ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY Instructor Terry Wiseth IMMUNE SYSTEM.

ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY

Instructor Terry Wiseth

IMMUNESYSTEM

IMMUNE SYSTEMTwo major categories of immune mechanisms

Nonspecific immunity Specific immunity

Nonspecific Immunityincludes mechanisms that resist a variety of

threatening agents or conditionsNonspecific Immunity means that these

immune mechanisms do not act on one or two specific invaders, but rather provide a more general defense by simply acting against any thing recognized as not self

Specific Immunityinvolves mechanisms that recognize specific

threatening agents and respond by targeting their activity against these specific agents

These mechanisms often take some time to recognize their targets and react with sufficient force to overcome the threat

Cells of Nonspecific Immunity

Natural-Killer (NK) cells Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages

Nonspecific Immunity

Skin and mucous membranesAntimicrobial substancesNatural Killer Cells (NK)PhagocytosisInflammationFever

Skin and Mucous Membranes

Internal environment of the human body is protected by a continuous mechanical barrier formed by the cutaneous membrane (skin) and mucous membranes

Skin and Mucous Membranes

Often called the first line of defense Besides forming a protective wall, the skin

and mucous membranes operate various additional immune mechanismsMechanical barriersChemical barriers

Mechanical and Chemical Barriers

SebumSebumContains pathogen-inhibiting agents

MucusMucusPathogens may stick and be swept awayViscosity inhibits microbe movements

EnzymesEnzymesMay hydrolyze pathogensLysozymes

Mechanical and Chemical Barriers

Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acidMay destroy pathogens

Sweat, tears, salivaSweat, tears, salivaDilution and washing actionAlso contain enzymes which inhibit

microbial growth

Nonspecific ImmunitySkin and mucous membranes

Antimicrobial substancesNatural Killer Cells (NK)PhagocytosisInflammationFever

Antimicrobial Substances

2nd line of defenseContained within blood and interstitial fluid

TransferrinsInterferonsComplement

Transferrins

Fe++ binding proteins in bloodInhibit microbial growth by binding free Fe++

in blood

Fe++ Transferrin

Interferons

Stimulates phagocytosisInhibits viral replication

Interferon Cells invaded by viruses may respond

rapidly by synthesizing the protein interferon and releasing it into circulation

Interferon interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease by preventing the viruses from multiplying in the cell

Interferon Interferon is produced within a cell that has

been invaded by a virusVirusVirus Anti viral proteinAnti viral protein

InterferonInterferon

Interferon

Intron AIntron AKaposis sarcomaGenital herpesHepatitis B and C

BetaseronBetaseronSlows progression of MS

Complement

Is the name given to each of a group of about twenty (20) inactive enzymes in the plasma

activated in a cascade of chemical reactions triggered by either specific or nonspecific mechanisms

Complement

Complement or enhance immune, allergic and inflammatory reactions

The complement cascade causes lysis of the foreign cell that triggered it

ComplementProteins are given names C1 through C9, B, D, PC3 activation is the key to the complement cascade

ComplementC3 activation may occur in two ways

Classical pathwayAlternative pathway

Classical PathwayComplexes formed between antibodies and

antigens of microbes

Alternative Pathway

Polysaccharides on microbes can directly trigger C3

Complement and Alzheimer’s Disease

Beta-amyloid is a peptide that is the major component of senile plaques within Alzheimer's disease brainsMay trigger an immune response that

significantly contributes to the disease process

Beta-amyloid binds very specifically to a protein which is part of the complementary protein group and activates the proteinThere is clear evidence of activated

complement proteins near senile plaques and on damaged neurons in Alzheimer's disease, and it appears that beta-amyloid triggers this response by its binding to complementary proteins

Complement proteins are usually released from liver cells but appear to originate in Alzheimer's disease brain from glial cells that surround senile plaquesIt is possible to inhibit the activation of

complement by beta-amyloid without affecting the ability ofcomplement to respondin the rest of the body

The results suggest that it may be possible to develop drugs which specifically inhibit complement activation in the Alzheimer's disease brain without causing general immune suppressionThere is increasing evidence that much of

the neuropathology seen in theAlzheimer's disease brainresults from a chronicimmunoinflammatoryreaction to senile plaques

