Post on 23-Jun-2020
AFRL-RV-PS- AFRL-RV-PS- TP-2016-0003 TP-2016-0003
AE9/AP9/SPM: NEW MODELS FOR RADIATION BELT AND SPACE PLASMA SPECIFICATION
W. Robert Johnston, et al.
05 May 2014
Briefing Charts
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED.
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY Space Vehicles Directorate 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE AIR FORCE MATERIEL COMMAND KIRTLAND AIR FORCE BASE, NM 87117-5776
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved
OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)05-05-2014
2. REPORT TYPEBriefing Charts
3. DATES COVERED (From - To)01 Oct 2007 – 30 Sep 2015
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLEAE9/AP9/SMP: New Models for Radiation Belt And Space Plasma Specification
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 62601F
6. AUTHOR(S)W. Robert Johnston, T. Paul O’Brien, Gregory P. Ginet, Stuart L. Huston, Timothy B. Guild, and Judy A. Fennelly
5d. PROJECT NUMBER 1010
5e. TASK NUMBER PPM00004262
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER EF004375
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate 3550 Aberdeen Avenue SE Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5776
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORTNUMBER
AFRL-RV-PS-TP-2016-0003
9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)AFRL/RVBXR
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORTNUMBER(S) NA
12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. (377ABW-2014-6084 dtd 16 Apr 2014)
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT A new set of models for the flux of particles in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere has been developed for use in space system design and other applications requiring a climatological specification. Denoted AE9, AP9, and SPM for energetic electrons, energetic protons and space plasma, respectively, the models are derived from 33 data sets measured by satellite on-board sensors. These data sets have been processed in a manner to create maps of the particle fluxes together with estimates of uncertainties due to both imperfect measurements and space weather variability. Furthermore, the model architecture permits the Monte-Carlo estimation of the time evolution of fluxes and derived quantities, e.g. the median and 95th percentile, along an arbitrary orbit. An overview of the model will be presented, addressing in particular the latest AE9/AP9 version release.
15. SUBJECT TERMSEnergetic electrons, energetic protons, space plasma, Radiation Model, AE9, AP9, SPM, space craft design 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION
OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBEROF PAGES
19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Adrian Wheelock
a. REPORTUnclassified
b. ABSTRACTUnclassified
c. THIS PAGEUnclassified
Unlimited 30 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18
Presented at SPIE Defense Security & Sensing (DSS) Conference, Baltimore, MD, 05-09 May 2014. Government purpose rights.
Inte
grity
S
ervi
ce
Exc
elle
nce
Air
Forc
e R
esea
rch
Labo
rato
ry
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
: New
M
odel
s fo
r Rad
iatio
n B
elt a
nd S
pace
Pl
asm
a Sp
ecifi
catio
n
05 M
ay 2
014
Pres
ente
d by
: Ju
dy A
. Fen
nelly
, PhD
C
hief
Eng
inee
r B
attle
spac
e En
viro
nmen
t Div
isio
n A
ir Fo
rce
Res
earc
h La
bora
tory
Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited. 1
Aut
hors
•Bob
Joh
nsto
n A
ir Fo
rce
Res
earc
h La
b (P
rinci
pal I
nves
tigat
or)
•Pau
l O’B
rien
Aer
ospa
ce C
orp.
(Prin
cipa
l Inv
estig
ator
) •G
rego
ry G
inet
MIT
Lin
coln
Lab
(Prin
cipa
l Inv
estig
ator
) •S
tuar
t Hus
ton
Atm
osph
eric
& E
nviro
nmen
t Res
earc
h In
c.
•Tim
othy
Gui
ld A
tmos
pher
ic &
Env
ironm
ent R
esea
rch
Inc.
