Post on 11-Dec-2021
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© National Gypsum 2020
Technical Marketing Team
WEA
SWAGUA
MWA
CEAALA
NEA
ALA/NEAScott Hughes
Alan ZeedykGUA/SEA
Frank FullerSWA
Pat GrotlischWEA
Amy HockettManager, Architectural
Services & Sustainability
CEA/MWAThad Goodman
Trang SchwartzArchitectural
Specialist
SEA
Trends & Acoustical Concepts
Acoustical Terminology
Design Considerations
Sound Reducing Solutions
Codes & Third Party Recommendations
Acoustics & Fire Ratings
Cost Comparison
Today’s Presentation
Designing for quality acoustics is no longer just for music rooms and auditoriums.
Appropriate sound isolation is needed in homes with surround sound, classrooms, patient rooms, and high-rise condominiums.
USGBC and AIA have established minimum guidelines for schools and healthcare facilities, in addition to code-mandated requirements for specific applications.
This course will look at acoustic design and how gypsum board can contribute to acoustical performance.
Sound Resistance and Acoustical Concepts
Acceptable STC Rating for a Wall Partition
National Research Council of Canada Survey 600 multi-family residences
(300 party walls between them) Residents with lower STC rated
walls more likely to:• Want to move• Be awakened by noises• Have trouble falling asleep due to
noises• Think neighbors are less
considerate
From J. S. Bradley's Deriving Acceptable Values for Party Wall Sound Insulation survey results
General survey conclusions STC ≥ 55 a realistic goal for
acceptable sound insulation
STC ≥ 60 more ideal, would practically eliminate negative effects of noises from neighbors
Music related sounds require the highest rated walls
Acceptable STC Rating for a Wall Partition
Deriving Acceptable Values for Party Wall Sound InsulationBy: J. S. Bradley
Decline in noise complaints as STC increases.
Average responses concerning neighbors’ music –related sounds versus STC rating.
Structure-borne sound Airborne Sound Hertz Decibels – dB Flanking sound Sound Transmission Class – STC NRC
Key Acoustical Concepts and Terms
Learning a few acoustical concepts and terms is key to understanding how sound is transmitted through walls, and how sensitive we are as humans to changes in noise levels.
Structure-borne Sound
Structure-borne sound travels from the source to the receiving space primarily via solid materials.
Sound travels faster in dense material than in air.
Airborne Sound versus Structure-borne Transmission of Sound
Airborne Sound
Acoustical energy in one space transmitted in the form of vibrations of an intervening structure transmitted through the air creating sound pressure variations at a receiver, such as the human auditory system.
Determined by frequency and by the intensity of the pressure.
Most common measure of frequency is called a hertz
Frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz are detectible by healthy children
Humans are most sensitive to the range of 100 Hz to 8000 Hz
Speech and most typical sounds within a building range from 125 Hz – 4,000 Hz
Hertz - Hz
Decibels (dB)
Intensity of sound, or loudness, is measured in decibels (dB).
Decibel is a logarithmic unit of measurement used in acoustics to quantify sound levels relative to a 0 dB reference.
Reference level is the threshold of hearing of an average human.
Unit of measure used to quantify the intensity of a sound the way people hear sounds
Typical dB levels of some common sounds:Hearing Threshold 0 dB Motorcycle 88 dBRustling leaves 20 dB Foodblender 90 dBQuiet home 30 dB Subway (inside) 94 dBQuiet whisper 40 dB Diesel truck 100 dBNormal convers 60 dB Pneumatic riveter 115 dBLoud singing 75 dB Amplified Rock 120 dBAutomobile 80 dB Jet plane (100 feet) 130 dB
Decibels (dB)
Human Sensitivity to Changes in Sound Intensity Levels
Change in Sound Hearing Perception
1 – 2 dB Generally not perceptible
3 dB Just perceptible
5 dB Clearly noticeable
10 dB Twice or half as loud
20 dB Four times as loud or 1/4 as loud
Flanking Sound
Subfloor
Joists cavity
Flanking sound is non-direct transmission of airborne sound
Proper use of acoustical sealant or caulk can reduce the effect of flanking sound
A single number rating for describing sound transmission loss of a wall or partition
Rates a wall partition’s overall ability to resist the passage of airborne sound at 16 frequencies between 125 Hz and 4,000 Hz
The higher the STC rating of a partition, the greater ability of the partition to reduce transmission of airborne sound from one side to the other
Logarithmic not linear
Sound Transmission Class -STC
ASTM E 90 Test Method Standard method for laboratory measurement of airborne sound
transmission loss of building partitions
ASTM E 413 Classification for Rating Sound Insulation This classification covers methods of calculating single-number
acoustical ratings for laboratory and field measurements of sound attenuation
How is the STC Determined?
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
STC measures sound transmission between spaces.
