Advanced Programming

Rabie A. Ramadan

Lecture 3

Network Programming An Overview

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Computer Network

A computer network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers.

Network topology A topology is a way of “laying out” the network.

Topologies can be either physical or logical.

Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.

Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel

Network topology (cont.)

Bus (can be both logical and physical)

Star (physical only)

Ring (can be both logical and physical)

Mesh (can be both logical and physical)

Network topology (cont.)

Bus A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single

cable that runs to every workstation This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers

the shortest amount of distance.

Network topology (cont.)

It is difficult to add a workstation

Have to completely reroute the cable and possibly run two additional lengths of it.

If any one of the cables breaks, the entire network is disrupted. Therefore, it is very expensive to maintain.

Network topology (cont.)

Star Topology A physical star topology branches each network device off a

central device called a hub, making it very easy to add a new workstation.

Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect the entire network.

Network topology (cont.)

Star topologies are more expensive to install than bus networks,• There are several more cables that need to be installed,

plus the cost of the hubs that are needed.

Network topology (cont.)

Ring Each computer connects to two other computers,

joining them in a circle creating a unidirectional path where messages move workstation to workstation.

Network topology (cont.)

The ring makes it difficult to add new computers.

Unlike a star topology network, the ring topology network will go down if one entity is removed from the ring.

Physical ring topology systems don’t exist much anymore, mainly because the hardware involved was fairly expensive and the fault tolerance was very low.

Network topology (cont.)

Mesh The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in

terms of data flow, but it is the most complex in terms of physical design.

In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other device

Network topology (cont.)

The physical mesh topology is very expensive to install and maintain.

Cables must be run from each device to every other device. The advantage you gain from it is its high fault tolerance.

There will always be a way of getting the data from source to destination.

Network topology (cont.) Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies

Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.

Break in bus disables

entire network.

Star Cheap. Easy to install.

Easy to reconfigure.

Fault tolerant.

More expensive than bus.

Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.

Very expensive.

Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.

Extremely expensive.

Very complex.

Computer Network

A network includes:• Special purpose hardware devices that:

• Interconnect transmission media

• Control transmission of data

• Run protocol software

• Protocol software that:• Encodes and formats data

• Detects and corrects problems encountered during transmission

Addressing and Routing

Address: byte-string that identifies a node• usually unique

Routing: process of forwarding messages to the destination node based on its address

Types of addresses• unicast: node-specific

• broadcast: all nodes on the network

• multicast: some subset of nodes on the network

IP Addresses and Classes

IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits

IP Addresses and Classes

IP Addresses and Classes

IP Addresses and Classes

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Subnet Mask

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Network Architecture A network architecture is a set of layers and protocols used

to reduce network design complexity.

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (also called the Internet Architecture) is an important example of a network architecture.

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) 7-Layer Reference Model [ISO,1984] is a guide that specifies what each layer should do, but not how each layer is implemented.

ISO/OSI Reference Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

End host

One or more nodes

Network

Data link

Physical

Network

Data link

Physical

Network

Data link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

End host

Network

Data link

Physical

within the network

ISO 7-Layer Reference Model

TCP/IP Model

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Internet Model

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Protocols A protocol is a set of rules of communication. Protocols are the building blocks of a network architecture.

Term “protocol” is overloaded

• specification of peer-to-peer interface

• module that implements this interface

Network Programming

A network allows arbitrary applications to communicate.

However, a network programmer doesn’t need to know the details of all lower-level network technologies.

Network facilities are accessed through an Application Programming Interface (API); e.g., a Service Interface.

Basic Paradigm for Communication

Most network applications can be divided into two pieces: a client and a server.

A Web browser (a client) communicate with a Web server.

A Telnet client that we use to log in to a remote host.

A user who needs access to data located at remote server.

Basic Paradigm for Communication

Establish contact (connection). Exchange information (bi-directional). Terminate contact.

Client-Server Paradigm Server waits for client to request a connection.

