Post on 29-Mar-2021
ADVANCES IN ORNAMENTAL
HORTICULTUREVolume 2
Herbaceous Perennials and Shade Loving Foliage Plants
Prof. Supriya Kumar BhattacharjeeFormerly
M.Sc. (Ag,), Ph.D.
Scientist S-3 and Head
Division of Medicinal and Aromatic CropsIndian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore
Professor of Horticulture and Professor-in-ChargeBidhan Chandra Krishi ViswavidyalayaN. B. Campus, Coochbehar, W. Bengal
Principal Scientist, 1CAR, New Delhi
Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi
Project Coordinator
All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Pointer Publishers
Jaipur 302 003 (Raj) India
Contents
Preface v
Colour Plates xxi
Contributors xxiii
1. ORCHIDS 1-65
—S. P. Das andS. K. Bhattacharjee
Introduction- I
What are Orchids? 2
Orchids in Human Affairs 3
Orchids in Flower Production 3
Orchids as Medicine 3
Phytochemicals from Orchids 3
Orchids as Spice, Flavouring Agent and Food 4
Orchids as Jewellery 4
Other Uses of Orchids 4
Distribution ofOrchids 5
Types of Orchids 5
Classification ofOrchid Family 6
Growing Orchids: Early Misconceptions 6
Orchid Growing: Basics 6
Growing Orchids: Crucial Factors 7
—Temperature 7
—Light 9
—Photoperiod 10
—Humidity 11
—Ventilation 11
—Watering 11
X
—Potting Mixture 12
—Potting Material 12
—Feeding 15
—Container 16
—Repotting 17
Flowering Control in Orchids 17
Post-Harvest Management 18
Propagation of Orchids 20
—Division 21
—Back Bulb 21
—Keikis 22
—Cutting 22
—Pruning 22
—Seed 23
—Mericloning 23
Orchid Breeding 23
—Natural Hybridisation 23
—Artificial Hybridisation 24
—Hybridisation 24
—How to Proceed 25
—Breeding Objectives 25
—Breeding in Important Genera 26
—Cattleya 26
—Cymbidium 27
—Vanda 28
—Phalaenopsis 29
—Dendrobium 31
—Paphiopedilum 31
Orchid Seed Culture 32
—Raising Plants from Seeds 32
—Seed Age 33
—Seed Storage 34
—Disinfection 34
—Seed Treatment 35
Seed Sowing 36
—Media 36
—Nitrogen and its Source 36
—Carbohydrate and its Source 37
Growth Regulators 37
—Auxins 37
—Cytokinins 38
—Gibberelic Acid 39
—Darkening Agents 39
—Complex Additives 40
xi
2. CARNATION 66-80—Sanyat Misra, Pragya and R. L. Misra
Introduction66
Morphology and Classification 67Species 68Genetics and Breeding 68
—Inheritance of Characters 69
—Breeding 69Varieties 70Growth and Flowering 71
Propagation 72Cultivation 73
—Soil 73
—Growing Structures 73
—Planting 73
—Depth and Spacing 74
—Pinching and Disbudding 74
—Support 74
Nutrition 75
Irrigation 75
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling 75Diseases 76
Physiological Disorder 77Pests 78
3. CHRYSANTHEMUM 81-108—T. Arumugam, M. Jawaharlal and M. Vijayakumar
Introduction 81
Origin and Distribution 81
Taxonomy 82
—Flowers 82
—Cultivars 82
Classification•83
—Flower Form 83
—Cultural Types 83
—Classification of Chrysanthemums According to National
Chrysanthemum Society (NCS) of America 84
Cultivars 85
—Chrysanthemum Varieties Evolved in India 85
Genetics 85
Crop Improvement 87
—Selection 87
—Hybridisation 87
—Mutation Breeding 88
—In Vitro Studies 88
xii
Production Technology 88
—Growth and Flowering 88
—Environmental Factors 89
—Light 89
—Temperature 92
—Carbon Dioxide 93
—Soil.. 93
Propagation 94—Purchase of Rooted Cuttings 94
—Propagation Environment 94
—Sanitation 95
—Temperature 95
—Light 95
—Mist 95
—Media 95
—Rooting Hormone 95—Growth Retardant 95
—Sucker 95
—Cutting 95
-^Stock Plant Production 96
—Rooting of Cuttings 96
—Micropropagation 96
Planting 96
—Potting Media 97
—Transplanting 97
—Manuring 97