•J
udy
Fenn
elly
Air
Forc
e R
esea
rch
Lab
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2
Out
line
•In
trod
uctio
n•
Ove
rvie
w o
f AE9
/AP9
/SPM
•M
odel
App
licat
ion
•Va
lidat
ion
and
Com
paris
ons
•C
urre
nt &
Fut
ure
Rel
ease
s•
Sum
mar
y
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 3
Intr
oduc
tion
to A
E9/A
P9/S
PM
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
is a
sui
te
of e
mpi
rical
mod
els
desc
ribin
g th
e tr
appe
d el
ectr
on, p
roto
n, a
nd
plas
ma
in th
e ne
ar e
arth
sp
ace
envi
ronm
ent
•A
E9/A
P9/S
PM m
eets
the
sate
llite
and
spa
cein
stru
men
tatio
n de
sign
com
mun
ity’s
nee
d fo
rra
diat
ion
envi
ronm
ent
spec
ifica
tion
mod
el–
Res
pons
ive
tool
with
expa
nded
rang
e of
feat
ures
not a
vaila
ble
with
lega
cym
odel
s–
Use
s th
e m
ost u
p-to
-dat
eda
ta a
vaila
ble
–In
trod
uces
qua
ntita
tive
stat
istic
s fo
r use
in d
esig
nef
fort
s
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 4
Nea
r-Ea
rth
Rad
iatio
n En
viro
nmen
t
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 5
Nee
d fo
r Acc
urat
e N
ear-
Eart
h
Rad
iatio
n En
viro
nmen
t Est
imat
ions
AE8,
APE
Max
Mea
sure
d C
RR
ES
Mod
eled
CR
RES
Ener
getic
pro
tons
, el
ectr
ons
and
plas
ma
pose
a w
ide
rang
e of
ha
zard
s to
spa
cecr
aft
and
com
pone
nts
Thes
e ha
zard
s ar
e dy
nam
ic a
nd s
omet
imes
no
t acc
urat
ely
capt
ured
in
lega
cy m
odel
s
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 6
Lega
cy S
pace
Env
ironm
enta
l El
ectr
on a
nd P
roto
n M
odel
s
AE8
& A
P8 e
lect
ron
and
prot
on e
mpi
rical
m
odel
s ar
e th
e m
ost
wid
ely
used
of t
he
vario
us le
gacy
mod
els
•Th
ese
are
capa
ble
mod
els,
but d
o no
t mee
t em
ergi
ngne
eds
of th
e de
sign
com
mun
ity
•AE
8/A
P8 la
cked
the
abili
ty to
trad
eac
tual
env
ironm
enta
l ris
ks li
keot
her s
yste
m r
isks
–AE
8/AP
8 co
uld
neve
r ans
wer
ques
tions
suc
h as
“ho
w m
uch
risk
can
be a
void
ed b
y do
ublin
g th
esh
ield
ing
mas
s?”
•In
accu
raci
es a
nd la
ck o
f ind
icat
ions
of u
ncer
tain
ty–
Cre
ates
the
nece
ssity
of e
xces
sive
mar
gin
in d
esig
ns•
No
plas
ma
spec
ifica
tion
–U
nkno
wn
surf
ace
dose
effe
cts
•N
o na
tura
l dyn
amic
s–
Not
pre
sent
are
env
ironm
ents
for
inte
rnal
cha
rgin
g or
wor
st c
ase
prot
on e
ffect
s, s
uch
as s
ingl
e ev
ent
effe
cts
(SEE
s)
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 7
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
Em
piric
al R
adia
tion
B
elt a
nd S
pace
Pla
sma
Mod
el S
uite
AE9
/AE9
/SPM
sui
te
prov
ides
adv
ance
d ca
pabi
litie
s fo
r es
timat
ing
the
natu
ral
trap
ped
radi
atio
n en
viro
nmen
t in
near
-Ear
th S
pace
for s
atel
lite
desi
gn
•U
npre
cede
nted
cov
erag
e in
ene
rgie
san
d pa
rtic
le ty
pes
addr
essi
ng m
ajor
spac
e en
viro
nmen
tal h
azar
ds
•In
clud
es u
ncer
tain
ties
and
dyna
mic
sth
at h
ave
neve
r be
en a
vaila
ble
for
use
in d
esig
n–
Dat
a-ba
sed
stat
istic
s qu
antif
ying
unce
rtai
ntie
s fr
om b
oth
mea
sure
men
tsan
d sp
ace
wea
ther
var
iabi
lity
–Es
timat
e de
sign
mar
gins
(95t
hpe
rcen
tile
rath
er th
an a
rbitr
ary
fact
ors)
•D
ynam
ic s
cena
rios
allo
w u
sers
tocr
eate
wor
st c
ases
for i
nter
nal
char
ging
, sin
gle
even
t effe
cts,
and
impa
cts
on m
issi
on li
fe
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 8
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
Sui
te C
over
age
MO
DEL
AE
9 AP
9 SP
M
Spec
ies
e- H+
e- , H+ ,
He+ ,
O+
L Ra
nge
0.98
< L
* < 1
2.4
0.98
< L
* <
12.4
2
< L m
< 1
0
Ener
gy R
ange
40
keV
– 1
0 M
eV
100
keV
– 40
0MeV
(V1.