Client contacts server to establish a connection.

Client sends request.

Server sends reply.

Client and/or server terminate connection.

Two types of Communication

Connection-oriented• Setup the link before communication.

• Similar to the phone call. We need the phone number and receiver.

Connectionless• No link needed to be set up before communication.

• Similar to send a letter. We need the address and receiver.

TCP and UDP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless (UDP) protocol.

Ports

Identifying the ultimate destination IP addresses identify hosts Host has many applications Ports (16-bit identifier)

192.18.22.13

Port 80 25 23

Application WWW E-mail Telnet

Sockets A socket is defined as an endpoint for communication.

Concatenation of IP address and port

A socket pair (local IP address, local port, foreign IP address, foreign port) uniquely identifies a communication.

The socket 161.25.19.8:1625 refers to port 1625 on host 161.25.19.8

Sockets

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Sockets and Ports

message

agreed portany port socketsocket

Internet address = 138.37.88.249Internet address = 138.37.94.248

other ports

client server

TCP Socket

Bind() binds the socket to the specified address. The address parameter specifies the local component of the address, e.g. IP address and UDP/TCP port

UDP Socket

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Steps in creating Clients in Java

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What is the difference between String and BufferedReader?

Steps in Creating Clients in Java

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45

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References

http://www.sockets.com/winsock.htm http://tangentsoft.net/wskfaq/ Core Web Programming book

Chapter 17. Network Programming

Dynamic Programming

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Dynamic Programming

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JavaScript …. Server-Side Java: Servlets XML Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Java Server Pages (JSP) Others… Reference

Marty Hall, Larry Brown, Core Web Programming, Second Edition.

What are Servelts?

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Servlets are programs that run on a web server,

Act as a middle layer between a request coming from a web browser or other http client and databases or applications on the http server.

What is their Job?

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Read any data sent by the user. • A form on a Web page

• An applet or

• A custom HTTP client program.

Look up any other information about the request that is embedded in the HTTP request. • This information includes details about browser capabilities, cookies, the

host name of the requesting client, and so forth.

Generate the results. • This process may require talking to a database, invoking a legacy

application, or computing the response directly.

What is their Job?

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Format the results inside a document. • In most cases, this involves embedding the information inside an

HTML document.

Set the appropriate HTTP response parameters.

• This means telling the browser what type of document is being returned (e.g., HTML), setting cookies and caching parameters, and other such tasks.

Send the document back to the client. • This document can be sent in text format (HTML), binary format (GIF

images), or even in a compressed format like gzip that is layered on top of some other underlying format.

Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

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Is Simply a program interprets the Client request to the server and forms the response back to the client .

A new process is created for each request.

Servlet vs. CGI

CGIBased

Webserver

CGIBased

Webserver

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

CGIBased

Webserver

Servlet Based Webserver

JVM

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

Request Servlet1

CGIBased

Webserver

Servlet Based Webserver

JVMServlet1

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

Request CGI2

Request Servlet1

CGIBased

WebserverChild for CGI2

Servlet Based Webserver

JVMServlet1

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

Request CGI2

Request Servlet1

Request Servlet2

CGIBased

WebserverChild for CGI2

Servlet Based Webserver

JVMServlet1

Servlet2

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

Request CGI2

Request CGI1

Request Servlet1

Request Servlet2

CGIBased

WebserverChild for CGI2

Child for CGI1

Servlet Based Webserver

JVMServlet1

Servlet2

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

Request CGI2

Request CGI1

Request Servlet1

Request Servlet2

Request Servlet1

CGIBased

WebserverChild for CGI2

Child for CGI1

Servlet Based Webserver

JVMServlet1

Servlet2

Request CGI1Child for CGI1

Advantages of Servlets Over "Traditional" CGI

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Efficient• Uses threads instead of O.S. processes for each request

Convenient• Ready made components to automatically parse and decode HTML

form data, read and set HTTP headers, handle cookies, track sessions, and many other such high-level utilities

