TRAINEES HANDOUTS

ADVANCED TRAINING IN FIRE FIGHTING

CONSTANTA 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1-1 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 5 1.1-2 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 6 1.1-3 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 7 1.1-4 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 8 1.1-5 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 9 PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO FIRE............................................ 9 1.1-6 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 10 CONDITION FOR FIRE ........................................................................................ 10 1.1-7 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 11 THE FIRE SQUARE AND THE FIRE TRIANGLE ................................................. 11 1.1-8 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 12 COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE.............................................................................. 12 1.1-9 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 13 1.1-10 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 14 FIRE EXTINGUISHING-1...................................................................................... 14 1.1-11 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 15 FIRE EXTINGUISHING-2...................................................................................... 15 1.1-12 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 16 FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS ......................................................................... 16 1.1-13 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 17 SPREAD OF FIRE ................................................................................................ 17 1.1-14 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 18 MATERIAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................... 18 1.2-1 Areas of fire hazard...................................................................................... 19 Areas of fire hazard ............................................................................................... 19 1.2-2 Areas of fire hazard...................................................................................... 20 FIRE HAZARDS IN ENGINE-ROOM .................................................................... 20 1.2-3 Areas of fire hazard...................................................................................... 21 FIRE HAZARDS IN THE GALLEY: ....................................................................... 21 1.2-4 Areas of fire hazard...................................................................................... 22 FIRE HAZARDS IN ACCOMMODATION:............................................................. 22 1.2-5 Areas of fire hazard...................................................................................... 23 FIRE HAZARD FROM CARGOES: ....................................................................... 23 1.3-1 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 24 FIRE PRECAUTIONS: .......................................................................................... 24 

1.3-2 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 25 FIRE-FIGHTING PROCESS HAZARDS ............................................................... 25 1.3-3 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 26 FIRE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 26 1.3-4 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 27 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRES............................................................................. 27 1.3-5 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 28 APPROPRIATE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS........................................................ 28 1.4 Dry distillation .................................................................................................. 29 DRY DISTILLATION:............................................................................................. 29 1.5 Chemical reactions.......................................................................................... 30 CHEMICAL REACTIONS...................................................................................... 30 1.6 Boiler uptake fires and exhaust fires in prime movers and auxiliary exhausts. 31 BOILER UPTAKE FIRES ...................................................................................... 31 1.7 Fires in water-tube boilers ............................................................................... 32 FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS ...................................................................... 32 1.8-1 Tactics and procedure of fire control while ship is at sea ............................. 33 procedure of fire control while ship is at sea.......................................................... 33 1.8-2 Tactics and procedure of fire control while ship is at sea ............................. 34 DAMAGE CONTROL AND CONTAINMENT OF FIRE................................................... 34 1.9 Tactics and procedure of fire control while ship is in port ................................ 35 ADITIONAL procedure of fire control while ship is in port ..................................... 35 1.11 Tactics and procedure of fire control for oiL, chemical and gas tankers ........ 36 procedure of fire control for oiL, chemical and gas tankers ................................... 36 1.12-1 Use of water for fire extinguishing, the effect on stability, precautions and corrective procedures............................................................................................ 37 WATER THE MAIN FIRE-FIGHTING MEDIUM .................................................... 37 1.12-2 Use of water for fire extinguishing, the effect on stability, precautions and corrective procedures............................................................................................ 38 WATER DISADVANTAGES .................................................................................. 38 1.13-1 Communication and co-ordination during fire-fighting operations .............. 39 SHIP FIRE-FIGHTING ORGANIZATION................................................................. 39 1.13-2 Communication and co-ordination during fire-fighting operations .............. 40 INFORMATION TO BRIDGE................................................................................. 40 1.13-2 Communication and co-ordination during fire-fighting operations .............. 41 INFORMATION TO BRIDGE................................................................................. 41 1.17 Management and control of injured persons ................................................. 42 FIRST AID MAIN HAZARDS................................................................................. 42 2.2 Composition and allocation of personnel to fire parties ................................... 43 ORGANIZATION OF FIRE PARTIES.................................................................... 43 2.3-1 Training of seafarers in fire-fighting.............................................................. 44 TRAINING OF SEAFARERS................................................................................. 44 2.3-1 Training of seafarers in fire-fighting.............................................................. 45 TRAINING OF FIRE PARTIES.............................................................................. 45 2.5  Organization of fire and abandon ship drills ................................................ 46 FIRE DRILLS......................................................................................................... 46 

4.1-1 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 47 INVESTIGATION-1 ............................................................................................... 47 4.1-2 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 48 INVESTIGATION-2 ............................................................................................... 48 4.1-3 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 49 INVESTIGATION-3 ............................................................................................... 49 4.1-4 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 50 REPORT-1 ............................................................................................................ 50 4.1-5 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 51 REPORT-2 ............................................................................................................ 51 4.1-6 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 52 REPORT CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 52 

1.1-1 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION

1.1-2 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION

1.1-3 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION

1.1-4 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION

1.1-5 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO FIRE

1. Knowledge of fire theory 2. Regular training 3. Preparedness for fire emergency 4. Knowledge of escape routes 5. Knowledge of dangers 6. Regular inspection and maintenance

1.1-6 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

CONDITION FOR FIRE

ATOMS MOLECULES

O - Oxygen O2 - Oxygen gas

C - Carbon CH4 - Methane ga

H - Hydrogen H2O - Water

N - Nitrogen NH3 - Ammonia

OXIDATION: CHEMICAL REACTION (COMBUSTION) WITH OXYGEN

GENERATES HEAT OXIDATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE: CREATES LIGHT

(FIRE)

1.1-7 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

THE FIRE SQUARE AND THE FIRE TRIANGLE

1.1-8 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE

COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE: CONTAINS CARBON AND HYDROGEN

OXYGEN: AIR CONTAINS 21 PER CENT BY VOLUME

HEAT: FLAMMABILITY OF THE COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE DECIDES AMOUNT OF HEAT TO OBTAIN IGNITION

CHAIN REACTION: EXOTHERMIC REACTION, GENERATES HEAT

1.1-9 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

CONDITION FOR FIRE

1.1-10 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

FIRE EXTINGUISHING-1

COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE: SEPARATING, COVERING, REMOVING

OXYGEN: SMOTHERING, COVERING

HEAT: COOLING

CHAIN REACTION: INHIBITING

1.1-11 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

FIRE EXTINGUISHING-2

1.1-12 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

1.1-13 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

SPREAD OF FIRE

1. Conduction 2. Radiation 3. Heat flow 4. Convection currents

1.1-14 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND PRINCIPLES

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

1. Flammability 2. Ignition point 3. Burning temperature 4. Burning speed 5. Thermal value 6. Lower flammable limit (LFL) 7. Upper flammable limit (UFL) 8. Flammable range 9. Flashpoint 10. Autoignition

1.2-1 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

1. MACHINERY SPACES 2. ACCOMMODATION 3. GALLEYS 4. RADIO ROOM, BATTERY ROOM AND

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 5. CARGO HOLDS 6. STORE ROOMS

Causes

1. Containment 2. Detection 3. Fire-fighting

1.2-2 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARDS IN ENGINE-ROOM

1. Combustible liquids 2. Oil-soaked insulation 3. Hot surfaces 4. Hot work

1.2-3 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARDS IN THE GALLEY:

1. Combustible liquids 2. Hot surfaces 3. Electrical equipment

1.2-4 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARDS IN ACCOMMODATION:

1. Combustible materials 2. Cigarette smoking 3. Electrical equipment

1.2-5 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARD FROM CARGOES:

1. Spontaneous combustion 2. Oxidizing cargoes 3. Compressed flammable gas 4. Reactive cargoes 5. Explosives

1.3-1 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS:

1. Constructional provisions 2. Fire-fighting equipment and systems 3. Operations 4. Organization 5. Procedures at repair yard

1.3-2 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE-FIGHTING PROCESS HAZARDS

1. DRY DISTILLATION 2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS 3. BOILER UPTAKE FIRES 4. FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS

1.3-3 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE DEVELOPMENT

1. Ignition (incipient) 2. Developing (surface) 3. Absolute (deep-seated) 4. Burning out

1.3-4 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRES

IS03941/EN2 NFPA10

A Fixed materialsA

B Liquids

B C Gases

- Energized electrical equipment C

D Metals D

1.3-5 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

APPROPRIATE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

1.4 DRY DISTILLATION

DRY DISTILLATION:

1. Burning with insufficient oxygen 2. Incomplete combustion

Example:

Fire inside a closed cabin Special fire-fighting technique required

1.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS Some chemicals may react with fire-fighting media Effects:

- Explosion - Spontaneous combustion - Toxic fumes, smoke

1.6 BOILER UPTAKE FIRES AND EXHAUST FIRES IN PRIME MOVERS AND

AUXILIARY EXHAUSTS

BOILER UPTAKE FIRES

1. In exhaust pipes, economizers, waste-heat boilers

2. Caused by carbon deposits 3. Difficult and hazardous firefighting 4. Correct procedure for containing and

extinguishing the fire

1.7 FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS

FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS

1. Iron-in-steam fire 2. Below 700 °C, use fire-fighting

procedure 3. Above 700 "C, use procedure for

containing and extinguishing

1.8-1 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS AT SEA

PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS AT SEA

1. Fire alarm initiated 2. Crew assembled at fire stations 3. Fire parties assembled and

prepared for action 4. Ship's course and speed altered 5. Fire pumps started 6. Fire fighting initiated

1.8-2 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS AT SEA

DAMAGE CONTROL AND CONTAINMENT OF FIRE

1. Bridge-operated watertight doors and fire doors

2. Stopping of ventilation fans 3. Closing of fire dampers 4. Closing of windows and portholes 5. Turning ship 6. Cooling hot spots 7. Fire-watch

1.9 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS IN PORT

ADITIONAL PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS IN PORT

1. Call the port fire brigade 2. Inform port authority 3. Confirm that the master is in charge 4. Confirm that port fire brigade will

take charge 5. Port authority to inform of hazards to

the dock installations 6. Evacuate non-essential personnel

1.11 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL FOR OIL, CHEMICAL AND GAS

