Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture Most common

250,000 Hunters & Gatherers

Allows for…Settlement DevelopmentCivilization

AgricultureCommercial Farming

Market

Subsistence Only enough

Agriculture Origin

Carl Sauer Vegetative Planting

Not seeds / Parts of plants SE Asia

Separation / Replanting Diffusion

China, Japan, Africa, SW Asia, etc

Agriculture Origin

Andes / West Africa Physical barriers

Seed Agriculture Plants from seeds

Improvement Higher yield

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

! Quiz

Ferret!

Where does Carl Sauer believe the

first hearth of agricultural practices is located?

Quiz Ferret!

SE Asia using vegetative planting!

Quiz Ferret!

1st Revolution Agriculture / Neolithic Revolution

12,000 yearsDomestication Hunter / GathererStationary

Independent Development

Agricultural RevolutionW India

Wheat / Barley SW Asia

Barley, Wheat, Animals Sheep, Goats

Northern China Millet

S Mexico Squash / Corn

Agriculture Northern Peru

CottonSquash Bean

Industrial Revolution 2nd Agricultural

RevolutionEnclosure

Movement Land Divided Wealthier

Individuals Ownership of

Land

Industrial Revolution Social Changes

Move to cities Jobs

Improved Transportation New forms of energy

Industrial Revolution New Technologies

Horses Collars Field Drainage Irrigation Storage Understanding Soil Nutrients

Crop Rotation

Industrial RevolutionSelective Breeding

Plants and Animals

Industrial Revolution1800’s

Globalization / Industrialization Increased food supply

Agricultural Production / Fertilizers PesticidesFarming / Food production

Specialization From farm to factory

Industrialization Crops raised / processed / distributed Milk

1700’s1900’s

Agribusiness Modern Food

Production Large Corporate

farmsOwn most or all

parts of production

Seed -> Marketing and selling of produce

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Green Revolution1950’s – Present

Norman Borlaug Hybrid Seeds / Fertilizers

Maximize output Help others support populations

Mexico India

Green Revolution Wheat / Maize / Rice

Pesticides and Fertilizers

World Hunger Grain production

increased45%

Green Revolution Africa

Problems Greater inequality Inadequate resources

Green Revolution Problems

Pollution Greater use of energy

Pesticides Water Diversity in seed strands

Bio-Revolution Genetic Modification

GMO’sImprove production

Genetic Engineering Faster / larger /

Pesticides / Drought Resistance

Bio-RevolutionAnimals

Meat Milk

Bio-RevolutionSupport

Output Reduce Cost Fertilizer More food for growing world

Bio-Revolution Criticism

Crop disease Genetic Diversity More pesticides Push out small farmers

! Quiz

Ferret!

Who was the American

scientist who started the

Green Revolution?

Quiz Ferret!

Norman Borlaug!

Quiz Ferret!

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agricultural Practices Subsistence Commercial

Subsistence Agriculture Less Developed Nations

Provide for family Three Types

Shifting Intensive Subsistence Pastoralism

Subsistence AgricultureShifting Cultivation

Three Field System Rotate Fields Nutrients

Replenished Tropical Regions

Africa, Amazon River, SE Asia

Subsistence Agriculture • Thin top soil

– Nutrient Depletion • Heavy Rains

• Slash and Burn Agriculture – Clear land – Swidden – Labor intensive – Large amounts of

Land

Subsistence AgricultureSlash and Burn

Many types of seed Reduce crop failure risk

Environmental Issues Land cannot recover Cause permanent damage

Subsistence Agriculture Intensive Subsistence

Heavily populated areas Not much land China, India, SE Asia Terraced Farming

Subsistence AgricultureIntensive

Rice Rainfall

Wheat, corn, milletDouble Cropping

Multiple crops in one field

Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism

Breeding and herding Not hospitable for crops Grasslands, deserts, steppes

Sedentary Living in one place

Nomadic Roaming

Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism

Cows, Sheep, Goats, Camels Animal meat not usually for consumptions Use animals for fur, milk, and to trade

N Africa, Central / S Africa, ME, Central Asia (Mongolia)

Nomads move with cattle Cool highlands = summer Warm lowlands = winter

Transhumance

! Quiz

Ferret!

Which category of agricultural practice is most likely

found in LDC?

Quiz Ferret!

Subsistence! Quiz

Ferret!