0-V1
.05)
10
0keV
– 2
GeV
(V1.
20)
e- : 1
-40
keV
H+ , He
+ , O
+ : 1.
15 –
164
keV
•AE9
/AP9
cov
ers
trap
ped
radi
atio
n ov
er fu
ll ra
nge
of o
rbit
regi
mes
•SP
M in
trod
uces
cov
erag
e of
pla
sma
ener
gies
and
spe
cies
•AP9
V1.
20 w
ill e
xten
d en
ergy
rang
e up
to 2
GeV
, bas
ed o
n Va
n Al
len
P rob
e ob
serv
atio
ns
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 9
Ran
ge o
f Nea
r-Ea
rth
Part
icle
Haz
ards
PART
ICLE
ENER
GIE
S :
1
eV
10 e
V
10
0 eV
1 k
eV
1
0 ke
V
1
00 k
eV
1
MeV
10 M
eV
1
00 M
eV
1
GeV
Pla
smas
pher
e R
ing
Cur
rent
& A
uror
al P
reci
pita
tion
Rad
iatio
n B
elt P
artic
les
AE9/
AP9
/SPM
Sui
te
Ener
gy R
ange
Cov
erag
e (tr
appe
d pa
rtic
les
only
)
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 10
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
Inco
rpor
ates
H
igh-
Qua
lity
Dat
a Se
ts
The
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
sui
te is
ba
sed
on d
ata
sets
mos
tly
acqu
ired
afte
r dev
elop
men
t of
AE8
and
AP8
and
cov
ers
grea
ter s
patia
l and
ene
rgy
rang
es th
an th
e pr
ior m
odel
s •
Map
s of
the
part
icle
flux
es a
recr
eate
d fr
om th
ese
data
set
s•
Estim
ates
of u
ncer
tain
ties
incl
ude
both
mea
sure
men
tsun
cert
aint
ies
and
spac
ew
eath
er v
aria
bilit
y
•AE
9/A
P9/S
PM in
corp
orat
es 3
3da
ta s
ets
mea
sure
d by
spa
ce-
base
d se
nsor
s•
Dat
a se
ts w
ere
sele
cted
for
accu
racy
in in
ner m
agne
tosp
here
•D
ata
durin
g so
lar p
roto
n ev
ents
wer
e el
imin
ated
–re
sulti
ng m
aps
desc
ribe
trap
ped
radi
atio
n on
ly•
Cro
ss-c
alib
ratio
n w
as d
one
to a
sing
le s
tand
ard
sens
or, b
oth
elim
inat
ing
rela
tive
bias
es a
ndpr
ovid
ing
estim
ates
of
mea
sure
men
t unc
erta
inty
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 11
Dat
a Se
ts
Use
d fo
r AE9
/AP9
/SPM
AE9/
AP
9/
SPM
da
ta
sour
ces
Will
be
used
in
futu
re
vers
ions
Mos
t dat
a se
ts u
sed
cove
r m
in+m
ax
sola
r cyc
le
cond
ition
s
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 12
Exam
ples
of F
utur
e A
E9/A
P9/S
PM
Dat
a Se
ts
Key
: El
ectr
on E
nerg
ies
Prot
on E
nerg
ies
Ion
Ener
gies
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13
Energy (keV)
TEM
1c P
C-4
(6.7
7%)
L2
34
56
78
102
103
104
•Cre
ates
map
s fo
r med
ian
and
95th
per
cent
ile o
f dis
trib
utio
nfu
nctio
n–
Map
s ch
arac
teriz
es b
oth
nom
inal
and
extr
eme
envi
ronm
ents
•Inc
lude
s er
ror m
aps
with
inst
rum
ent u
ncer
tain
ty
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
A
rchi
tect
ure
Ove
rvie
w
18 m
onth
s
L shell (Re)
1.0
7.0
Stat
istic
al M
onte
-Car
lo
Mod
el
•C
ompu
te s
patia
l and
tem
pora
l cor
rela
tion
assp
atio
tem
pora
l cov
aria
nce
mat
rices
•Se
t up
Nth
-ord
er a
uto-
regr
essi
ve s
yste
m to
evo
lve
pert
urbe
d m
aps
in ti
me
Use
r app
licat
ion
•R
uns
stat
istic
al m
odel
N ti
mes
with
diff
eren
t ran
dom
see
ds to
get N
flux
pro
files
•C
ompu
tes
dose
rate
, dos
e or
othe
r des
ired
quan
tity
deriv
able
from
flux
for e
ach
scen
ario
•Ag
greg
ates
N s
cena
rios
to g
etm
edia
n, 7
5th a
nd 9
0th c
onfid
ence
leve
ls o
n co
mpu
ted
quan
titie
s
Sate
llite
dat
a &
theo
ry
Use
r’s o
rbit
+ =
50th
75th
95th
Mis
sion
tim
e
Dose
AE9/
AP9
/SPM
Cre
ates
Fl
ux M
aps
ba
sed
on S
atel
lite
Dat
a
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 14
How
to U
se A
E9/A
P9
•M
odel
pro
vide
d w
ith G
UI a
ndC
mdL
ine
acce
ss•
Spec
ify in
put a
nd o
ptio
ns:
•or
bita
l ele
men
ts o
r eph
emer
is•
coor
dina
te s
yste
m•
mod
el(s
) to
use—
AE9/
AP9
/SPM
,le
gacy
mod
els
•m
ode—
e.g.
