Research Based Pedagogies

For Career & Technical Education

The work reported herein was supported under the National Research Center for Career and Technical Education, PR/Award (No. VO51A070003) as administered by the Office of Vocational and Adult Education, U.S. Department of Education. However, the contents do not necessarily represent the positions or policies of the Office of Vocational and Adult Education or the U.S. Department of Education and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

Context: Quality Career Pathways

Systems Change

•Align the College & Career Ready System Components

Program Improvement

•Bring existing programs to standard & add new programs

Instructional Delivery

•Ensure all CTE faculty are highly skilled in pedagogy and in their professions

Where Have We

Been: 30 Years of

“Reform”

A narrow curriculum

High school has become the new middle

school

Rigor= More

Solution? Pile on more academicsSince the mid-1980s we have:

Added the equivalent of

one full year of core

academics (math,

science, language arts)

to high school graduation

requirements.

• (NAEP) Reading scores have not improved or significantly declined*

• (NAEP) Science scores have not improved or significantly declined*

• (NAEP) math scores have remained relatively unchanged

*Depends on the starting and ending timeframe

Taking more math is no guarantee

(ACT College Ready Math=22)

• Only 17% of 2013* HS students who took Alg I, II & Geometry or less scored a 22(ACT Benchmark for CCR) on the ACT exam. (X=17.4)1

• Adding Trig (or other math) increases to the average score to 19.9; 43% are CCR1

• Not until calculus is added, does the average score exceed 22; 58% are CCR– 5 years of high school math.

• Other, non-identified combinations of four years of math also do well (x=23.6)

1. ACT, Inc (2013) ACT Profile Report: Graduating Class of 2013. 54% of US seniors took exam

College & Career Ready Math

NCEE, 2013

• Math needed is mostly middle school

• Alg II is not a prerequisite for CC success or most careers

• College reading requires 11th/12th

grade skills

• Students enter CC weak in needed math and reading skills

NRCCTE, 2013

• Math associated with an ACT score of

22 is mostly middle school math,

Algebra I and some geometry.

• Math associated with middle skill job

employment tests is

higher than that

required for an ACT

score of 22 but still

found in middle school

math, Algebra I and

some geometry

Did you know….

…nationally, 28% of CTE teachers are

alternatively certified? (Ruhland, 2002)

…in a HSTW survey, 75% of CTE teachers in 30

states reported being alternatively certified (SREB, 2007)

…25% of all teachers leave the

profession in the first three years (USDOE, 2006)

What is Teaching to Lead (T2L)

• Evidence based teacher induction for new, alternatively certified CTE teachers

• Adopted from a 5-year R&D study conducted by the NRCCTE/SREB:– Improving the Quality of Career and

Technical Alternative Teacher Preparation

• Initially a collaborative effort of State of Kentucky, Jefferson County Public Schools and the NRCCTE.

• Piloted in 2013-2014; expanding our delivery of PD since then

Teaching to Lead (Original) Goals

• Increase new teacher

efficacy

• Increase CTE teacher

retention

Teaching to Lead: The Model

• Systematic, developmental approach to support new teachers in their first year

• 10 days of PD spans the first year

• 4 field-tested content modules

• Module content delivered in 3 phases

• School-based coaching after each phase

T2L Professional Development Content (From the Study)

Instructional Planning:

Create short-term and long-term standards-based instructional plans based on the varying learning needs of students.

Instructional Strategies:

Use instructional strategies that actively engage students in learning and encourage the development of problem-solving, critical thinking, and teamwork skills.

Classroom Assessment:

Use formal and informal assessment strategies to evaluate student progress toward learning goals and provide feedback to improve student learning.

Classroom Management:

Create a learning environment that encourages student motivation, positive behavior, and collaborative social interaction.

Teacher Competence

Teacher Reflection: Reflect, both individually and collaboratively, on

the effects of instruction and use the reflective process to continually

improve instructional practice.

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

High Quality CTE is delivered through:

Classroom instruction

Work based learning-WBL

CTSOs

Project based learning

Contextualized learning

Labs & Shops

Job shadowing

Internships

School-based enterprise

Cooperative education

Apprenticeships

Leadership development

Professional development

Service/social engagement

Competitive events

What kinds of

knowledge and skills

are taught in CTE?

