Post on 27-Mar-2020
a ~ h e Nautical
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN
COLLECTING EVIDENCE
- IN LIGHT OF ISM Third edition
A PRACTICAL GUIDE
by Dr Phi1 Anderson BA (Hons)
DProf FNI MEW1 AMAE Master Mariner
Foreword by Sir Anthony Clarke
Master of The Rolls
CONTENTS
Foreword I: by G.R.A. Darling RD QC ................................................... vii
... Foreword 11: by the Honourable Mr. Justice Clarke .................................. vlii
Admiralty Judge, The Royal Courts of Justice, London
Foreword 111: by Captain E.H. Beetham FRSA FNI .................................... X President of The Nautical Institute
...................... Foreword IV: by the Right Honourable Sir Anthony Clarke xii
Master of the Rolls, The Royal Courts of Justice, London
... .............................................. Acknowledgement to previous contributors xlii
i% Master's Role in Collecting Evidence (First Edition) and
TAe Mariner's Role in Collecting Evidence (Second Edition)
How to use this book ........................................................................... xv
Part A - GENERAL GUIDANCE Introduction ....................................................................... 1
Background ............................................................................... 4
................................................................... Layout of this book 7
............................................................................... Guidelines 9
What is evidence? .................................................................... 10
Why should evidence be collected? ......................................... 12
........... Who should collect the evidence? - the lawyer's role 13
........ Who should collect the evidence? - the mariner's role 13
When should evidence be collected? ....................................... 15
......... What evidence should be available - in light of ISM? 16
In the office ashore ............................................................. 19
Onboard ship .................................................................. 20
What evidence should be available - proactive
evidence production ........................................................... 23
Operational records ......................................................... 23
Log books ........................................................................... 23
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE iii
Automatically recorded data ............................................. 24
Informal notes and diaries ......................................... 25
Written procedures .......................................................... 26
External audits .................................................................. 26
..... Internal audits. master's review and company reviews 27
What evidence should be available .
reactive evidence production and collection ...................... 27 Photographs and videos ................................................... 27
Master's reports .............................................................. 28
How will the evidence be used -- in criminal actions? ......... 28
How will the evidence be used -- in civil actions? ................ 29
How will the evidence be used .
In flag State accident investigations? ................................ 30
In safety investigations? ..................................................... 30
In ISM verification / inspections? .................................... 32
In port State control inspections? ..................................... 34
The duty of discovery .......................................................... 38
The doctrine of privilege ................................................... 38
Legal professional privilege ................................................... 38
Self-incriminating documents ......................................... 39
Taking statements ................................................................. 39
Hazardous occurrences, near misses and non-conformities . 4 1
Dealing with the media ......................................................... 42
Giving evidence ..................................................................... 42
Conclusion ....................................................................... 45
Part B . INCIDENT CATEGORIES Producing. collecting and preserving evidence
Chapter One . Cargo related incidents
General introduction ....................................................... 4 9
Cargo damage, loss or shortage ............................................ 49
General Average ................................................................. 68
Salvage ................................................................................. 7 6
........... Cargo responsibility clauses - charterparty disputes 89
iv THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
Chapter Two . Ship related incidents
General introduction ............................................................ 98
Collisions ............................................................... , . , ........... 101
Contacts and damage to property ....................................... 116
Non-contact damage ......................................................... 123
Groundings. strandings and founderings ............................ 131
Hull and machinery . Damage or failure of ship
and / or its own equipment ............................................. 143
Fire / explosion ................................................................ 153
Chapter Three . People related incidents
General introduction ............................................................. 158
Personal injuries .......................................................... , . , . 158
Crew ........................................................................... 162
Passengers ..................................................................... 17 1
Third parties ................................................................... 177
Illness ............................................................................... 183
Crew ........................................................................ 184
Passengers ..................................................................... 187
Third parties .......................................................... , ........ 190
Employment - Labour disputes and disciplinary
procedures ...................................................................... 193
Trade disputes ........................................ , ....................... 193