Powerful• Can talk directly to HTTP server ,

• Multiple servlets can also share data, making it easy to implement database connection pooling and similar resource-sharing optimizations

Advantages of Servlets Over "Traditional" CGI

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Portable• By the end of the day it is java

Secure• Filter out characters such as backquotes and semicolons that are

treated specially by the shell

• No Buffer overflow

Inexpensive• Free of charge

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Servlet Servlet

Basic Servlet Structure

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Basic Servlet Structure Analysis

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To be a servlet, a class should extend HttpServlet and override doGet or doPost, depending on whether the data is being sent by GET or by POST.

HttpServletRequest has methods by which you can find out about incoming information such as form (query) data, HTTP request headers, and the client's hostname.

The HttpServletResponse lets you specify outgoing information such as HTTP status codes (200, 404, etc.) and response headers (Content-Type, Set-Cookie, etc.).

It lets you obtain a PrintWriter with which you send the document content back to the client.

Handler Functions

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Each HTTP Request type has a separate handler function.

• GET -> doGet(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

• POST -> doPost(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

• DELETE -> doDelete (HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

• TRACE -> doTrace (HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

• OPTIONS -> doOptions (HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

Generating HTML

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Generating Simple HTML Page

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Analysis

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response.setContentType("text/html");

You can use it to generate other document types :

GIF images (content type image/gif)

Excel spreadsheets (content type application/vnd.ms-excel).

Servlet Life Cycle

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A Servlet Template

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import java.io.*;import javax.servlet.*;import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class ServletTemplate extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // Use "request" to read incoming HTTP headers // (e.g. cookies) and HTML form data (e.g. data the user // entered and submitted). // Use "response" to specify the HTTP response status // code and headers (e.g. the content type, cookies). PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // Use "out" to send content to browser }}

Hello World Servlet

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import java.io.*;import javax.servlet.*;import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class HelloWWW extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();out.println("<HTML>\n" + "<HEAD><TITLE>Hello WWW</TITLE></HEAD>\n" + "<BODY>\n" + "<H1>Hello WWW</H1>\n" + "</BODY></HTML>");

}}

Your Assignment

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Read chapter 19 from the “Core Web Programming” book and implement the last example of the chapter (19.12 Session tracking)

Web Programming (continue)

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HTML Basics HTML Basics

Basic HTML Document Format

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<HTML><HEAD> <TITLE>WENT'99</TITLE></HEAD><BODY> Went'99 </BODY> </HTML>

<HTML><HEAD> <TITLE>WENT'99</TITLE></HEAD><BODY> Went'99 </BODY> </HTML>

See what it looks like:

HTML 5 Parsing

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Reverse engineering current browsers

Compatible with existing browsers and web pages

Thoroughly defines error handling

<header>

<footer>

<section><nav> <aside>

<article>

<div id="header">

<div id="footer">

<div id="content"><divid="nav">

<divid="right">

<div class="article">

New Structures

<progress>

<canvas>

Rating:

<meter>

<dialog><time><m><menu><command><embed><figure><details>And many more…

New Semantics

<datagrid>

<input type="datetime">

<input type="number"><input type="range"><input type="email"><input type="url">

And many more…

<input type="text" list="list"><datalist id="list"> <option value="Mr"> ...</datalist>

New Controls

Repetition Model

Add Team MemberAdd Team Member

Team Members

NameRank

Jack O'NeillJack O'Neill RemoveColonelColonel

RemoveSam CarterSam CarterMajorMajor

RemoveDaniel JacksonDaniel JacksonCivilianCivilian Remove

ContinueRemoveTeal’cTeal’cAlienAlien

<tr repeat-template="member" repeat="0"> <td><input type="text" name="member0.rank"></td> <td><input type="text" name="member0.name"></td> <td><button type="remove">Remove</button></td></tr><tr repeat-template="member" repeat="1"> <td><input type="text" name="member1.rank"></td> <td><input type="text" name="member1.name"></td> <td><button type="remove">Remove</button></td></tr><tr id="member" repeat="template" repeat-start="2"> <td><input type="text" name="member[member].rank"></td> <td><input type="text" name="member[member].name"></td> <td><button type="remove">Remove</button></td></tr>

