AgendaAgenda

Elements of TheoryElements of Theory Meta-Theoretic ApproachesMeta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research Intrinsic ResearchIntrinsic Research Historical ResearchHistorical Research Participant Observation ResearchParticipant Observation Research Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research

Components of TheoryComponents of Theory

THEORY

Considerations of TheoryConsiderations of Theory

FalsificationFalsification

Considerations of TheoryConsiderations of Theory

FalsificationFalsification Aesthetic TheoriesAesthetic Theories

Components of TheoryComponents of Theory

THEORY

Abstract Calculus

Components of TheoryComponents of Theory

THEORY

Abstract Calculus

Theoretic Constructs

Components of TheoryComponents of Theory

THEORY

Abstract Calculus

Theoretic Constructs

Rules of Correspondence

AgendaAgenda

Elements of TheoryElements of Theory Meta-Theoretic ApproachesMeta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research Intrinsic ResearchIntrinsic Research Historical ResearchHistorical Research Participant Observation ResearchParticipant Observation Research Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research

Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists

Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable

Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists

Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable

Logical PositivismLogical Positivism:: statements not describing facts are statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaninglessmetaphysical and meaningless

Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists

Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable

Logical PositivismLogical Positivism:: statements not describing facts are statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaninglessmetaphysical and meaningless

Logical AtomismLogical Atomism:: statements also are statements also are

meaningful if they are composed of meaningful if they are composed of

simpler statements that describesimpler statements that describe

empirical factsempirical facts

Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists

Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable

Logical PositivismLogical Positivism:: statements not describing facts are statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaninglessmetaphysical and meaningless

Logical AtomismLogical Atomism:: statements also are statements also are

meaningful if they are composed of meaningful if they are composed of

simpler statements that describesimpler statements that describe

empirical factsempirical facts

Logical EmpiricismLogical Empiricism:: metaphysical metaphysical

statements acceptable if theystatements acceptable if they

promote understanding empiricalpromote understanding empirical statements statements

Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PhenomenologistsPhenomenologists

PhenomenologyPhenomenology: immersion of : immersion of oneself in the flow of experienceoneself in the flow of experience

Major Meta Theory Schools: The Constructivists

• Constructivism: reality constructed by the individual’s encounter with the world and the individual’s set of personal constructs or expectations

AgendaAgenda

Elements of TheoryElements of Theory Meta-Theoretic ApproachesMeta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research Intrinsic ResearchIntrinsic Research Historical ResearchHistorical Research Participant Observation ResearchParticipant Observation Research Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research

Content AnalysisContent Analysis How is content analysis quantitative How is content analysis quantitative

research and how is it qualitative research and how is it qualitative research?research?

When is interactional analysis invited When is interactional analysis invited instead of relational analysis?instead of relational analysis?

Content Analysis StepsContent Analysis Steps

Define and Limit Communication Define and Limit Communication PopulationPopulation

Select Coding UnitsSelect Coding Units Sample MessagesSample Messages Code Message ContentCode Message Content Analyze ResultsAnalyze Results Interpret ResultsInterpret Results

““Speed Versus Accuracy: A Content Analysis of Media Report Accuracy and the AlacritySpeed Versus Accuracy: A Content Analysis of Media Report Accuracy and the Alacrity Hypothesis“ Western States Communication Association Convention (Long Beach, Hypothesis“ Western States Communication Association Convention (Long Beach, CA: 2002) (completed with a team of 13 student researchers) CA: 2002) (completed with a team of 13 student researchers)

Questionable Stories

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

questionable stories on ABC 0 4 4 2 0 1 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 2 2 2 2.5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

questionable stories on CBS 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0

questionable stories on CNN 1 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 0 0 0.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

questionable stories on NBC 1 5 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 1.5 0 0.5 1 1 1.5 1 0 0 0 0

questionable stories on P BS 0 0 0 1 0 0

8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:3020:0

020:3

0

Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research

Establishing Textual AuthenticityEstablishing Textual Authenticity Establishing AuthorshipEstablishing Authorship

Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Recorder biasesRecorder biases

Sources of Textual Sources of Textual CorruptionCorruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in

“memorial “memorial editions”editions”

Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in

“memorial “memorial editions”editions”

Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in

“memorial “memorial editions”editions”

Editing for Editing for Readability Readability

Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption

Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies

Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in

“memorial “memorial editions”editions”

Editing for Editing for Readability Readability

Permitting Permitting RevisionsRevisions

Determining Textual AuthenticityDetermining Textual Authenticity

Comparison with originalComparison with original Use of recordingsUse of recordings Comparisons of all textsComparisons of all texts

Detecting AuthorshipDetecting Authorship

External reportsExternal reportsComparisons Comparisons

with other with other communicationcommunication

A QuizA Quiz

Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all bad.bad.