Disciplinary procedures .................................................. 196
Drug smuggling - United States' policy ....................... 198
Stowaways ......................................................................... 204
Refugees .............................................................................. 217
Piracy ............................................................ .................... 221
Chapter Four . Environment related incidents
General introduction ......................................................... 229
Oil pollution .................................................................. 233
Cargo related .............................................................. 234
Bunker related ......................................................... 243
............................... Pollution -- Noxious liquid substances 251
Other pollution incidents .................................................... 258
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE v
Harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form .... 258
Sewage ......................................................................... 260
Garbage ......................................................................... 260
Air pollution ................................................................. 261
Postscript ....................................................................... 262
Chapter Five - Commercial / operational related incidents General introduction ..................................................... 263
Under-performance and over-consumption ................. ...... 263
Bunker quality ................................................................ 267
Unsafe ports and berths ...................................................... 276
Part C - CODES and REPORTS
C 1 The International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships
and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety Management (ISM) Code)
- IMO Resolution A. 74 l(18) as amended by MSC. 104(73) . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... 290
C2 IMO Resolution A.849(20) - The Code for the Investigation of Marine
Casualties and Incidents ....................... .. .............................................. 299
C3 IMO Resolution A.884(2 1) - Amendments to the Code for the
Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents ........................................ 3 17
C4 MSC Circ.953/Mepc Circ.372 - Reports on Marine Casualties and
Incidents - Revised harmonised reporting procedures - Reports required
under SOLAS regulation 1/21 and MARPOL 73/78 articles 8 and 12 ...... 353
vi THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
INDEX
blacking ................................................. 195
............................ absence without leave 197 accident ............... 22. 41. 57. 103. 233. 294
causation and generic error-modelling ............... system (GEMS) frameworks 33 1
investigations ...................................... 167 .................................................. reports 39
follow up ........................................... 32 initial ................................................. 3 l
accurate accounts ............................................... 13 records ................................................ 262
active monitoring .................................... 72 addressing the judge ................................ 45 administration ....................................... 290 Admiraltv
Court .................................................... 18 Judge .............................................. 18. 84
air pollution ........................................... 26 l allegation of negligence ........................ 178 allision ................................................... 10 1 alternative dispute resolution .................. 29 analysis .................................................. 328
marine casualties and incidents .......... 319 Anderson, Dr. Phil .................................... 2 anniversary date .................................... 29 1 approach voyage ................................... 281 arbitration ..................................... 266, 285 arbitrator ........................................... 6 7 7 areas of human factors inquiry ............. 170 armed robbery ...................................... 22 l arrest order ............................................ 129
................................ Athens Convention 17 1 ..................................................... auditor 33
audit trail ......................... 2 l, 1 17, 166, 246 Australian
Maritime Safety Authority ................. 262 Quarantine Inspection Service .......... 262
autopsy .................................................. 183 average
adjuster ........................................... 70. 72 adjustment ............................................ 70
.................................. documentation 73 awards for personal injury ..................... 158
balance of probabilities ........................... 12 barratry ................................................. 144 berth ...................................................... 283
................................ bill of lading 49, 53. 89 BIMCO Uniform General Charter ........ 89
blue certificate ....................................... 195 bridge
Procedures Guide ................................. 87 team management ............................. 103
bunker procedures .......................................... 250 quality ................................................ 267 suppliers ............................................. 267 transfers .............................................. 244
California Block Stowage method .......... 96 cargo
cause of damage .................................. 58 ...................... damage, loss or shortage 49
handling operations ............................. 52 ................................................ manifest 54
................................ operations manual 57 ....................................... related claims 49
responsibility clause .................. 89, 92, 94 ................................... securing manual 57
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act ................ 56 carriage of illicit drugs .......................... 198 Carriers Initiative Agreement ............... 199 case study ..... 66, 74, 83, 96, 114, 122, 129,
138, 149, 157, 170, 175, 182, 186, .............. 189, 192, 214, 219, 241, 250,257, 261, ......