Complement

Activated C3 will cascade the complement resulting in:Activation of the inflammatory responseOpsonizationCytolysis

Activation of Inflammatory

ResponseArteriole dilationCells release histamine

Increases capillary permeabilityEnhances WBC mobility

Complements act as chemostatic agents attracting other WBC

Opsonization

C3 coats the microbes and promotes phagocytosis

Opsonization

C3 coats the microbes and promotes phagocytosis

CytolysisNumerous complement proteins form a

membrane attack complex (MAC)Punches hole in the microbial membraneMicrobe ruptures

Skin and mucous membranesAntimicrobial substances

Natural Killer Cells (NK)PhagocytosisInflammationFever

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

3rd line of defensea group of lymphocytes that kill many

types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses

Found in the spleen, lymph nodes, red marrowLack antigen receptors

Release interferonsRelease perforins which cause cytolysis of

the microbe

Attack cells which lack MHC antigensNK cells are decreased in AIDS victims

Skin and mucous membranesAntimicrobial substancesNatural Killer Cells (NK)

PhagocytosisInflammationFever

Phagocytosis

Is the ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytesNeutrophils (phagocytes)Macrophage (scavenger)

Phagocytosis

Macrophages are phagocytic monocytes that have grown to several times their normal size after migrating out of the blood stream

Digestion and killingFuses lysozyme vesicles with engulfed

microbes in cytoplasmRelease defensinsActive against bacteria, fungi, viruses

Phagocytosis

Three phases to phagocytosisChemotaxisAdherenceIngestion

Chemotaxis

Kinins, microbial productsChemical attraction

Adherence

AttachmentOpsonization by complement assists

Ingestion

Engulf bacteria or antigen

Phagocytosis

Some microbes are ingested but not killedStaphylococcus produce toxins which kill

phagocytesTB multiply within the phagocytesTularemia and brucellosis may lie

dormant for months to years

Phagocytes The densest populations of phagocytes

occur in the bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen

From these structures, lymphocytes enter the blood and distribute themselves throughout the tissues of the body

Phagocytes

After wandering throughout the tissue spaces, they eventually make their way into lymphatic tissues

Lymph flow transports the lymphocytes through a succession of lymph nodes and lymph vessels and empties them into veins

Skin and mucous membranesAntimicrobial substancesNatural Killer Cells (NK)Phagocytosis

InflammationFever

Inflammatory Response

tissue damage elicits many responses that counteract the injury and promote a return to normal

Bacteria cause tissue damagestriggers the release of mediators from

cells such as mast cells found in connective tissue

Inflammation

Response to stress of tissue damageSymptoms include:

Loss of function in injured areaRednessPainHeatSwelling

InflammationInflammation helps to restore homeostasisStages of inflammation

1) vasodilation2) phagocyte migration3) tissue repair

VasodilationBlood vessels

Become more permeableDilate

Vasodilation

Increased blood flow

Allows defensive mediators to leave blood

InflammationDefensive mediators

Clot-forming chemicalsAntibodiesPhagocytes

InflammationHistamine released by injured cells brings

on vasodilationAlso attract phagocytes

Inflammation

Kinines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and complement promote actions of histamine

Kinins and prostaglandins induce pain associated with inflammation

Cytokines

Small protein homonesStimulate or inhibit growth or

differentiation of cellsSecreted by lymphocytes, APC,

fibroblast, endothelial cells, monocytes

Cytokine Function

Chemotactic factorsChemotactic factorsattracts macrophages causing hundreds

of then to migrate into the vicinity of the antigen bound, sensitized T-cells

Macrophage activating factorMacrophage activating factorcauses the macrophages to destroy

antigens by phagocytosing them at a rapid rate

LymphotoxinLymphotoxinpowerful poison that acts more directly,

quickly killing any cell it attacks

InflammationPus

Collection of dead cells, fluidsAbscess develops when pus cannot drain

awayPimples, boils

Inflammation

Phagocytes arrive about 1 hour after inflammationNeutrophils

Arrive firstDie quickly

MonocytesArrive after neutrophilsModify into macrophagesMore powerful and longer lived than

neutrophils

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)A skin disease characterized by itchy, red,

inflammed portions of the skinScientists have found that people with atopic

dermatitis have a low level of a cytokine (a protein) that is essential to the healthy function of the body's immune system and a high level of other cytokines that lead to allergic reactions

Skin and mucous membranesAntimicrobial substancesNatural Killer Cells (NK)PhagocytosisInflammation

FeverAbnormally high body temperatureBacterial toxins trigger release of interleukinInterleukins

Reset body thermostatsIntensify effects of interferons

Interleukin

Causes feverStimulates proliferation and activation

of:Helper T-cellsKiller T-cellsB-cells

Specific Immune System

The various types of specific immune mechanisms attack specific agents that the body recognizes as "not self"Antigens

Substances that are recognized as foreign and invoke an immune response

Two types of specific immune responses are mediated by two different types of cells

The two types of immune responses are:

1) Antibody mediated2) Cell mediated

Specific immunity is orchestrated by two different classes of lymphocytes

Cells of Specific Immunity

Lymphocytes are formed in red bone marrow and are derived from primitive cells called stem cells

Cells of Specific Immunity

Stem cells destined to become lymphocytes follow two developmental paths and differentiate into two major classes of lymphocytesB-lymphocytes or B-cells T-lymphocytes or T-cells

B CellsOriginate, mature and develop in bone marrow B-cells do not attack pathogens

Produce antibodies that attack pathogens or direct other cells, such as phagocytes, to attack them

B CellsB-cell mechanisms are often classified as

antibody-mediated-immunity (AMI) or humoral immunity

T Cells

Originate in bone marrow

Mature and develop in the thymus

T CellsProliferate into “killer” T-cells and

“helper” T-cellsAttack pathogens more directly

T CellsT-cell immune mechanisms are classified as

cell-mediated-immunity (CMI)

TWOTYPES OF SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONS

TWOTWOTYPES OF TYPES OF SPECIFIC SPECIFIC IMMUNE IMMUNE RESPONSRESPONS

Antibody Mediated Immunity

Functions in defense against:Dissolved antigensExtracellular pathogens

Bacteria

Humoral ResponseAntibody Mediated

Cell Mediated Immunity

Functions in defense against:Intracellular pathogens

Fungi, parasites, virusCancer cellsForeign tissues

Cell Mediated Immunity

Specific Immune Response

Antibody mediated and Cell mediated immune responses are very complex in how they function

Both responses involve common or similar process and factors

Antigens

Epitopes

Cytokines

Interleukins

Interferons

Perforins

Antibodies

B-cells

T-cells

Antigens

Substances which provoke the immune system

Antigens

May consist of:1) Microbes or parts of microbes2) Bacterial toxins3) Allergens

pollen, egg white, etc

Antigens

4) Transplanted tissue cells5) Large complex molecules

proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins

Antigens6) Some smaller substances can act as

antigens if combined with a body proteinEx. Lipid toxin can combine with body protein to form a complex which initiates immune response Poison ivy

Allergic reactions to drugsPenicillin

Antigens

7) Allergic reactions to chemicals in the environment

Non-antigenicLarge molecules that have simple

repeating units are not antigenic (cellulose, plastics)That is why plastics work as artificial

hearts and joints

EpitopesSpecific portions of antigens trigger

immune responsesImmune system capable of recognizing

at least a billion epitopes

EpitopesReceptor molecules complementary to

antigen epitopes are located on cell membrane of T-cells and B-cells

MHC Antigens Major histocompatibility complex

antigens are found on body cells

MHC AntigensUnique to the individualNumber in the thousandsMark body cells as “self”Help T-cells recognize foreign invadersFound on cell membranes

MHC –IMarkers of “self”Alert killer T-cells to presence of body

cells that have changed due to viral infection or transformed to cancer cells

MHC-IIB-cells, macrophagesMHC-II is combined with ingested

antigens and presented as a complex on the B-cell membrane to T-cells

Antigen

If foreign antigen is detected by B-cells and T-cells the immune response is initiatedB-cells can recognize and bind to

antigens in extracellular fluidsT-cells can recognize fragments of

antigen only if presented in association with MHC by antigen presenting cells (APC)