TANKERS

PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL FOR OIL, CHEMICAL AND GAS TANKERS

1. Fixed fire-extinguishing system in pump room

2. Foam system on deck 3. Inert-gas system in cargo tanks 4. Isolation valves in fire main 5. Identified gas-dangerous spaces 6. Strict segregation between areas

1.12-1 USE OF WATER FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING, THE EFFECT ON STABILITY, PRECAUTIONS AND

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES

WATER THE MAIN FIRE-FIGHTING MEDIUM

1. Available 2. Cooling effect 3. Smothering action of water and

steam

1.12-2 USE OF WATER FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING, THE EFFECT ON STABILITY, PRECAUTIONS AND

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES

WATER DISADVANTAGES

1. Water damage 2. Endangering stability 3. Danger to electrical systems 4. Danger to some cargoes

1.13-1 COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION DURING FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATIONS

SHIP FIRE-FIGHTING ORGANIZATION

1. Control station on bridge 2. The master is in charge 3. Fire officers communicate with the

bridge 4. Methods of damage control and

containment 5. Monitoring of ship stability 6. Organization of fire parties

1.13-2 COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION DURING FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATIONS

INFORMATION TO BRIDGE

1. Time of fire alarm 2. Position and nature of fire 3. Information on fire parties 4. Pressurization of fire main 5. Reports on fire fighting 6. Effect of fire 7. Persons unaccounted for

1.13-2 COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION DURING FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATIONS

INFORMATION TO BRIDGE

1. Arrangement drawings 2. Details of accesses and escapes 3. Details of fire-extinguishing

equipment 4. Stability information 5. Survival equipment 6. Stowage plans 7. Information on dangerous goods

1.17 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF INJURED PERSONS

FIRST AID MAIN HAZARDS

1. Asphyxiation (oxygen shortage) 2. Poisoning 3. (CO, toxic gases) 4. Damaged tissues 5. Burnt skin 6. Pain 7. Secondary shock

2.2 COMPOSITION AND ALLOCATION OF PERSONNEL TO FIRE PARTIES

ORGANIZATION OF FIRE PARTIES

1. Identification of a fire party 2. Identification of each member of a

fire party 3. Co-operation between members 4. Duties of each fire party

2.3-1 TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FIRE-FIGHTING

TRAINING OF SEAFARERS

ON BOARD TRAINING:

1. Location and use of fire extinguishers

2. Location and use of fixed fire-extinguishing appliances

3. Location and use of fireman's outfit

2.3-1 TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FIRE-FIGHTING

TRAINING OF FIRE PARTIES

1. Duties of each fire party 2. Duties of each member of a fire

party 3. Exercises, including first-aid

2.5 ORGANIZATION OF FIRE AND ABANDON SHIP DRILLS

FIRE DRILLS

1. Emergency generator 2. Emergency fire pump 3. Emergency bilge pump 4. Emergency shut-off controls 5. Finding the way in smoke 6. Finding and removing casualties 7. UseofCABA 8. Simulated fires

4.1-1 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

INVESTIGATION-1

1. How the fire was discovered 2. The time at which the fire alarm was

given 3. How the alarm was given 4. The time at which the master or other

officer was informed 5. The position and nature of the fire 6. Who was first on the scene 7. What actions were taken for the iniţial

attempt to extinguish the fire

4.1-2 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

INVESTIGATION-2

8. How many firefighter's outfits with compressed air operated breathing apparatus (CABA) were used

9. What appliances were used, both portable and fixed

10. What manpower was used 11. At what time the fire was extinguished 12. The number of casualties, with details

of those injured and the nature of injuries 13. What damage was caused, including

any to the structure and fittings of the ship

4.1-3 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

INVESTIGATION-3

14. An estimate of what proportion of the damage was caused by the fire extinguishing media, e.g. Water or foam, as compared to that directly caused by the fire

15. For how long after the fire was extinguished was a fire watch maintained

16. To what extent the ship or any part of it, e.g. The engine room, was immobilized because of the fire

17. An analysis of the fire, the materials which were burning, the known or probable source of ignition and the cause

18. Conclusions on the cause of the fire and recommendations for avoiding a recurrence

4.1-4 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

REPORT-1

The report on the investigation will include these details of the fire-fighting procedures:

1. the occurrence and a timetable of the fire

2. the actions taken and the time of each action

3. the facts concerning the fire, including its site, materials and ignition

4. the fire-extinguishing appliances required for fighting the fire and the numbers of each type used

4.1-5 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

REPORT-2

5. the number of crew and shore firemen (if appropriate) engaged in fighting the fire

6. the number of firefighter's outfits and CABA used

7. the damage caused by the fire 8. the damage caused by the fire-

extinguishing media 9. the extent to which the ship or its

services were immobilized by the fire

4.1-6 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

REPORT CONCLUSION

The conclusions from the facts established, including:

1. an analysis and discussion of the facts

2. the conclusions reached from this analysis and discussion

3. recommendations on the actions required to avoid a recurrence

4. recommendations, if any, to improve fire prevention and fire-fighting procedures