266, 275, 285 ............................................... casualty
data .................................................... 360 ..................................... preliminary 359
.......................................... less serious 353 to ships ............................................... 231
CCTV recording ................................... 225 Certificate of Competency ................ 30, 98
validity ................................................ 20 certification and verification .................. 295 charterparty ............................... 49, 52, 195
................................................. disputes 89 specification ........................................ 275
Chatterjee, Ajoy ........................................ 2 checklists ........................................ 234, 244 circumstantial evidence ........................... 11 civil
actions ................................................ 29 engineers ............................................ 119 procedure rules ..................................... 29 trial ...................................................... 10
......................................... class certificate 58 ............................... Classification Society 87
.............................................. surveyor l45
388 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
surveys .................................................... 7 clean-up operations ............................... 244 co-operation between States ................. 300 Code
Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents ..... 229. 300. 3 17. 35 1. 352. 356 Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seafarers ...................................... 14. 165
......................... collective trade disputes 193 collision ................................................... 82
definition ............................................ 10 1 COLREGS ..................................... 14. 101
............................ COM/Circ.70/Rev. l 353 commercial
and operational incidents ................... 263 disputes ............................................... 264
common approach to marine casualty
...................................... investigations 300 format for reports ............................... 301 human element terms ........................ 319
Commonwealth Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act ......................................................... 262 company .............................................. 290
............................. management review 20 safety and environmental policy ........ 165
........................ safe working practices 165 .............................. standing instructions 9
verification. review and evaluation ...... 58 ............................... compensation .164. 1 7 1
............................. conceptual background 8 condition survey .................................... 145 conducting interviews ............................ 324 conflicting demands upon witnesses ...... 305 conflict with obligations .......................... 93 congested waters ................................... 106
..................................... Consular Office 305 contact between Administrations .......... 307 contaminants ......................................... 267 contemporaneous
evidence ..... 14. 15.53.61. 119.233. 276 record ......................................... 101. 264
contents of reports ................................ 307 contract of carriage ................... 54. 89. 2 19 contractual
........................................ obligations 1 4 . . proms~ons ............................................. 52 corrective action .................................... 233 counter piracy procedures ..................... 22 1 crew . . . injunes ............................................. 162
relationships ....................................... 340 ........................ resource management 103
criminal
.................................................. actions 28 ....................................................... trial 10
............................ cross-examination 45,197
damage ................................................... cards 370
......................................... to property 116 ............................... to the environment 78
.................................... dangerous goods 368 ................................ de-briefing meetings 22
dealing with the media ............................ 42 ................................................. deductibles 1
demise charters ........................................ 89 ...................... Department for Transport 31
designated person .................... 18. 165. 292 ........................................ detention order 37
disciplinary procedures ................. 196. 203 ................................................ dismissal 196
diversion expenses ......................... 187. 214 ................................ doctrine of privilege 38
...................... documentary evidence 11. 58 documented procedures .................. 7 1 0 4 2. Document of Compliance 15.26.290. 295
.............................. documents and data 294 draft surveys ............................................ 54 drinking water contamination ............... 192 drug
.............................. and alcohol policy 203 on a merchant ship
US law ............................................ 198 ........................................... smugglers 198 ................................... smuggling 193. 203
........................................ US policy 198 due diligence .4. 12.27.49. 50.66. 70. 139 duty
............................................ of care 4,177 of discovery .......................................... 38
............................... of utmost good faith 4
economical speed .................................. 264 .............................. ejusdem generis rule 123
electronic data collection tools ................ 25 emergency
actions ................................................ 294 contingency plan ................................ 262 party ................................................ 182
............................ preparedness 57, 7 1, 79 endorsement .................................... 3 5 2 enforcement agencies ............................ 262
................. entry into an enclosed space 183 .......................................... environment 333
environmental-protection policy ........... 292
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 389
equipment ........................ automation/reliability 340
....................................... maintenance 294 ERIKA 3 ....................................... 229. 233 error of navigation defence ..................... 18 error or violation type ........................... 335 Eurasian Dream ............ 20. 56. 58. 71. 79. 93
..................................... European Union 2 1 .............................................. evaluation 295
event recorder ......................................... 24 ................................................... evidence 5 l
................................... after a collision 105 direct or real ......................................... 10
................................................... expert 12 . . ................................................. hearsay 1 I in mitigation ...................................... 243
....................................... mariner's role 13 obiective ......................................... 6 291 . J
........................................... prima facie 1 1 proactive ............................................... 23
................................................. reactive 2 7 reauired ...................... 125, 148, 155, 167 second hand ......................................... 1 1 ....