mea
n or
Mon
te C
arlo
scen
ario
s•
Mod
el p
rovi
des
requ
este
dqu
antit
ies
•flu
xes,
flue
nces
, dos
es•
Res
ults
for a
ppro
pria
te m
odes
incl
ude
stat
istic
s (e
.g. m
edia
n an
d95
th p
erce
ntile
) for
risk
asse
ssm
ent
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Ene
rgy,
MeV
Flux #/cm2/s/MeV
GP
S, 9
5% C
onfid
ence
, Wor
st C
ase
24-h
our a
vera
ge
0.5
year
s1
year
s2
year
s3
year
s4
year
s5
year
s6
year
s7
year
s8
year
s9
year
s10
yea
rs
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 15
Mod
el C
ompa
rison
and
Val
idat
ion
Mod
el c
ompa
rison
s an
d va
lidat
ions
con
duct
ed:
•A
E9/A
P9/S
PM re
sults
com
pare
d to
lega
cy m
odel
sin
clud
ing
AE8
/AP8
•A
E9/A
P9 re
sults
val
idat
edag
ains
t ind
epen
dent
LEO
,H
EO, G
EO d
ata
sets
•Im
plem
enta
tions
of A
E8/A
P8an
d SH
IELD
OSE
with
inA
E9/A
P9 to
ol v
alid
ated
agai
nst r
esul
ts fr
omSP
ENVI
S an
d IR
BEM
AE8M
AX
AE9
Mea
n AE
9 M
edia
n AE
9 Sc
enar
ios 7
5%
AE9
Scen
ario
s 95%
AE8,
AE9
in G
TO
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 16
AE9
/AP9
Com
pare
d to
AE8
/AP8
prot
ons
(30
MeV
) el
ectr
ons
(2 M
eV)
AP8
AP9
AE8
AE9
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 17
AP9
Val
idat
ion—
POES
15
(LEO
)
POES
15
obse
rvat
ions
, >3
6 M
eV p
roto
ns
AP9
med
ian
resu
lts,
>36
MeV
pro
tons
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 18
AP9
Val
idat
ion—
POES
15
(LEO
)
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 19
AE9
Val
idat
ion—
GO
ES 1
0 (G
EO)
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 20
AE9
/AP9
Flu
ence
and
Dos
e Es
timat
es,
LEO
(800
km
)
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 21
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
Flu
ence
Est
imat
es,
GEO
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 22
AE9
/AP9
Dos
e Es
timat
es,
GTO
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 23
AE9
/AP9
/SPM
C
urre
nt V
ersi
on a
nd F
utur
e Pl
ans
•V1
.0 re
leas
ed in
201
2, c
urre
nt v
ersi
on V
1.05
rele
ased
in 2
013
•AE
9/A
P9 p
ropo
sed
as a
n IS
O s
tand
ard
trap
ped
radi
atio
n m
odel
•V1
.2 fe
atur
es–
New
dat
a: T
acSa
t-4 p
roto
ns, T
HEM
IS p
lasm
a–
New
feat
ures
: m
ore
orbi
t ele
men
t/coo
rdin
ate
optio
ns, p
itch
angl
e to
ol
•V1
.5 fe
atur
es–
Para
lleliz
atio
n ca
pabi
lity
for r
uns
on c
lust
ers—
need
ed to
spe
ed u
p lo
ng ru
ns–
New
ker
nel-b
ased
effe
cts
calc
ulat
ion
–N
ew d
ata:
Va
n Al
len
Prob
e &
Azu
r pr
oton
s, V
an A
llen
Prob
e &
DEM
ETER
ele
ctro
ns,
SCAT
HA
& A
MPT
E pl
asm
a–
Inte
rnat
iona
l col
labo
rato
rs c
ontr
ibut
ions
of d
ata
and
mod
els
–Fu
ture
nam
e IR
ENE
— In
