavy traffic
OrganizationsCommissions
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Downtown Planning
Unique concerns might includeBusiness Improvement District (BID)
Street cleaningSignageEventsStreet trees
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Notes of Spatial Areas of Planning
•Categories are not mutually exclusive•Concerns are shared•Many planning decisions involve considerations of several different spatial areas•Generally, the larger the region, the more complex the planning because of the greater number of political jurisdictions involved
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Sample Question #1
Neighborhood, rather than Regional, planning may be more likely to address:
Wetland and floodplain protectionAirport AccessibilityAvailability of grocery stores Provision of overnight parking for 18-wheelers
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Sample Question #2
Hurricane protection planning and the building of levees generally occurs at which level:
NationalRegionalCorridorDowntown
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Sample Question #3
The benefits of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) project including power generation and flood control extend to which type of area:
NationalMulti-StateCountyUrban
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Sample Question #4
In a cold climate, planning to create covered and heated walkways that are above the streets and connect retail shops, restaurants, hospitals, and hotels, is an example of which type of planning?
Evacuation planningDowntown planningSmall town planningWaterfront planning
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning
Sample Question #5
APA filed a friend of the court (amicus curiae) brief in support of an eminent domain action taken by a U.S. City. The brief says that one way to reduce the advantage developers currently experience in greenfield development is to use eminent domain to assemble tracts of land in high-density urban areas.
This brief was filed in support of which case?
Sierra Club v MortonKelo v City of New LondonLingle v Chevron USACitizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v Volpe
History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning