Post on 27-Dec-2015
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Chapter 2Foundation of
Individual BehaviorAlexandra Hai
Women Gondola operator- Failed test 4 times
- Publicity Stunt!- Let the tradition live?
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU2
Ability- We were not created equalAn individual’s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job. (Strength and Weaknesses)
Two ability factors Intellectual Ability Physical Ability
Ability-JobFitEmployee’s
AbilitiesJob’s Ability
Requirements
Can you?•Act like Kajol•Play like Tendulkar
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU3
Intellectual Ability- IQ, LSAT, GMAT, GRE
The capacity to do mental activities Thinking Reasoning Problem Solving Dimensions
• Number aptitude• Verbal comprehension• Perceptual speed• Inductive reasoning• Deductive reasoning• Spatial visualization• Memory
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU4
IQ ImpactStrong correlation among various
Intellectual Ability Dimensions GMA 12 Minutes Intelligence test!
Timing, Question Sequence
Routine Jobs Job Performance
Job Satisfaction of smart people! No correlation
Expectation? Critical?
Adobe Acrobat Document
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU5
Physical AbilitiesThe capacity to do tasks demanding
stamina, dexterity (agility), strength, and similar characteristics.Strength Factors•Dynamic•Trunk•Static•Explosive
Flexibility Factors•Extent•Dynamic
Other Factors•Body coordination•Balance•Stamina
Exhibit 2-2 | P51Nine Physical Abilities
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU6
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU7
Biographical CharacteristicsAge
Resistance to change- Technology? Slow- less productive?
Age (+) Turnover ! (-) Absenteeism !
Avoidable (-) Unavoidable (+)
Productivity/Job performance (+) Job Satisfaction
Professional (+) Non-professional (u)
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU8
Biographical CharacteristicsGenderFew difference between men and women
from a job perspective Problem Solving Analytical skills Competitive drive Motivation, Sociability Learning Ability Absence~ More Women Voluntary Turnover (~)
The differences
•Conforming•Aggressiveness•Expect success•Work Schedule (Part-time, flexible hours, telecommuting
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU9
Biographical CharacteristicsRace
• Multi Ethnic roots• Favor ~ Performance Evaluations
Tenure (+)
• Productivity (+)• Absenteeism (-)• Turnover (-)• Job Satisfaction (+)
Religion
Sexual Orientation
• Domestic Partner Benefit 50% of F500• People who change gender!
Am I Biased?P 56
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Learning- Going to schoolAny relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
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Learning Involves change
• Change Is relatively permanent• Is acquired through experience
Is it learning
• Going to school• Do you learn if you read?• Short term changes
3 Theories
of Learning
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Learning Theories1. Classical ConditioningA type of conditioning in which an
individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. The dog Experiment by Mr. Pavlov, 1900
Meat - Meat & Bell
2–11
Key Concepts
• Unconditioned stimulus• Unconditioned response• Conditioned stimulus (artificial, originally neutral)• Conditioned response
Sishu Park
Window Cleaning association
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Learning Theories2. Operant ConditioningA type of conditioning in which desired
voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. Behavior = f(Consequence)
Associate stimulus and behavior Vs. Feeling, thoughts, other states causes
behavior
2–12
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Learning Theories2. Operant Conditioning …
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Key Concepts
• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior• Operant (learned, voluntary) Behavior• Influenced by Reinforcement
• Behaviorism
Behaviorism (Skinner)
• Behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner• Feeling, thoughts & emotions are ignored! Stimulus
causes behavior irrespective of conscious awareness.
Grades (Behaviorism?)
Commission (Behaviorism?)
Behavior in Org. Setting- reflexive? Learned?
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
3. Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observation and
direct experience. From Parents, Boss, Teachers, Pictures, TV Operant conditioning?
Behavior = f(Consequence) Objective? Perception?
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Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
3. Social-Learning Theory …Learning from models
Attention-al processes People recognize and pay attention to critical
features Learn from Models that are- Attractive,
Available, Important, Similar to us
Retention processes (Remember) Motor reproduction processes
Watch >> do Reinforcement processes
(Incentives/Rewards)
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Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU16
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU17
Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive
step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
How to Reinforcement to change behavior Effective rewards The timing of reinforcement
30 vs 20 mins late
Molding
•Guiding the learning in graduated step
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU18
Shaping Behavior- ReinforcementPositive reinforcement
• Providing a reward for a desired behavior• Praise
Negative reinforcement
• Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs• Looking busily through your notes
Punishment
• Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior• Suspension for being late
Extinction
• Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation• Raised Hands for question
Why ?
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
• A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
• A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.
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HR Manager (Praise)Slot Machines!
Why not Continuous?
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Schedules of Reinforcement (Intermittent)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
• Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
• Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
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Hourly Salaries Audits
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Intermittent Schedules…
2–21
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Intermittent Schedules …
2–22
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
Schedules of Reinforcement & Application
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Fixed-ratio
Compliments
Paychecks
Pop Quiz
Piece-rate Pay
Commissions
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU2–24
Behavior ModificationOB Mod- The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.
Five Step Problem-Solving Model
Identify critical behaviors
Identify behavioral consequences
Evaluate performance improvement
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
OB MOD (Emery) Applications
Well Pay versus Sick Pay Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence.
Employee Discipline The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training Programs OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness
Self-management Reduces the need for external management control
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Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU26
AssignmentIOA- Ch1-2
Duration: June 3- June 6
Adeyl Khan, Faculty, BBA, NSU
SummaryDefine the key biographical characteristics.Identify two types of ability.Shape the behavior of othersDistinguish between the four schedules of
reinforcement.Clarify the role of punishment in learning.Practice self-management
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