—Nutrient 98
—Fertilisation 98
—Irrigation 99
—Pinching 99
—Disbudding 100
Growth Retardants 101
Scheduling 101Post-Harvest Technology of Chrysanthemum 102
—Maturity 102
—Harvesting 102
—Grading and Bunching 102—Pre-Treatments 102
—Chemical Solutions 103
—Storage 103
—Ethylene Sensitivity 104
—Freezing Injury 104Pests and Diseases 104
xiii
4. ANTHURIUM 109-129
—D. Prakash, K. Sujatha and Sangama
Introduction 109
Morphology and Classification 109
Species and Cultivars 110
Genetics and Breeding IllGrowth and Flowering 112
—Environmental Factors 112
—Temperature 112
—Light 113
—C02 113
—Role ofGrowth Substances 113
Propagation 113
—Seed Propagation 113
—Vegetative Propagation 114
—Tissue Culture 115
Media 118
Nutrition 118
—Nutrition and Growth Regulators 119
—Nutrition and Shade 120
Harvesting, Grading, Preservation and Packaging 120
—Water Relations 121
—Holding Solutions 122
—Storage 123
Diseases and Pests 123
—Fungal Diseases 123
—Bacterial Diseasesv—
124
—Viral Diseases 124
—Pests 124
5. GERBERA 130-149
—V. L. Sheela
Introduction 130
Botanical Description 131
Species and Cultivars 131
Genetics and Breeding 132
—Floral Biology !33
—Breeding Objectives 133
—Breeding Methods 133
—Mutation Breeding 134
Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 134
Soil and Climatic Requirements 136
Agro-Techniques 137
—Preparation ofSoil and Planting '37
—Propagation '37
xiv
—Manure and Fertilisers 138
—Irrigation 138
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling 138
Pot Culture of Gerbera 140
Greenhouse Cultivation 140
Diseases and Pests 142
6. HELICONIA 150-165
—V. L. Sheela
Introduction 150
Taxonomy 151
Species and Cultivars 151
Floral Biology 155
Biotechnology and Micropropagation 155
Habitats 157
Nursery Practices 157
Environmental Factors 157
Agro-Techniques 160
—Spacing 160
—Manipulation ofGrowth and Flowering 161
—Manure and Fertiliser 161
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Technology 161
Insect Pests and Disease 162
7. BIRDOF PARADISE 166 -173
—K. N. Shiva andS. K. Bhattacharjee
Introduction 166
Crop Improvement 166
Environmental Factors 167
Agrotechniques 168
—Soil and Climate 168
Propagation 168
—Planting 169
—Manure and Fertiliser 169
—Irrigation and Inter-Culture 169
—Yield 169
Post-Harvest Technology 170
Insect Pests and Diseases 170
Gaps and Future Research Needs 171
8. SOLIDAGO 174-181
—B. Biswas and T. Mandal
Introduction 174
Medicinal Properties 174
Botanical Description 175
Species and Cultivars 175
XV
Growth Regulators 176
Climate 176
Photoperiod 176
Propagation 177
—Seed Propagation 177
—Vegetative Propagation 177
Agro-Techniques 177
—Soil, Planting Time and Spacing 177
—Manure and Fertiliser 177
—Irrigation 178
—Weeding 178
—Harvesting and Post-Harvest Treatments 178
—Diseases and Insects 178
9. PRIMULA 182-220
—Y. D. Sharma andJ. S. Wazir
Importance182
Origin, History and Distribution 182
Principal Areas of Cultivation 183
General Botanical Description 183
Classification 183
Species 184
Commercial Cultivars 192
Breeding and Genetics 195
Production Technology 197
—Cultivation 197
—Propagation 198
—Seed Germination 198
—BioTechnology 200
—Individual Culture 201
—Environmental Factors 203
—Temperature203
—Light203
—Water 204
—Nutrition 204
—Media 205
—Height Control 207
—Spacing207
—Schedule and Timing207
Flowering Control and Dormancy207
Post-Harvest Technology209
Marketing209
Diseases210
Insects211
Aphids215
xvi
10 PELARGONIUM 221-272
—J. S. Wazir
Introduction 221
Origin 222
History and Distribution 222
