Post on 14-Sep-2014
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Sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (OUSD P&R)
ADL’s MoTIF Project mLearnCon, San Jose, CA, June 19, 2013 Mr. Jason Haag, Research Analyst, Mobile Learning Lead The Tolliver Group, Inc. SETA Support for ADL
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‣ ADL Initiative was established in 1999 by Presidential Executive Order 13111. The first two ADL Co-Labs opened in Alexandria, VA and Orlando, FL that same year.
Advanced Distributed Learning Background and Vision
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“Provide access to the highest quality education and training, tailored to individual needs, delivered cost effectively, anywhere and anytime.”
- ADL Vision
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ADL Global Reach
Canada ADL Partnership Lab Kingston, ON, Canada
Norway ADL Partnership Lab
Oslo, Norway
United Kingdom ADL Partnership Lab
Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
Korea ADL Partnership Lab
Seoul, Korea Romania ADL
Partnership Lab Bucharest, Romania
Latin America and Caribbean Regions ADL Partnership Lab Mexico City, Mexico
NATO ACT ADL Partnership Lab
Norfolk, VA
ADL Co-Lab Orlando, FL
Academic ADL Co-Lab Madison, WI
ADL Co-Lab Alexandria, VA
ADL Center for Intelligent Tutoring Systems Research
and Development Memphis, TN
Poland ADL Partnership Lab Warsaw, Poland
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What a difference 8 years makes. St. Peter’s Square
Photo Source: http://instagram.com/p/W2FCksR9-e/
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App Store Turns Five in 2013
Happy Birthday!
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The MoTIF Project
mo·tif [moh-teef] noun
1. a recurring subject, theme, idea, etc. 2. a distinctive and recurring form, shape, figure, etc., in a design 3. a dominant idea or feature
Mobile Training Implementation Framework (MoTIF)
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The MoTIF Project What is the problem (gap)? Many education and training professionals are creating new mobile content and converting existing eLearning courses without consideration of:
‣ supporting alternative learning methods (e.g. performance support, spaced repetition)
‣ leveraging the capabilities of the mobile platform (e.g. camera, sensors, GPS)
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What is ILDF? • Integrative Learning Design Framework (ILDF) • Developed by Dr. Brenda Bannan (George Mason University) • Incorporates process efficiencies from multiple disciplines:
• instructional design (needs analysis, task analysis, eval.) • object oriented software development • product development • and diffusion of innovations (Rogers)
• Aims to capture the research-based knowledge relating to learning context, culture, and technology within the design process
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What is ILDF? Iterative design research cycles to examine deeper aspects of:
• learning, cognition • expert and novice perspectives • stakeholder and organizational policy considerations
Consists of 4 Phases: 1. Informed Exploration (needs analysis) 2. Enactment (intervention development) 3. Local Evaluation (road test & iterative feedback loops) 4. Broad Evaluation (diffusion of innovation)
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What is DBR? • Design-based research addresses complex problems in educational practice for which no clear guidelines or solutions are available (Plomp, R. and Nieveen, N., 2007). • The interventions will include such things as strategies, materials, products, and systems – as solutions to the problems • Outcomes will include:
• Domain Theories - theories about the context and outcomes within the instructional design domain and mobile learning paradigm. • Design Framework - a workflow process and examples that will serve as a set of design guidelines for determining a mobile learning solution or strategy. • Design Methodologies - guidelines for how to implement the framework and the expertise that is required.
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DBR
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Survey Results • 831 respondents
• Help from many professional organizations, including The Elearning Guild (THANK YOU!)
• Wide spectrum of countries, professions, roles represented
• Report on findings to appear in July 2013 • Data will be made available to the public
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What is Mobile Learning?
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First…What is Learning?
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“Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.”
- Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training.
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Definitions
Formal Learning
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“Only 20% of what’s learned on the job actually comes from formal learning.”
Jay Cross
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Definitions
Informal Learning
Most of what people learn (or retain and put into use) is learned as part of doing their work,
not through formal training.
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Formal, Non-formal, and Informal
Categories
Formal
Informal Autonomous
Non-formal
Informal Directed
Need for Learning & Goals
Learning Means
Content generation and access
Assessment
Authority-controlled
x x x
Learner-controlled
x x
Incidental learning (as opposed to deliberative learning) is unplanned learning – learning that happens spontaneously and serendipitously in the course of everyday activities. Often the learner is not conscious that learning has occurred. All four of the above paradigms are forms of deliberative learning. Incidental cannot be predicted.