Antigen

Epitope binding and presentation of viral epitope

on MHC-1

Antigen

T-cell binding to MHC-1 molecule

Antigen

T-cell recognition of MHC-2 molecule

Antigen

B-cell activated antibody production

APC (Macrophages)After macrophages engulf antigen, pieces

of antigen are associated with MHC and subsequently presented as MHC-antigen complex on cell membrane

After antigen processing, APC cells migrate to lymphatic tissue and present MHC-antigen complex to T-cells

APC cells located inSkinRespiratoryUrinaryReproductive tractsLymph nodes

T-cellsT-cells with correctly shaped receptors that

match the presented MHC-antigen complex trigger:1) Cell-mediated immune response (CMI)2) Antibody-mediated immune response

Immune Activation

AntibodiesAntibodies are glycoproteins of the family

called immunoglobulins (Igs)

AntibodiesEach immunoglobulin molecule consists of

four polypeptide chains joined together by disulfide bonds (S-S)

AntibodiesEach polypeptide chain is folded to form

globular regions that are joined together in such a way that the whole molecule is Y-shaped

Antibodies

Each of us is thought normally to have millions of different kinds of antibody molecules in our bodies Each of these has its

own uniquely shaped combining sites

Antigen binding sites are in variable regions

AntibodiesIt is this structural feature that enables

antibodies to recognize and combine with specific antigens

both of which are crucial first steps in the body's defense against microbes and other foreign cells

Functions of Antibodies The function of antibody molecules is to

produce antibody-mediated immunityThis type of immunity is also called

humoral immunity because it occurs within the plasma

Antibodies

Antibodies function to:1) Neutralize toxins, viral attachments2) Immobilization of bacteria, flagella, cilia3) Agglutination, clumping of bacteria,

cells4) Activation of complement, classical

pathway5) Enhancing phagocytosis (opsinization)6) Provide fetal newborn immunity

Antibody Function

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Antibodies fight disease by distinguishing non-self antigens from self antigens

Recognition occurs when an antigen's epitopes fit into and bind to an antibody molecule's antigen-binding sites

The binding forms an antibody-antigen complex that may produce one or more effects It transforms antigens that are toxins into

harmless substancesIt agglutinates antigens that are

molecules on the surface of microorganisms which makes them stick together so phagocytes can engulf them

Neutralization of bacteria by antigen-antibody reactions

Classes of Antibodies There are five (5) classes of antibodies

identified by letter names as immunoglobulinsMGAED

Ig M (Immunoglobulin M)

5-10 % of IgsActivate complement Is the antibody that

immature B cells synthesize and insert into their plasma membranes

Is the predominate class of antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen in the blood

Ig G (Immunoglobulin G)

Most abundant circulating antibody

Normally makes up about 75% of the antibodies in the blood

Enhances phagocytosisAble to pass the placenta

from mother to fetusConfers immune

protection to newborn

Ig A (Immunoglobulin A)

Constitutes about 15%Major class of antibody present in the

mucous membranes of the body, in saliva, sweat, milk and in tears

Ig E (Immunoglobulin E)

Minor in amount (less than 0.1%)Can produce harmful effects such as those

associated with allergies and hypersensitivity

Ig D (Immunoglobulin D)

Constitutes less than 1%Activates B-cellsProtects against parasitic worms

B-Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

B-cells start their development in the embryonic yolk sac, then the red marrow or fetal liverBy the time a human infant is a few

months old, its pre-B-cells have completed the first stage of development Are then known asinactive B-cells

Inactive B-cells synthesize antibody molecules but secrete few if any of them Instead, they insert on the surface of their plasma

membranes perhaps 100,000 antibody moleculesThe combining sites of these surface antibody

molecules are now ready to serve as receptors for a specific antigen if it comes by

B-Cell Activation

After being released from the bone marrow, inactive B-cells circulate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid structures Occurs when the inactive B-cells become

activated

Activation of a B-cell must be initiated by an encounter between an inactive B-cell and its specific antigen

The antigen binds to these antibodies on the B-cell's surface

Antigen-antibody binding activates the B-cell triggering a rapid series of mitotic divisions

By dividing rapidly, a single B-cell produces a clone mass Some of them become differentiated to form plasma

cellsOthers do not differentiate completely and remain in

lymphatic tissue as memory B-cells

Plasma B-CellsPlasma cells synthesize and secrete large

amounts of antibody2000 molecules/sec for 4-5 days or until

plasma cell dies

Memory B-Cells

Memory B-cells do not themselves secrete antibodies

if they are later exposed to the antigen that triggered their formationmemory B-cells become

plasma cells and the plasma cells secrete antibodies that can combine with the initiating antigen