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

Occupational

Expression of

AcademicsMathematics

Science

Communications

3 Skill Sets (Developed through HQ CTE)

Personal Effectiveness& Foundational Workforce

CompetenceSCANS

21st Century Skills

“Soft” Skills

TechnicalJob specific

skills valued

by employers

College &

Career Ready

Technical Knowledge and Skills

CTE Teacher Preparation Project 15

Description Examples

State or local career/technical standards or competencies verified by business and industry

National industry standards

Business Management: Identify potential business threats and opportunities for protecting a business’s financial well-being.

Health Sciences: Explain infection control practices and procedures.

Occupational Expression of

Academic Knowledge and SkillsDescription Examples

• State academic

standards

– Reading

– Mathematics

– Science

• National standards—

Common Core State

Standards

• Industry “academic”

standards/needs

• Read, comprehend, and

synthesize information from

a wide range of sources

within the technical field.

• Demonstrate mathematical

reasoning and procedures,

and an understanding of

major mathematics

concepts that underlie a career field.

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

Mfg tell us most

adults cannot pass a

4th grade math test

Non-Cognitive

Deal with setbacks Stay on track Not easily distracted Consistency Hard worker Persistence ‘Stick-to-it tivess’ Diligence

Duckworth, 2011 “Grit”

Employability

Teamwork Oral & written skills Professionalism Ethics Creativity Problem solving Systems knowledge Responsibility

SCANS, 21st Century

Interventions and Consequences

Classroom Procedures

Clasroom Rules and Norms

Personalization

Classroom and Lab Space

Use of Assessment Tools

Embedded Numeracy

Embedded Literacy

Cooperative Learning

Project/Problem-Based Learning

Presenting Information

Questioning

Intellectually Challenging

Lesson Sequence and Pacing

Knowledge of Students

Standards and Learning Targets

Knowledge of Content

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 1

Basic Proficient AdvancedNot Yet

The Research: Observed Progress - Teaching Practice

Can CTE Improve

Academic Skills?• Mathematics

• Literacy

• Science

What We Learned:

Experimental Test of Math Integration

• Students in the experimental classes scored

significantly higher on Terra Nova and Accuplacer

• The effect: 71st percentile & 67th percentile

• No negative effect on technical skills

• 11% of class time devoted to

enhanced math lessons

Focus on Reading

• Significant

improvement from

both approaches

• Teachers with two-

years experience in

method had greater

effect

Science Integration:

Experimental Studies

• Overall, no effect

• Significant effect for nonwhite males

and females

NRCCTE

NRCCTE

• Worked on a long term project

• Project was based a real world (authentic) problem

Brandon Busteed, Executive Director of Gallup EducationPresentation at the NASDCTEc October 21, 2014

NRCCTE CTE Teacher Preparation Project

26

What is a CTE project?

Engages students in learning knowledge and skills through extended inquiry process

Structured around complex, authentic questions and carefully designed products and tasks

What is PBL project-based learning?

An instructional approach in which the content of a course is organized around projects central to the course content

Students learn through engagement with a series of authentic projects

Students present their projects to an authentic audience

NRCCTE

Factual learning equivalent or superior

Increase in transfer of learning

More flexible, useful kind of knowledge

Engagement in exploration and thought

Positive changes in motivation, attitude toward learning, thinking skills and problem solving abilities

Better match to learning style, particularly for students who have struggled in school

Source: Teaching for Meaningful Learning: A Review of Research on Inquiry-Based and

Cooperative Learning by Brigid Barron and Linda Darling-Hammond

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

NRCCTE CTE Teacher Preparation Project

28

Activities vs. Projects

Activities are: Projects are:

Learning experiences that enable students to learn knowledge, procedures and/or skills

Designed with a predictable outcome

Means to an end, not an end in themselves

Designed to last from 1 to 3 class periods

Designed around authentic problems or tasks

Structured so that students are involved in extended inquiry, productive struggle

Of one or more weeks in duration

NRCCTE

You are a (insert a real-world role).

You are faced with (insert a problem).

You must (insert what must be done to solve the problem).

Once you have decided on a course of action, you will (insert an opportunity for presentation to an authentic audience).

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

NRCCTE

(Scenario) You are a member of a venture capital group who will propose a new international business. Prepare a written proposal (30 pages) for the venture, describing the type of business, proposed country for trade, rationale for selecting the country, identifications of existing trade barriers, and a thorough analysis of the international business situation (economic and political systems, culture, and trade area). The proposal must describe the planned business operation (organization, product/services, and strategies) as well as planned financing, including income and expenses.