Need for Learning & Goals
Learning Means
Content generation and access
Assessment
Authority-controlled
x x x x
Learner-controlled
Need for Learning & Goals
Learning Means
Content generation and access
Assessment
Authority-controlled
x
Learner-controlled
x x x x
Need for Learning & Goals
Learning Means
Content generation and access
Assessment
Authority-controlled
x x x
Learner-controlled
x x
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70: 20: 10 Learning Framework
Morgan McCall, Robert W. Eichinger, and Michael M. Lombardo at the Center for Creative Leadership
• 70% from real life and on-the-job experiences, tasks and problem solving (day-to-day activities)
• 20% from feedback and from observing and working with role models
• 10% from formal learning or training
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What is Mobile Learning?
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ADL Describes, Not Defines
ADL Mobile Learning Team
“Leveraging ubiquitous mobile technology for the adoption or augmentation of knowledge,
behaviors, or skills through education, training, or performance support while the mobility of
the learner may be independent of time, location, and space.”
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Definitions
Learner-focus + Device-focus = Ubiquitous Learning
Learner-centric
Device-centric
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Definitions
Mobile Learning Evaluation Framework (MLEF)
‣ Delphi Forum to Develop a New Definition
‣ Conducted by University of Southern Queensland
‣ MobileLearn@usq.edu.au
‣ http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/projects/mlef2/
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“Think Outside the Course”
Mobile Learning Opportunities
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Opportunities
Performance Support
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Aurasma – Use Existing Apps?
!
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Mobile eLearning Is NOT Mobile Learning
http://ml.adlnet.gov
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Desktop to Mobile Conversion
Desktop Mobile
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Touch Is Important….BUT
http://static.lukew.com/TouchGestureGuide.pdf
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“Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do, and they will surprise you with their ingenuity.”
- General George S. Patton
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Responsive Design
The Boston Globe (Desktop Browser)
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Responsive Design
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The Boston Globe (Tablet Browser)
Responsive Design: CSS Media Queries
The Boston Globe (Mobile Browser)
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Content Size Impact
RESPONSIVE DESIGN RESPONSIBLE DESIGN ≠
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“Mobile First” Strategy
Naturally Improves Information Architecture
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• What about learning? instructional objectives? • What about performance support? • What about informal learning? • What about mobile device affordances? • What about content strategy (subject matter)?
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edundant utdated rivial
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The Effectiveness of Mobile Course Delivery
Research Findings
2011 Research & I/ITSEC Paper • Converted DoD-wide eLearning course (Trafficking in
Persons) to a mobile format • Limited to mobile conversion only (no change to
subject matter) • Discovered SCORM doesn’t work on mobile browsers • Led to new research questions regarding ID models
for mobile learning (e.g., will ADDIE and ID models work?)
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Low Hanging Fruit: Mobile eLearning
Desktop Mobile
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Mobile Learning: Not Just Another Delivery Method
Research Focus
2012 Research & I/ITSEC Paper • Literature review on the topic of learning theories and
ID models for mobile learning • ID models should be agnostic of technology (we
proposed a framework; we don’t need another model!) • Further research is necessary to determine the
mobile-specific considerations during the learning design process
• Framework Approach: high-level; strong emphasis on considering performance support and constructivist approach
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Mobile Learning
Microstrategy (ADL)
Learning Approach
(ADL)
- Formal - Informal - Incidental - Autonomous - Directed
Instructional Tactics (Dabbagh)
- Fading… - Outlining… - Exploration...
Learning Theory
(Dick & Carey)
Cognitive Level of
Objective (Bloom's Revised
Taxonomy)
- Behaviorist - Cognitivist - Constructivist
- Create - Evaluate - Analyze - Apply - Understand - Remember
?
Type of Objective
(Gagne, Dick & Carey)
- Verbal Info - Intellectual Skill - Affective - Psychomotor
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Bloom’s Taxonomy
Rethinking Blooms Direction
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Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy (Kathy Shrock)
Moving Away from Linear Thinking
The interlocking of the cognitive process
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The MoTIF Project What is the problem (gap)? Many education and training professionals are creating new mobile content and converting existing eLearning courses without consideration of:
‣ supporting alternative learning methods (e.g. performance support, spaced repetition)
‣ leveraging the capabilities of the mobile platform (e.g. camera, sensors, GPS)
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What’s the approach to the solution? Lead a collaborative project informed by data collected from the global education and training community to investigate & determine:
1. Is there a need for a design process workflow or framework?
2. Is there a need to better understand how to implement alternative learning approaches as part of a mobile learning strategy?
3. Is there a need to better understand mobile device capabilities used for learning?
The MoTIF Project
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Organizations
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The MoTIF Project Target Audience
‣ Educator: a teacher or professor of a specialized subject in an educational setting to include both online environments and physical classrooms.
‣ Instructional Designer: one who creates planned learning experiences with the goal of the learner acquiring knowledge or skills.
‣ Instructor/Trainer: one who prepares or guides learners toward specific vocational or training objectives that satisfy job-related tasks or skills.
‣ Learning Content Creator: anyone responsible for creating media assets to support a learning experience.