Memory B-Cells The ultimate function of B-cells is to serve as

ancestors of antibody-secreting plasma cells

Humoral Immunit

Humoral Immunity

T-Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity

T-cells are lymphocytes that have made a detour through the thymus gland before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen

During their residence in the thymus, pre-T-cells develop into thymocytes

T-Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity

Thymocytes divide up to three times/day and their numbers increase enormously in a relatively short period of time

They leave the thymus and move into the blood and take up residence in lymph nodes and spleennow are known as T-

Activation and Function of T-Cells

Each T-cell, like each B-cell, displays unique antigen receptors in its surface membrane

When an antigen (preprocessed and presented by macrophages) encounters a T-cell whose surface receptors fit the antigen's epitopes, the antigen binds to the T-cell's receptors

An antigen bound T-Cell activates or sensitizes the T-cell, causing it to divide repeatedly to form a clone of sensitized T-cells

The sensitized T-cells then travel to the site where the antigen originally entered the body

There in inflamed tissue, the sensitized T-cells bind to antigens of the same kind that led to their formationT-cells will bind to their

specific antigen only if the antigen is presented by a macrophage

The antigen-bound sensitized T-cells then release chemical messengers into the inflamed tissues called cytokines

Types of T-cells

Helper T-cellsKiller T-cellsSuppressor T-cellsMemory T-cells

Helper T-cellsTH

Cooperate with B-cell to amplify antibody production by plasma cells

Secrete interleukins which stimulates proliferation of T and B cells

Helper T-cellsTH

Cooperate with B-cell to amplify antibody production by plasma cells

Secrete interleukins which stimulates proliferation of T and B cells

Killer T-CellsTC

Cytotoxic , Killer T-cells

Killer T-CellsRecognize foreign antigens presented by:

1) body cells infected by virus2) some tumor cells3) cell of tissue transplant

Requires Helper T-cells to be activatedSensitized T-cells then release lymphotoxin

which kill target cells

Suppressor T-CellsTS

Inhibit proliferation of T-cellsDampens immune response

Memory T-CellsProgrammed to recognize original invading

antigensAble to initiate a swift reaction on

subsequent infections

T-Cell Summary

Animated slide show has 5 seconds between each slide

Slide show is over

Types of Specific Immunity

Inherited immunityImmunity to certain diseases develops

before birthAcquired immunity

Exposure to the causative agent is not deliberateNaturalArtificial

Natural Acquired ImmunityActive

A child develops measles and acquires an immunity to subsequent infection

PassiveA fetus receives

protection from themother through theplacenta, or an infantreceives protection byway of the mother's milk

Artificial Acquired Immunity

Exposure is deliberateActive

Injection of the causative agent, such as vaccination against polio, confers immunity

PassiveInjection of immunoglobulins

(antibodies) that were developed by another individual's immune system

Disorders of the Immune System

AIDSChronic Fatigue SyndromeSevere Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)Allergy Tissue RejectionHodgkin’s DiseaseAutoimmune Disease

LupusMultiple SclerosisMyasthenia GravisGraves Disease

HIV attack T-cells

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Extreme fatigueLowered levels of corticotropin releasing

hormone and cortisol

Both B-cells and T-cells are missing or inactive

Caused by mutated genesInfusions of red marrow from sibling provide

normal stem cellsDavid “bubble boy”