.................................................... use of 30 when to collect ..................................... 15
excessive hours ...................................... 258 ........................... experienced personnel 132
expert surveyors .................................... 119 external audit .......................................... 26
........................................ Exxon k I d e t ... 229
fact-finding ........................................... 323 .................................................. fact of life 1
..................................... faking an injury 1 7 1 ........................................... falsifications 242
fast track system for claims ...................... 30 fatigue ......................................... 258. 380
....................................... fault and privity 27 fighting ............................................... 197
.......................... figures as per shore tally 53 ........................................................... fire 82
casualty .................................... classification 378
............................................. record 375 ............................. explosion incidents 153 ............................... fighting equipment 58
.................................. first aid treatment 178 ................................ first hand evidence 173
fishing expedition ...................................... 3 ...................................................... fixture 50
........................ flag State Administration 98 ......................................... investigator 168
formal
.............................................. warning 196 foundering .......................................... 131
.............................................. foyboatmen 76 fuel
........................... analysis laboratories 269 ....................................... consumption . . 264
.................................... contaminahon 275 oil
sealed sample .................................. 275 specifications ...................................... 268
G.A. adjuster / surveyor .......................... 70 .................................................. garbage 260
............................................. pollution 261 ........................................ record book 261
GEMS framework ................................. 334 general
.......................................... cleanliness 187 ............................. emergency stations 219
general average .................................. 4 6 8 .......................................... assessment 69
........................................ contributions 76 ........................................... declaration 70
........................................ incident 69. 131 ............................ losses or expenditure 70
.................................................. process 72 security ................................................. 75
............................................... surveyors 73 ........................................ giving evidence 42
GMDSS casualty report ........................ 379 goal setting management tool ................... 4
................ governing contract of carriage 49 ....................................... grounding 8 l 13 1 ................................................... guidelines 9
................ disembarkation of refugees 217 investigation of human factors in marine
...................... casualties and incidents 317
H&M insurance .......................................... 123 ~olicv .................................................. 223 . .
....................................... underwriters 153 ................ Hague-Visby Rules 12. 50. 55. 89
........................ Hague Rules 20. 50. 66. 219 ....................................... Hamburg Rules 50
hardware ........................................... 333 harmful substances
........ carried by sea in packaged form 258 ............................. incidental spillages 382
haven ................................................. . 229 hazardous
........ occurrences 19, 22,41, 57, 103, 233
390 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
............................................ situations 294 .................................... head charterparty 76
Health Protection and Medical Care (Seafarers) Convention .......................... 185 Hill Taylor Dickinson
solicitors ............................................... 29 hospitalisation ........................................ 184
................................... hostile questioning 43 hot work ................................................ 155 hull and machinery ............................... 143
underwriters ......................................... 98 human
element terms ..................................... 342 ..................... error 88, 1 17, 132, 237, 253
factor frameworks ...................................... 320 . . ~nquiry areas ................................... 3 19 investigation process ........................ 33 1 involvement ..................................... 23 l
hygiene .................................................. 187
I
IACS procedural requirements for ISM Code
.......................................... certification 47 procedure for training and qualification
.......................... of ISM Code auditors 47 illegal immigrants .......................... 206. 220 illness ..................................................... 183
third parties ........................................ 190 ILO ....................................................... 303
Convention 134 of 1970 ...................... 46 ...................... Convention 147 of 1978 46
Recommendation R 142 ...................... 46 ILO/IMO process for investigating human factors .................................................... 3 19 IMB Special Report on Piracy and Armed Robbery ................................................. 222
..................................... IMDG labelling 157 IMO ...................................... 227, 303, 306
....................................... damage card 1 14 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 . 47 International Convention on Load Lines. 1966 ..................................................... 47 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 ....... 47 Model Course 3.1 1 .............................. 46
..................................... MSC/Circ.224 46
..................................... MSC/Circ.388 46
..................................... MSC/Circ.433 46 MSC/Circ.62 1 ..................................... 46 MSC/Circ.622/Rev. l .......................... 47
MSC/Circ.623/Rev.3 .................. 47. 222 ..................... MSCICirc.953 47. 1 14. 138
report format ...................................... 228 Resolution A.3222(IX) ......................... 46 Resolution A.44O(XI) ........................... 46 Resolution A.442W) ........................... 46 Resolution A.443(XI) ......................... 290 Resolution A.637(16) ............................ 46 Resolution A.680(17) .......................... 290 Resolution A.847(20) Guidelines to Assist
............................................. flag States 47 Resolution A.849(20) .................. 46, 229, ........................................... 231, 317, 351
Resolution A.86 l(20) ............................ 25 Resolution A.884(2 1) ............ 46, 170, 348 SOLAS, 1974 ....................................... 46 The Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
..................... Pollution Casualties 1969 47 inadequate hydrographic information .. 278 incident