<tr id="member" repeat="template" repeat-start="2"> <td><input type="text" name="member[member].rank"></td> <td><input type="text" name="member[member].name"></td> <td><button type="remove">Remove</button></td></tr>

<button type="add" template="member">Add Team Member</button>

Required Fields<input type="email" required="required">

Regular Expressions<input type="text" pattern="[A-Za-z0-9_\-]+">

Minimum and Maximum Values<input type="range" min="20" max="80">

MaxLength for textarea<textarea maxlength="2000"></textarea>

And many more…

Client-Side Form Validation

XML Technologies and Applications

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Sample XML Data

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<orders>

<order>

<onum>1020</onum>

<takenBy>1000</takenBy>

<customer>1111</customer>

<recDate>10-DEC 94</recDate>

<items>

<item>

<pnum>10506</pnum>

<quantity>1</quantity>

</item>

<item> <pnum>10507</pnum> <quantity>1</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10508</pnum> <quantity>2</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10509</pnum> <quantity>3</quantity> </item> </items></order>...</orders>

Sample Data

<orders>

<order>

<onum>1020</onum>

<takenBy>1000</takenBy>

<customer>1111</customer>

<recDate>10-DEC 94</recDate>

<items>

<item>

<pnum>10506</pnum>

<quantity>1</quantity>

</item>

<item> <pnum>10507</pnum> <quantity>1</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10508</pnum> <quantity>2</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10509</pnum> <quantity>3</quantity> </item> </items></order>...</orders>

startDocument

endDocument

Parsing Event

Sample Data

<orders>

<order>

<onum>1020</onum>

<takenBy>1000</takenBy>

<customer>1111</customer>

<recDate>10-DEC-94</recDate>

<items>

<item>

<pnum>10506</pnum>

<quantity>1</quantity>

</item>

<item> <pnum>10507</pnum> <quantity>1</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10508</pnum> <quantity>2</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10509</pnum> <quantity>3</quantity> </item> </items></order>...</orders>

startElement

endElement

Sample Data

<orders>

<order>

<onum>1020</onum>

<takenBy>1000</takenBy>

<customer>1111</customer>

<recDate>10-DEC-94</recDate>

<items>

<item>

<pnum>10506</pnum>

<quantity>1</quantity>

</item>

<item> <pnum>10507</pnum> <quantity>1</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10508</pnum> <quantity>2</quantity> </item> <item> <pnum>10509</pnum> <quantity>3</quantity> </item> </items></order>...</orders>

characters

XML-Parsing Standards

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Two parsing methods that implement W3C standards for accessing XML

SAX (Simple API for XML)

• event-driven parsing

• “serial access” protocol

• Read only API

DOM (Document Object Model)

• convert XML into a tree of objects

• “random access” protocol

• Can update XML document (insert/delete nodes)

SAX Parsers

SAX Parser

When you see the start of the document do …

When you see the start of an element do … When you see

the end of an element do …

<?xml version="1.0"?>...

The DOM Tree

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Using a DOM Tree

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DOM Parser DOM TreeXML File

API

Application

Node Navigation

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getFirstChild()

getPreviousSibling()

getChildNodes()

getNextSibling()

getLastChild()

getParentNode()

SAX vs DOM Parsing: Efficiency

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The DOM object built by DOM parsers is usually complicated and requires more memory storage than the XML file itself

A lot of time is spent on construction before use

For some very large documents, this may be impractical

SAX parsers store only local information that is encountered during the serial traversal

Hence, programming with SAX parsers is, in general, more efficient