Go west, young man.Go west, young man. To the victors belong the spoils.To the victors belong the spoils. That government is best which governs least.That government is best which governs least. There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and

statistics.statistics. Everybody talks about the weather but nobody Everybody talks about the weather but nobody

does anything about it.does anything about it.

A QuizA Quiz

Anybody who hates Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t children and dogs can’t be all bad.be all bad.W. C. Fields?W. C. Fields?

Actually Leo RostenActually Leo Rosten

A QuizA Quiz

Go west, young man.Go west, young man.Horace Greeley?Horace Greeley?

Actually John Basone SouleActually John Basone Soule

A QuizA Quiz

To the victors belong the To the victors belong the spoils.spoils.Andrew Jackson?Andrew Jackson?

Sen. William L. MarcySen. William L. Marcy

A QuizA Quiz

That government is best That government is best which governs least.which governs least.Thomas Jefferson?Thomas Jefferson?

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

A QuizA Quiz

There are three kinds of There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.statistics.Mark Twain?Mark Twain?

Twain quoting Benjamin Twain quoting Benjamin DisraeliDisraeli

Everybody talks about Everybody talks about the weather but the weather but nobody does anything nobody does anything about it.about it.Mark TwainMark Twain

Charles Dudley Charles Dudley WarnerWarner

A QuizA Quiz

Intrinsic CriticismIntrinsic Criticism

Distinguishing Criticism from Distinguishing Criticism from ReviewsReviews

The Truth CriterionThe Truth Criterion The Ethical CriterionThe Ethical Criterion The Results CriterionThe Results Criterion Artistic CriteriaArtistic Criteria

Difficulties Applying the Truth Difficulties Applying the Truth CriterionCriterion

Difficulty determining the truthDifficulty determining the truthEven dreadful messages often tell Even dreadful messages often tell

the truththe truth

Difficulties Applying the Ethical Difficulties Applying the Ethical CriterionCriterion

Difficulty identifying intentionsDifficulty identifying intentions Difficulty choosing ethical standardsDifficulty choosing ethical standards Ignoring artistic meritIgnoring artistic merit

Difficulties Applying the Results Difficulties Applying the Results CriterionCriterion

Difficulty identifying effectsDifficulty identifying effects Difficulty linking effects to messagesDifficulty linking effects to messages Immorality endorsed if it gets resultsImmorality endorsed if it gets results

Examples of Artistic CriteriaExamples of Artistic Criteria

Neo-Aristotelian criticismNeo-Aristotelian criticism Burke’s Dramatistic PentadBurke’s Dramatistic Pentad

Historical-Critical ResearchHistorical-Critical Research

A Concept of HistoryA Concept of History

1. A Study of the Past Record1. A Study of the Past Record

2. Documentary Research2. Documentary Research

3. Critical Research3. Critical Research

Importance of Historical Importance of Historical ResearchResearch

All research involves past workAll research involves past work Arguments from history widespreadArguments from history widespread Past holds key to organize knowledgePast holds key to organize knowledge Essential to establish continuityEssential to establish continuity

Types of Historical ResearchTypes of Historical Research

Biographical StudiesBiographical Studies Movement StudiesMovement Studies Rhetorical CriticismRhetorical Criticism Development of IdeasDevelopment of Ideas Case StudiesCase Studies Bibliographic ResearchBibliographic Research

Participant Observation Participant Observation MethodsMethods

The Role of the ObserverThe Role of the Observer The Objectivity ProblemThe Objectivity Problem Distinguishing Participant Observation Distinguishing Participant Observation

Research and EthnographyResearch and Ethnography Difficult Steps in Participant Difficult Steps in Participant

Observation WorkObservation Work

Distinguishing Field and Distinguishing Field and Laboratory ResearchLaboratory Research

Field studies occur in the Field studies occur in the natural environmentnatural environment

Laboratory studies Laboratory studies control for many control for many interfering elements in interfering elements in the environmentthe environment

Distinction is fluidDistinction is fluid

Advantages and Limitations of Advantages and Limitations of Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research

Power of manipulation Power of manipulation ++ - -

Realism Realism + + - -

Control usually - + Control usually - +

Measurement maybe +Measurement maybe +

RandomizationRandomization -- ++

Observer Bias Observer Bias - - + +

Field Laboratory