................................................ range of 98 reporting form ...................................... 32 safety investigation ............................. 302
indemnity proceedings ............................ 52 ..................................... industrial action 193
informal contemporaneous notes ....................... 25 warning .............................................. 196
inspection ........................................... Coast Guard 1
port State control ................................... 1 Institute of Marine Engineers (India) ....... 2 institute warranty limits ........................ 285 intact stability casualty record ............... 372 interim
certification ........................................ 296 Document of Compliance ................. 295 Safety Management Certificate ......... 297
internal and external audits ................................. 6
..................................................... audit 19 reports ............................................. 142
safety audits .................................. 27, 295 International
Chamber of Shipping .......................... 87 guidelines ........................................ 199
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ........................... 299 Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea .................................................. 299 Convention on Load Lines ................ 299
.................. Maritime Organization 2, 299 Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) Certificate ................................... 238, 248
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 391
Safety Management (ISM) ................................... Code 1 6 199. 290
Ship and Port Security (ISPS) ........................................... Code 2 0 22 1
........... Transport Workers Federation 193 ............................................... interpreter 41
interviewing ............................................ techniques 39
................... ten useful commandments 40 investigating for human factors ............. 337 investigation
................................................... coroner 1 ......................................... parameters 304
...................................................... police 1 procedures and techniques ................. 320
...................................................... safety 1 ............................................. sequence 322
................................................. timing 32 l ............................... irrelevant procedures 2 l
ISGOTT recommendations ................. 243 ISM
............................................ consultants 17 ...................................... implications 8, 5 1
.................................... internal audits 183 safety management system ................. 234 systems ................................................. 22
............................................ verification 32 ISM Code ............. 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, ................ 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, ................ 32, 33, 35, 41, 45, 46, 47, 51, 56, ............ 57, 7 1, 78, 79, 88, 93, 99, 107, 11 7, .............. 124, 132, 147, 148, 163, 164, 165, .............. 171, 178, 184, 188, 199, 200, 209, ....... 210,263, 267, 279,289, 290,308, 325
Instructions for the Guidance of .............................................. Surveyors 46 ........................ objectives 57, 79, 17 1, 291
ISPS ......................................................... 14 Code ................................................... 215 procedures .......................................... 204
................................................... systems 6 ITF
affiliated trade union .......................... 195 ................................................ boycott 195
........................... collective agreement 195 ............................................... disputes 195
K
key shipboard operations ............... 57. 103. 1 18. 237. 293 ...............................................
Kidman. Peter ..................................... 2 34
labour disputes ...................................... 202
...................... disciplinary procedures 193 ....................................................... lapse 336
............................................. lawyer's role 13 ................................................... laytime 195
.............................................. leadership 200 .................. lead investigating State 302. 304
learning opportunities ............................. 41 legal
................................................... disputes 1 .......................................... obligations 221
L.
................................................ ~rivilege 13 ............................ professional privilege 38
.................................... representation 236 ............................. Legionnaires Disease 183
...................................... letter of protest 192 liberty to deviate ...................................... 54 like good order and condition ................. 55
...................... limitation of liability 102, 117 liveware ................................................. 332 living conditions .................................... 341)
......................... Lloyd's Open Form 77, 150 local
.................................... law and custom 72 ................... laws, custom and practices 52
log books ................................................. 23 ................... London Salvage Convention 77
............................................... lux meter 172
MAIB .......... Incident Report Form 46. 107. 158
...................................... Safety Digest 171 ......................... main engine breakdown 81
maintenance records ...................... ... ...... 23 major
................................................. casualty 15 . . .................................................. injury 161 management reviews ............................... 27 manning levels ............................... 257. 340 manual
Procedures .............................................. 2 .............................. Safety Management 2
marine ............. Accident Investigation Branch 30
............................................... casualty 301 .................................... analysis 299, 303
supplementary information ......... 367 ................................. human factors 318
investigation ........................................ conduct 303 ....................................... objective 301
investigator ...................................... 302 ..................................... reports 306. 357
Environment Protection ......................... Committee 300. 3 17. 353
392 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
Guidance Note MGN 289 ................. 161 incident ...................................... 302. 353 pollutants in packaged form ............... 368
Maritime and Coastguard Agency .. 3 1. 165 enforcement unit .................................. 28
Maritime Safety Committee . 300. 3 17. 353 maritime solicitors ................................... 75 MARPOL 73/78 ................... 14. 229. 233. ....................... 235. 237. 245. 253. 350. 353 master
formal warning .................................. 196 pilot relationship ................................ 1 17 report ..................................... 38. 58. 134 responsibility ...................................... 292 reviews .................................................. 2 7 role ....................................................... 74 standing orders ................................... 340 written reprimand .............................. 196