Principal Areas of Commercial Cultivation 226
Botanical Distribution 226
Classification 227
Novelty Pelargoniums 229
Floral Biology 230
Genetics and Breeding 230
Pelargonium Breeding Programme 231
—Specific Objectives in Breeding Programmes 235
Species 237
Cultivars 241
Agro Techniques 245
—Pelargoniums as Bedding Plants 245
—Pelargoniums as Flowering Potted Plants 246
Propagation 247
—Vegetative Propagation 247
—Tissue Culture in Pelargoniums 251
Role of Environmental Factors 253
—Temperature and Pelargonium Vegetative Stage 253
—Temperature and Pelargonium Reproductive Stage 253
—Light and Pelargonium Vegetative Stage ,254
Growth Regulators 255
Nutrition 257
Watering 258
Pinching 258
Carbon Dioxide 259
Post Production Care and Handling 259
—Marketing and Merchandising 259
—Storage and Transportation 259
—Consumer Preferences 260
Physiological Disorders 260
—Oedema 260
—Petal Shatter 261
—Blindness 261
Diseases 261
—Foliar Diseases 261
—Vascular Wilt Diseases 264
—Stem and Root Diseases 265
—Bacterial Fasciation 266
—Viral Diseases 266
Insects 268
xvii
1. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS WITH ATTRACTIVE FOLIAGES 273-343
—A. K. Pal
Introduction 273
Importance 274
Propagation 274
Environmental Requirements for Propagation 275
—Light 275
—Temperature 275
—Water 276
—Carbon Dioxide 276
—Spacing 276
—Nutrition 276
—Rooting Hormones 276
Methods of Propagation 276
—Seed 276
—Cuttings 276
—Division 277
—Air Layering 277
—Runners 277
—Spores 277
—Tissue Culture 278
Agro-Techniques 278
—Production Factors 278
—Potting Mixture Components 279
—Planting 281
—Nutrition 281
Water 283
Growth Regulators 285
Plant Protection •
285
—Diseases 285
—Insects and Mites 286
—Physiological Disorders 286
Foliage Plants and Environment 287
—Light 287
—Temperature289
—Relative Humidity 289
—Rainfall 289
—Wind 289
—Carbon Dioxide 289
Foliage Plants of Commercial Importance 289
Aglaonema •289
—Cultivated Species and Varieties 290
—Propagation 292
—Media and Nutrition 292
—Environment and Growth 292
xviii
—Diseases and Pests 293
—Physiological Disorders 294
Calathea 294
—Cultivated Species and Varieties 294
—Propagation 295
—Media and Nutrition 295
—Growth and Environment 2%
—Diseases and Pests 296
Chlorophytum 296
—Species and Cultivars 296
—Propagation 297
—Diseases and Pests 297
—Medicinal Use and Environmental Purification 297
Cordyline ,297
—Species and Varieties 298
—Propagation 298
—Nutrition 299
—Growth and Environment 299
—Height Control 300
—Diseases and Pests 300
Dieffenbachia 300
—Species and Varieties 300
—Propagation 302
—Cultivation 303
—Growth and Environment 304
—Height Control 305
—Diseases and Pests 305
—Toxic Effects 306
Dracaena 306
—Species and Varieties 306
—Propagation 307
—Media and Fertilisers 309
—Growth and Environment 309
—Growth Regulator Spray 310
—Diseases and Pests 310
—Medicinal Use 310
Monstera 310
—Species and Varieties 311
—Propagation 311
—Media and Fertiliser 311
—Growth and Environment 311
—Diseases and Pests 312
—Physiological Disorders 312
Peperomia 312
—Species and Varieties 312
xix
—Propagation 322
—Media and Fertiliser 322
—Effect ofLight 322
—Height Reduction 322
—Diseases and Pests 322
Philodendron 322
—Species and Varieties 323
—Propagation 324
—Media325
—Fertiliser 326
—Growth and Environment '. 326
—Irrigation 326
—Effects ofGrowth Retardants 326
—Diseases and Pests 327
Scindapsus 327
—Species and Varieties 327
—Propagation 327
—Growth and Environment 328
—Diseases 328
Index 344