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Commercial Agriculture For profit

Large Scale MDCCapital Intensive

Mediterranean Mixed Crop / LivestockDairyingRanchingLarge Scale Grain

Commercial Agriculture Mediterranean

Mediterranean Region Not Mediterranean

Region California, Chile, SA, S

Australia Hot, dry summers

Mild, wet winters Barley, wheat, olives,

grapes Sheep / goats

Commercial AgriculturePlantation Farming

Agricultural Estates 1 or 2 crops in high

demandCash crops

Not for immediate human consumption

Luxury items Not essentials

Money is made from high volume sales

Commercial Agriculture Europeans

Colonies Luxury items Coffee, tea, cotton, etc Climate not hospitable

Commercial Agriculture Mild / Tropical Climates Africa, LA, and Asia

Along coast Owned by overseas corporations

Commercial AgricultureMixed Crop /

Livestock Crops, Cattle,

Sheep, Goats Ducks, Chickens,

Crops grown to feed Cattle

Cattle produce fertilizer / other products

Depend on animals

Commercial Agriculture Mixed Crop / Livestock

Not dependent on weather Europe / E USA Not as much land available Crop Rotation

Commercial Agriculture Ranching

Pastoralism Lots of Land Sheep / Cattle

Meat / Wool Dry / Arid Climate

Western US, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay

Commercial AgricultureRanching

Fattening Farms

! Quiz

Ferret!

What type of commercial

agriculture is practiced in

LDCs?

Quiz Ferret!

Plantation and

Mediterranean Agriculture!

Quiz Ferret!

Commercial AgricultureDairying

Milk based products Close to market

Perishable dairies Not as close

Nonperishable Dairies

Commercial AgricultureDairying

Smaller / Capital Intensive

Machines Milkshed

Produced and shipped

Transportation / technology

Move further away

Commercial AgricultureLarge Scale Grain

Production WheatGrown for

consumption US Western Europe

Cattle

Commercial Agriculture Industrial Revolution

More land / More efficient Machines

Combine Seed Drill Tiller Engine

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Farm Locations Physical

Environment Features

Soil Relief

Shape Slope / Altitude

Climate Rainfall /

Temperature

Farm Locations Political / Cultural Factors

Culture Agricultural practices Cows / Pigs / Horses

Political Governments Control Prices Loan Programs Seed Types

Farm Locations Crops

National Treasures France and Grapes Germany and Hops

Farm Locations Economic Factors

Purchase price Coffee Beans Corn Land Rent

Rent farmer pays Influence placing of farm Further away from city

Farm Locations New Technologies

Hydroponics Vertical Gardens

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Von Thunen Model used to predict

Explains agricultural land use pattern

Assumptions One city = One market place Maximum profit Equally farmable / Equally

productive 1 form of transportation

Transportation costs are fixed

Von Thunen • Two variables

– Distance from farm to market • Transportation Cost

– Cost of Land • Land Rent

• Giant Bull’s Eye– Market center– Rings – Extensive vs Intensive – Rent and Transportation Cost

Farm Location Ex:

Grain farmer Land / further away from city

Dairy farmer Land / closer to the city

Globalization European

Colonization Mercantilis

m Grow / give

/ sell

Grocery store Peripheral /

LDC

Truck Farms Tropical Countries

More Developed nations Organic Farming

Local Food MovementCSA (Community Supported Agriculture)

Back to local markets Small farmers Locally supported

Local Food MovementRegional Suppliers

Reduces pollution from trucks Food is fresh

No preservativesFewer fertilizers More expensive

More expensive methods Local Restaurant buyers

Urban Food Movement Growing food in urban areas

Learn about food supplyEat healthier Eat local

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

! Quiz

Ferret!

What are the two

important variables in

von Thunen’s model?

Quiz Ferret!

Transportation cost and land rent!

Quiz Ferret!

Human ImpactsChange nature of

farming operations Small farmers Larger corporations Cash Crop problems

Hunger and Food SupplyFood distribution / Access to food Under nutrition Famine

Hunger and Food Supply Political

Situations Civil War

Not a shortage Inability of food

to reach places Infrastructure

problem Corruption

Problem

Desertification and Soil Erosion Soil problems

Intense farming for profit Soil Erosion

Loss of top layer of soil Desertification

Expansion of Desert

Deforestation Loss of

forests Harvesting Clearing

land for plantations, ranching

Water Use As agriculture

expands more water is neededWater is used in

many waysClean water is not

always easy to come by

Government Action Debt-for-Nature

To preserve natural resources International Debts forgiven