In addition to the written proposal, give a 15-minute presentation about the proposal, selling the idea to potential investors.

Designing Effective Instructional Plans

Source: DECA Competitive Event

NRCCTE

(Scenario) You are a construction manager. Your crew will be using explosives to clear fallen rocks from a roadway, a task with many inherent risks—flying rock, premature detonation, vibration, air-overpressure and environmental pollution. Although the blaster is responsible for setting and detonating the explosives, safety

is the responsibility of the construction manager and every member of the

construction crew.

Research and read the appropriate set of OSHA regulations, understand the technical information it contains, and extrapolate the most important information.

Plan a “toolbox talk” for the construction crew to effectively convey the safety instructions and reinforce their awareness of the safety issues at hand.

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

Source: American Diploma Project Sample Reading Task

NRCCTE

You are a web site designer hired by a school textbook company to create an interactive website on the content of the textbook.

The company has developed support materials for students using the textbook, such as enrichment ideas, extra practice, checkpoint quizzes, and video clips of instructors explaining difficult concepts.

Create a Web page for students to access these resources and present your layout to the company for their approval.

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

NRCCTE

You are a designer for a company that manufacturers staircases for the home building industry. Based on a customer’s description, develop specifications for the desired stairway, including the width, the span to be joined by steps from bottom to top and the style of stairs needed. Use computer software to draw the plans and direct the appropriate machinery to cut the parts. Assemble the parts, measure the finished staircase for accuracy and prepare it for delivery to the customer.

CTE Teacher Preparation Project

NRCCTE

As a chef at a local eatery, the owner has asked you to develop several menu items that would appeal to customers who are health-conscious.

Create several recipe ideas, determine their nutrition information, and test them on potential clients. Develop a set of criteria for your final selections for the menu.

Present your final recommendations to the restaurant owner, explaining how each food meets the criteria you have identified.

Designing Effective Instructional Plans

NRCCTE

Built on authentic, work-based problems of practice

Externships (Team)

Integrates mathematics and literacy

Embedded industry problem solving approaches

Cohort model

NRCCTE

Bridgeland, et al - Gates Foundation Report, 2005

Work Based LearningUnderutilized Pedagogy

Work Based Learning: Pedagogy• Learning plans guide the process; monitored by

teacher and supervisor, the plan should:

– Provide for exposure to communities of practice

– Provide for rotation among positions, tasks

– Provide for reflection and thoughtful connection to classroom learning (e.g., journaling)

• Align learning with established standards – industry and academic

• Student performance is documented and assessed with input from employer

Workbased Learning

WBL Approach• Labs • Shops• Job shadowing• Internships• School-based enterprise• Cooperative education• Apprenticeships

• Service Learning

Potential Learning

• All aspects of an industry-curriculum integration

• Relevance of academics• SCANS/21st Century Skills• Skills leading to industry

certifications• Career development

WBL: Everywhere but in the U.S.

• The % of youth in VET ranges from 5% (Ireland) to 80% (Czech Republic).

• More than 50% youth in VET: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Switzerland, Australia, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and others.

• Japan, United Kingdom, France, Korea and others exceed 20%

• The U.S. doesn’t make the list!

Learning for jobs (OECD, 2010)

The Value of WBLNations enrolling a large proportion of upper-secondary students in

vocational programs that include heavy does of WBL have significantly higher:

• school attendance rates

• higher upper-secondary completion rates

• college attendance

Bishop & Mane, 2004

Skills Learned in the Workplace: Not in the Classroom

• Deal with setbacks• Stay on track• Not easily distracted• Consistency• Hard worker• Persistence• ‘Stick-to-it tivess’• DiligenceDuckworth, 2011 “Grit”

• Teamwork

• Oral & written skills

• Professionalism

• Ethics

• Creativity

• Problem solving

• Systems knowledge

• Responsibility

SCANS, 21st Century

• Non-Cognitive • Employability

A Developmental

Approach to

Improving

Instructional

DeliveryTeaching to

Lead

Math-In CTE

PBL for Career

Pathways

Authentic Literacy

Science In-CTE

The Curriculum

for CTE

Professionals

Questions?

Shameless Promotion . . .

james.stone@nrccte.org

www.nrccte.org

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