mate's receipt ........................................... 54 medical
advice ................................................. 162 assistance ........................................... 1 78 fit seafarers ......................................... 184
MEPC Circ.3 18 ............................................. 353 Circ.333 ..................................... 352, 353 Circ.372 ..................................... 138. 154
Merchant Navy Code of Conduct ............................... 196
Merchant Shipping (Accident Reporting and Investigation) Regulations ................................. 161. 170 (Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen) Regulations ......... 163 (Health and Safety at Work) Regulations ....................................... 162 (Minimum Standards) Convention .... 348 Acts ................................................ 30, 39 and Fishing Vessels (Health and Safety at Work) Regulations ........................ 2 1, 153
MGN 289 ................................................ 3 l mistakes ........................................... 88. 336 model forms ......................................... 298 mooring arrangements .......................... 282 movement books ................................... 104 MSC
59/33 ................................................. 353 Circ.224 ............................................. 353
............................................. Circ.433 353
............................................. Circ.559 353 Circ.621 ..................................... 35 1 353 Circ.781/ MEPC.6/Circ.2 ................ 305 Circ.827 ..................................... 352, 353 Circ.953 ..................................... 101, 154
multi-disciplinary team ............................. 5
national/international requirements ..... 341 natural resource damages ...................... 383 nature of
cargo claims ..................................... 4 9 evidence ........................................... 9 4
............ Navigational Procedures Manual 87 near misses .............................................. 41 negligence .............................................. 188 New York
Produce Exchange ............................... 90 Form ............................................... 285
no cure no pay agreement ....................... 77 non-conformities .................. 19, 2 1, 33, 41,
57, 103, 233, 291, 294 ................................. major .................................................. 291
non-contact damage .............................. 123 North of England
P&I Association ........................ 2. 34. 205 stowawav search checklist .................. 209
note of protest ......................................... 13 NYPE Charter ....................................... 90
objective proof ........................................ 12 observation ............................................ 291 Occupational Safety and Health Convention ............................................ 185 occurrence
causal factors ...................................... 321 data collection .................................... 331 related database ................................. 331 sequence ............................................. 333 site ...................................................... 321
off-the-shelf systems ................................ 18 oil
charters ............................................... 277 major . .
vethng inspector ................................ 87 pollution ............................................. 233
bunker related ................................. 243 cargo related ................................... 234
record book ........................................ 239 oily water separator ................. 29. 241. 242 operational records .................................. 23 original documents .................................. 11 over-consumption of fuel ...................... 263
P&I .......... correspondent 50. 52.93. 130. 182
cover ................................................... 219 insurance .............................. 54. 1 16. 198 liability insurers .................................... 98
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 393
policies .............................................. 144 surveyor ..................................... 122. 145
P&I Club .............. 5. 22. 28. 56. 76. 78. 97. 130. 158. 167. 173. 181. 184.205. 251 .......
................................... condition surveys 7 lawyer ................................................... 54 representative ............................. 236. 245
..................................... paper trail audits 19 ..................... parallel indexing technique 88
Paris MOU Guidelines for port State Control
.................... Officers on the ISM Code 47 .................................... particular average 69
particulars ............................ of the incident 108. 120
.............................. of the voyage 1 1 1. 120 passage plan ........................... .85. 138. 25 7 passenger
illness ................................................. 187 . . . ............................. mnjunes .................. 17 1 pathways ................................................ 334 Patraikos 11 ............................................... 5 6 people related incidents ......................... 158 perils of the sea defence .......................... 66 permit to work procedure ............. 153. 183 personal
evidence ........................................ 10 . . . mjunes ....................................... 158. 17 1 cases ................................................ 164 claims .............................................. 164
..................................... third parties 177 . . opinlons .......................................... 182 personnel and material resources .......... 306 Phillips Fox Australian law firm .............. 42 photographic
evidence ............................................. 284 ................................... record of events 74
photographs and videos .......................... 27 physical
condition ............................................ 338 evidence
securing ........................................... 3 l4 ................................................ picketers 194
picket lines ............................................. 194 pilotage .................................................. 282 pilot errors ............................................. 278
incident ................................ 88. 229. 258 arrest of officers .............................. 232
noxious liquid substances ................... 251 other .................................................. 262 precautions ......................................... 230 prevention activities ............................. 27 severe .......................................... 229, 354
PO* .............. CCTV and VHF recordings 281
................................ husbandry agency 72 ................................... security officers 216
...................................... State Control 102 bodies ............................................... 3 7 inspection ........................................ 2 1 officer ................................................ 34
systems ............................................... 277 post attack report .................................. 225 potential