‣ Manager: one who directs, controls, or manages the business operations of a team, program, or organization focused on education or training goals.
‣ Researcher: one who condudts research into theory and best practices for develoing education, instruction, or training materials
‣ Student: currently participating in a educational or training related program
Survey Results: Target Audience
Survey Results: Experience
Survey Results: Mobile Experience
Survey Results: Most Promising
Survey Results: Devices for mLearning
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1. Mobile Workflow Process & Framework?
The MoTIF Project
Survey Results: Lickert The overall learning strategy or instruc.onal design should be re-‐evaluated when conver1ng elearning courses and other learning materials to a mobile format.
Survey Results: Lickert A new design workflow process/model op.mized for mobile learning could improve my ability to contribute to educa1on or training projects.
Survey Results: Lickert The ID process for mobile learning should be different from the ID process for tradi1onal elearning.
Strongly Agree
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2. Alternative Learning Approaches?
• Performance Support • Team-based Learning • Spaced Repetition (spaced learning) • Constructivist (discovery / experiential learning) • Connectivist (social learning / network of connections) • Heutagogy (learning how to learn/self-directed)
The MoTIF Project
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“Humans more easily remember or learn items when they are studied a few times over a long period of time (spaced presentation),
rather than studied repeatedly in a short period time (massed presentation)”
Will Thalheimer, PhD
Opportunities
Spaced Repetition - Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Two studies evaluated text messaging interventions:
1. Small trial in liver transplant patients found that a text-message medication reminder system involving children and parents reduced rates of biopsy-proven rejection.
2. Large trial found that a simple text-message intervention in which parents received up to five weekly text messages increased influenza vaccination rates in a low-income population.
Text Messaging Interventions
Consumer Health Information Technology (CHIT)
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3. Device Capabilities / Affordances
• Camera (capturing video and images, augmented reality, Quick Response (QR) Code reading) • Document viewer (eBooks, PDFs • Geolocation (GPS, geo-fencing, maps) • Internal sensors (accelerometer, barometer, compass, gyroscope, proximity) • Media viewer / playback (images, videos, audios, podcasts)
The MoTIF Project
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3. Device Capabilities / Affordances (Cont’d)
• Messaging (Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS) • Microphone (voice recording, podcast) • Notification (alert, sound, vibrate) • Search (discovery, quick-reference, search engine) • Short-range communication (Bluetooth, near field communications (NFC), radio-frequency identification (RFID))
The MoTIF Project
Survey Results: Lickert There is a general understanding within the educa.on and training community about how and when to use the capabili1es of mobile devices for learning.
Survey Results: Lickert There is a general understanding within my organiza.on about how and when to use the capabili.es of mobile devices for learning.
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Capabilities/Affordances
Survey Results: Lickert Mobile learning examples that are categorized by mobile capabili.es could be helpful to the community in designing mobile learning projects.
Survey Results: Demographics
Survey Results: Demographics
Survey Results: Demographics
There is a general lack of best prac.ces or guidelines for designing mobile learning.
Survey Results: Lickert
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Additional Focus Areas • Mobile Learning best practices / guidelines (for
learning designers) • Experience API JavaScript wrapper and
prototype • Experience API design implications for mobile
• Informal learning • Spaced learning • Leveraging sensors • What SCORM functionality is needed?
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Current Status • Data Collection:
• Survey (March 26 – April 26, 2013) • Focus Group & Interviews (June 2013) • Needs Analysis Report (July 2013)
Next Steps: • Build project site for community / stakeholders • What are the interventions/solutions (e.g. framework & catalog of mobile learning examples) • Would the target audience & stakeholders use them? • Refine framework & catalog based on iterative feedback • Continue with other phases of ILDF Research Approach
The MoTIF Project
Related Projects
‣ The MoTIF Project
‣ ISD & Learning Design for Mobile
• Alternative Approaches
• Device Affordances
• Workflow Process
‣ http://motif.adlnet.gov
‣ adlmobile@adlnet.gov
Wednesday, June 19, 2013 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM | Session #708
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Resources
http://mlhandbook.adlnet.gov
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Resources
Newsletter & Archive – http://ml.adlnet.gov
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Related Activities
• Mobile Decision Path – TSWG (2013) • Interagency Mobile Learning Webinar Series July
16-18 (http://adlnet.gov) • xAPI Mobile Learning Examples (Fall 2013) • xAPI Designer WG: xapi-design@adlnet.gov
• The MoTIF Project (Next Steps): • Phase I: Focus Groups/Interviews (June 2013) • Needs Analysis Report (July 2013) • Phase II: Design Framework Interventions
(August 2013)
Your Design Challenges?
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Let’s Connect!
@ADLmobile
Jason Haag Mobile Learning Lead ADL Technical Team The Tolliver Goup, Inc jason.haag.ctr@adlnet.gov Twitter: @mobilejson