tern
atio
nal R
adia
tion
Envi
ronm
ent N
ear E
arth
•V2
.0 a
nd la
ter f
eatu
res
–Sa
mpl
e so
lar c
ycle
flyt
hrou
gh o
ptio
n–
New
mod
ules
–N
ew d
ata:
PAM
ELA
, DSX
/SW
x, E
RG
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 24
Ker
nel-B
ased
Effe
cts
Cal
cula
tion
•V1
.5 w
ill in
clud
e AE
9/A
P9 c
apab
ility
to u
se in
depe
nden
tly-c
alcu
late
dra
diat
ion
effe
cts
for f
aste
r effe
cts
resu
lts in
the
AE9/
AP9
env
ironm
ent:
–U
ser p
reco
mpu
tes
desi
red
effe
ct v
s. d
epth
/par
ticle
/ene
rgy
for a
par
ticul
arm
ater
ial/g
eom
etry
/com
pone
nt, u
sing
inde
pend
ent p
artic
le s
imul
atio
n co
de–
Res
ults
are
form
atte
d as
a “
kern
el”
for i
mpo
rt in
to A
E9/A
P9/S
PM–
AE9/
AP9/
SPM
env
ironm
ent p
lus
effe
cts
kern
el y
ield
s ra
pid
calc
ulat
ions
of s
peci
fic e
ffect
s
Full
MU
LASS
IS
calc
ulat
ion:
4 h
rs
Prec
ompu
ted
conv
olut
ion:
<1
sec
•Sa
mpl
e ke
rnel
for s
ingl
eev
ent e
ffect
s is
inde
velo
pmen
t•
Prov
ides
abi
lity
to ra
pidl
yob
tain
AE9
/AP9
env
ironm
ent
effe
cts
for s
peci
ficco
mpo
nent
s
O’B
rien
and
Kwan
, 201
3, A
eros
pace
Rep
ort T
OR-
2013
-005
29 A
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 25
Sum
mar
y
•A
E9/A
P9/S
PM m
eets
the
desi
gn c
omm
unity
’s n
eed
for
stat
e-of
-the-
art r
adia
tion
envi
ronm
ent s
peci
ficat
ion
–M
ore
cove
rage
in e
nerg
y an
d lo
catio
n–
Intr
oduc
es s
tatis
tics
desc
ribin
g un
cert
aint
ies
and
envi
ronm
ent
varia
bilit
y
•Pl
ans
are
in p
lace
for f
utur
e up
date
s in
bot
h da
ta a
ndfe
atur
es–
Arch
itect
ure
supp
orts
upd
ates
with
new
dat
a–
Futu
re fe
atur
es w
ill e
xpan
ded
capa
bilit
ies,
add
ress
ing
addi
tiona
lha
zard
s an
d m
ore
optio
ns fo
r app
lyin
g m
odel
resu
lts to
des
ign
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 26
Con
tact
Info
rmat
ion
•C
omm
ents
, que
stio
ns, e
tc. a
re w
elco
me
and
enco
urag
ed!
•Pl
ease
sen
d fe
edba
ck to
(cop
y al
l):–
Bob
Joh
nsto
n, A
ir Fo
rce
Res
earc
h La
bora
tory
, AFR
L.R
VBXR
.AE9
.AP9
.Org
.Mbx
@ki
rtla
nd.a
f.mil
–Pa
ul O
’Brie
n, A
eros
pace
Cor
pora
tion,
pau
l.obr
ien@
aero
.org
–G
rego
ry G
inet
, MIT
Lin
coln
Lab
orat
ory,
gre
gory
.gin
et@
ll.m
it.ed
u
•In
form
atio
n an
d di
scus
sion
foru
m a
vaila
ble
on N
ASA
SET
web
site
:•
http
://lw
s-se
t.gsf
c.na
sa.g
ov/ra
diat
ion_
mod
el_u
ser_
foru
m.h
tml
•Th
e m
odel
will
eve
ntua
lly b
e av
aila
ble
for w
eb d
ownl
oad
–In
the
mea
ntim
e co
ntac
t Gre
gory
Gin
et, M
IT L
inco
ln L
abor
ator
y, g
rego
ry.g
inet
@ll.
mit.
edu
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 27
DISTRIBUTION LIST
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