cargo claims ......................................... 56 emergency
shipboard situations ........................ 294 . . situahons ................................. 118, 237
pollutant ............................................. 236 risks to safety ...................................... 158
practice directions ................................... 29 pre-action protocols ................................ 29 pre-arrival and departure checks ............ 33 pre-bunker meeting ............................... 250 pre-employment medical .............. 1 84. 187 pre-existing
damage ............................................... 122 . . ~njury ............................................. 169
................................ pre-loading meeting 95 pre-piracy/armed robbery phase .......... 222 premiums .................................................. 1 premiums / calls ...................................... 56 prestige .................................................. 229 Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention .......................................... 348 private security guard ............................ 205
................................ privileged document 38 procedures manual .......................... 1 7. 103 professional experience ......................... 338 Purcell. David .......................................... 42
piracy ..................................................... 22 1 quantity and condition unknown ............ 53 armed robbery attack alert ................ 225 ................................................ pirates and armed robbers quantum 230
..................................... master's guide 222 R plain speaking .......................................... 42
..................................... ........................... polluter pays ~ r i n c i ~ l e 230 ranging damage 278 .................. ................................................ pollution 229 re-opening of investigations 306
................................................. ....................... causes 229 Reason, J (1990) concept 333 .............................................. ......................... clean-up 236 recognised organisation 168
394 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
records disclosure of ....................................... 305
redelivery certificate .............................. 150 refloating operation ................................. 84 refugees ................................................. 2 l 7 refusal to obey an order ......................... 197 relevant evidence ..................................... 86 . . repatnaoon ............................................ 184
process ................................................ 205 replacement seafarer ............................. 184 reporting procedures ............................. 330 Resolution
A.741(18) .............................. 32. 164. 199 A.849(2) ................................................ 98 A.849(20) .................... 113. 123. 137. 154
resources and personnel ................ 1 17. 293 review of shipboard procedures .............. 5 1 risk assessment ................................. 170 rules of natural justice ........................... 197 running down clause ............................. 102
safe port ............................................. 276, 285 ship ......................................................... 1 working environment ......................... 143
safety action ................................................. 330 certificate ............................................ 1 1 committee ...................................... 2 2 57 culture ............................................. 4 19 equipment ......................................... 167 . . invesbgabon ....................................... 300 management ...................................... 290
certificate ........................... 17. 291. 296 cornerstone ..................................... 200 manual ...................... 4. 17. 26. 57. 165 objectives ................................... 2 l 29 1 system ..................... 3. 26. 41. 140. 154. ........................ 162. 230. 244. 290. 291
officer ............................................... 174 of persons ........................................... 158
Sagen. Arne ............................................... 2 said to be ................................................. 53 salvage ..................................................... 76
Association ......................................... 145 contract ................................................ 7 7 Convention ........................................... 78 guarantees ............................................ 78 incident ........................................ 79. 13 1 services ........................................... 76. 7 7
salved vessel ............................................. 78 salvors ...................................................... 76
record of activities ................................ 78 sample letter .......................................... 269
scientific examination .......................... 314 Sea Empress ............................................. 229 seamanlike manner ................................... 2 seaworthiness ................. 5 1. 56. 76. 91. 117 seaworthy ship ......................................... 51 segregated ballast .................................. 242 selected bibliography of UNCLOS/ILO/ M O requirements ................................ 319 selection
.................. and recruiting procedures 117 of interviewees ................................... 324
self-incriminating documents .................. 39 serious
casualty ....................... 116. 229. 302. 353 . . mjury .................................................. 302
sewage ................................................... 260 SHEL safety model ............................... 331 ship . . mamtamance ...................................... 294
particulars ............................................ 98 security
plan ......................................... 204 2 15 system ............................................ 206
shipboard environment ....................................... 340 management system ........................... 264 Marine Pollution Emergency Plan for Noxious Liquid Substances ................ 252 Oil Pollution Emergency Plan ... 235. 239
shipper figures ......................................... 53 shore personnel strike ............................ 195 shoreside management issues ................ 341 S1 1997 No . 2962 .................................... 21 Singapore Court ...................................... 20 slops ............................................... 243. 267 SMC audit ............................................... 34 SMS ....................................... 9 19, 20, 102
documentation ........................... 1 74, 18 1 software ................................................. 333 SOLAS ............................................ 14, 349
regulation I/2 1 ................................... 353 SOPEP .................................................. 245 sounding records ................................... 104 speculation ............................................ 180 standard
accident report form .......................... 181 ITC clauses ........................................ 144
statements ................................................ 39 of General Average .............................. 74
STCW Convention and Code ......... 20, 22, 102, 117, 124, 154, 237 ...............................