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Allergy

Overly reactive to antigen that is tolerated by most others

Type I Allergies

AnaphylaxisMost common allergic reactionCells release histamine which causes

bronchiole constrictionBee stingTreated with epinephrine

Type II AllergiesCytotoxicCells damaged by lysis

Incompatible transfusion reactions

Type III AllergiesImmune complexComplexes of antigen-antibody which are

small and escape phagocytosisAccumulate in blood vessel lining causing

inflammationRheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus,

glomerulonephritis

Type IV Allergies

Delayed type hypersensitivityCarried by macrophages which have been

activated by T-cellsSymptoms occur 12-72 hours after exposure

Skin tests for TB

Tissue RejectionImmune system recognizes transplanted

tissues as antigensImmunosuppressive drugs suppress entire

immune systemCyclosporin

Inhibits secretion ofinterleukins by HelperT-cells but does notimpact B-cells

Hodgkin’s Disease

Cancer usually arising in lymph nodesConsidered a curable disease

Lymph node Malignant cells

Autoimmune Disease

LupusMultiple Sclerosis

Myasthenia Gravis

Grave’s Disease

Inflammatory, non-contagious disease of connective tissue

Blood vessel damage results in release of chemicals causing inflammation

Skin lesions, rashes

Multiple Sclerosisimmune cells mistake myelin as a foreign

invader and attack itthe protective coating on nerve fibers (myelin)

becomes detached and eventually destroyedMS can affect vision, sensation, coordination,

movement and bladder and bowel control

Myasthenia GravisDisease affecting the neuromuscular

junction and producing weakness of voluntary muscles

Receptors for acetylcholine at the muscle surface are destroyed

Destroyed Ach

receptors

Healthy Ach

receptors

Myasthenia GravisVoluntary muscles of the eyes are

commonly affected

Three different serial pictures to demonstrate fatigue of eyelid muscles as the patient keeps looking up

After a few minutes of rest, the eyelids have returned to near-normal position

Grave’s DiseaseAntibodies are produced against certain

proteins on the surface of thyroid cellsStimulating those cells to overproduce

thyroid hormonesResults in an overactive thyroid

Grave’s DiseaseThe immune system also attacks the tissue

behind the eyes and the skin of the lower legsTissues behind the eye attract and hold waterWhen this happens, the tissues and muscles

swell, causing the eyeball to move forward in the orbit

EndImmune System

ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY Instructor Terry Wiseth IMMUNE SYSTEM.

Documents

Transcript of ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY Instructor Terry Wiseth IMMUNE SYSTEM.

NERVE TISSUE Part 1 Instructor Terry Wiseth ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.

Nature of The Immune System I. Historical Concepts II. Non-Specific Immunity Terry Kotrla, MS, MT(ASCP)BB.

ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY ACID BASE BALANCE Instructor Terry Wiseth.

NEXTPREVIOUS Instructor Terry Wiseth Genetics genes Genetics is the study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next. Characteristics.

1 ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY FLUID & ELECTROLYTES Part 1 Instructor Terry Wiseth.

HOMEOSTASIS & ORGAN SYSTEMS Instructor Terry Wiseth.

RESPIRATION LAB Instructor Terry Wiseth Click to go to Next Slide.

A&P URINARY SYSTEM Instructor Terry Wiseth. 2 Urinary Anatomy Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra.

DNA FINGERPRINTING Instructor Terry Wiseth NEXT SLIDE NEXT SLIDE.

Human Biology Instructor Terry Wiseth CELLFUNCTION.

Immune System & Infectious Diseases Integrative Immune ... · Immune System & Infectious Diseases Integrative Immune System Restorative Therapies Conrad LeBeau Founder, ... infectious

Eighth Edition - North Carolina Foundation for Alcohol and ......Professor Terry Wiseth, Northland College Courtesy of Thomas Deerinck, NCMIR/Photo Researchers, Inc. 13 All Addictive

1 ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY FLUID & ELECTROLYTES PART 2 Instructor Terry Wiseth.

ENYZYME LAB Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Function Anatomy & Physiology Instructor Terry Wiseth Northland College Click To Go To Next Slide.

Immune system. The main functions of the immune system Defense Autotolerance Immune surveillance The main functions of the immune system Immune system.

Unit 1 Nature of the Immune Response Part 5 Humoral Immune Response Terry Kotrla, MS, MT(ASCP)BB.

ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY FLUID & ELECTROLYTES Part 1 Instructor Terry Wiseth

Terry Kotrla, MS, MT(ASCP)BB Unit 1 Nature of the Immune System Part 9 Complement.

Ling 203 Assignment 4 Kelli Wiseth “Hurricane” as a source ...€¦ · Kelli Wiseth “Hurricane” as a source of metaphor ... It is wind speed or force (above 75 mph as a starting

NERVE TISSUE Part 2 NERVE TISSUE Part 2 Instructor Terry Wiseth ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.