Steel, Mr Justice ...................................... 84 stevedores .......................... 52, 92, 146, 177
damage ......................................... 146 foreman ................................................ 76
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 395
. . mn~ury ............................................... 177 .......................................... stowage plans 54
stowaways .............................................. 204 action to prevent ................................ 209 action when found .............................. 2 10 discovery procedures .......................... 205 questionnaire ................................. 2 l 1 search ................................................. 2 15 security risk ........................................ 207
stranding ................................................ 13 1 strict liability .................................... 8 230 strike
action .............................................. 193 bound port ......................................... 196
............................................... seamen 194 sub-charterers supercargo ....................... 75 sub-standard
bunkers ............................................... 269 fuel ...................................................... 267
subrogated ................................ cargo underwriter 95
insurers ................................................. 83 rights .................................................... 56
substantially interested State ......... 302, 306 sue and labour expenses ........................ 144 summary dismissal ................................ 197 supercargo ............................................... 96 survey reports .......................................... 73
.................................. systematic approach 5 system review ........................................ 295
........................................................ tallies 54 taxonomy of error ................................. 33 l The Interclub Agreement ....................... 91 The International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety Management (ISM) Code) ...................... 16
(see Part C 1) ...................................... 290 The Nautical Institute ............................... 6 The Shipmasters Security Manual ........ 222 The Woolf Reforms ................................ 29 three part mantra .......................... 2, 22. 45 time charter .................................... 8 276
hire ....................................................... 69 parties ................................................. 263
tonnage certificate ................................... 58 topics to be covered by the investigator . 326 %rep0 ............................. 20, 56, 83, 86, 143 trade dispute .......................................... 193 Traffic Separation Scheme ...................... 28 . . .................................. traning 237, 246, 338
........................................... appropriate 33 certification of ships crews ................. 3 19
investigators ........................................ 330 truth ....................................................... 42 tugs ........................................................ 282
U.K. Marine Guidance Note 241 ......... 47. 222 Marine Guidance Note MGN 289 ...... 46
. ......... S.I. 2005No 881 46. 117. 124. 154 ullages .................................................... 235 UNCLOS .............................................. 304
article 94 .......................................... 300 under-performance ............................... 266
and over-consumption ....................... 263 underlying factors .......................... 333. 336 unfair dismissal claim ............................ 197
......................................... uninsured losses 1 United Nations High Commission for Refugees ............................................. 2 1 7 United States
CG Circular No . 04-05 ........................ 47 Coast Guard ....................................... 234 Oil Pollution Act ........................ 233, 236 Sea Carriers Initiative ........................ 203
unjustifiable deviation ............................. 54 unmeritorious claims ............................... 29 unsafe
............ acts/decisions and conditions 334 berth or port ....................................... 280 port ..................................................... 285 ports and berths ................................. 276
unseaworthiness .................... 58, 70, 78, 94 equation ............................................... 57
v verification ............................................. 298
audit ..................................................... 26 very serious
casualty ....................... 116. 229. 302. 353 offence .............................................. 198
vessel moored ............................................... 106 performance assessment ..................... 263 response plan .............................. 236. 239 traffic service information .................. 278 under pilotage .................................... 106
vetting and recruitment policy ......................... 19 inspections .............................................. 7
violation ................................................. 336 voyage
charters ..................................... 89. 277 data recorder .................. 23. 24. 303. 315 planning ............................................. 117
396 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
VRP ...................................................... 245 regulations .......................................... 234
war ........................................................... 83 watchkeeping practices .......................... 341 weather
conditions experienced ....................... 264 services ............................................... 283
weight of evidence ........................ 168. 180 what is evidence? ..................................... 10 witnesses .............................................. 9 16
information ........................................ 322
work-period/rest-period/recreation ................................................... pattern 339
work-related stress ................................. 323 ....................................... working charts 104
............... workload/complexity of tasks 339 written procedures ................................... 26
York-Antwerp Rules ................................ 68
zero tolerance policy ...........
THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 397