NRC measures build-up of noise within a space. NRC and STCare completely exclusive of each other. This build-up of noise is caused by reverberance and focused reflections.
Eliminate the cause or source of the noise
Employ materials which absorb sound rather than reflect noise
Use design considerations to mask or absorb noise, locating noise producing areas away from noise transmitting elements i.e., windows.
Use sound barriers (partitions) in building layout to prevent sound from being transmitted from one adjoining area into another
From HUD publication Noise Notebook, chapter 4, Sound Transmission Class Guidance
Sound Reduction In Buildings
Acoustically Enhanced
Sound boards
Mass Increasing mass improves sound transmission loss
Stiffness Stiffness = STC Metal framing outperforms wood studs – reduced stiffness 24" OC outperforms 16" OC – less framing is better
Cavity Absorption Insulation in the cavity
• Full is better• Eliminate any gaps
Partition Depth Increased cavity depth/wall thickness improves performance
Improve STC Rating for a Wall Partition
An unsealed 1/4" gap around the perimeter of a 100 square foot wall partition with an STC in the 50s will result in a loss of over 10 STC points
Flanking Sound
Completely seal all perimeter gaps and non-uniform board edges Acoustical sealant Caulk
Wall Penetrations
Limit necessary wall penetrations to one per stud cavity and seal with acoustical sealant, caulk or putty pads
Acoustical Sealant meets ASTM C 919 Grabber Acoustical Sealant GSCS STI SpecSeal Smoke N Sound Caulk BOSS 824 Acoustical Sealant or equivalent
Putty Pad meets ASTM E 90 STI SpecSeal SSP BOSS 818 Fire Rated Putty Pads or equivalent
Acoustical Sealant and Putty Pad Recommendations
RC-1 channels Not all equal
Complicated installation techniques Installed upside down Short circuits: face layer fasteners touching framing
members and boards touching ceiling, floor and sidewalls
Building occupant issues Hanging picture frames, bookshelves etc.
Existing Solution - Resilient Furring Channels
High labor and material cost
Partition depths utilize valuable floor space
Existing Solution - Double and Staggered Stud Walls
Extra labor and high material cost
Lots of parts and pieces -complicated installation
6 1/2" total wall thickness
1 layer 5/8" Gypsum Board
1 layer 1/8" 1 lb. (UL Listed) Mass Loaded Vinyl2"x4" Wood Stud 24" oc
R-19 Insulation 5.5" cavity fully filled
RSIC-1 48" oc
Drywall Furring Channel at 24" oc
1 layer 5/8" Gypsum Board
RAL Test 06-028
STC 57
Existing Solution - Sound Clips and Channel
• Constrained layer damping gypsum• Board with high density core• 5/8” Type X
Acoustically Enhanced Gypsum
Acoustically Enhanced Gypsum Board
Appropriate for use as a single-layer application
STC rating is much higher than that of a standard partition, yet is the same wall thickness.
Focus for this product is on speed and simplicity, as it will cut, hang and finish with ease.
Can be used in conjunction with other sound damping techniques where higher sound transmission ratings are desired.
Codes and Third Party Recommendations
Laboratory Acoustical Performance
Laboratory Sound Rating Acceptable Performance (Grade B)
Preferred Performance(Grade A)
Airborne Sound(STC per ASTM E 90) 55 60
Field Acoustical Performance
Field Sound Rating Acceptable Performance (Grade B)
Preferred Performance(Grade A)
Airborne Sound(STC per ASTM E 90) 50 55
The IGCC guide recommends two grades of acoustical performance beyond the current code minimum: Acceptable and preferred.
For assemblies tested in a laboratory for STC ratings, the table summarizes the recommended performance levels. The assemblies must meet the required laboratory acoustical test in order to attain the required field values.
Codes and Third Party Recommendations
The chart below lists the STC rating required between rooms within the ANSI Standard.
Minimum STC RatingsSingle or composite wall and floor-ceiling assemblies that separate a core learning space from an adjacent space.
Adjacent Space
Learning space, therapy room or healthcare room
Toilet or bathing room
Corridor, staircase, office or conference room
Music room, music performance space, auditorium, mechanical equipment room, cafeteria, or gym
50 53 45 60
Codes and Third Party Recommendations
The AIA Academy of Architecture for Health (AAH) improves the quality of healthcare through design by developing, documenting, and disseminating knowledge on the design of healthcare environments.
Adjacency Combination STCPatient Room Patient Room (wall same floor) 45
Patient Room Corridor (with entrance) 35
Exam Room Public Space 50
Patient Room MRI Room 60
The AIA document “The Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities,” recognizes the importance of sound control for healthcare and proposes limits for noise in interior spaces, sound isolation performance between enclosed rooms, and speech privacy and footfalls vibration in specific rooms. The following chart lists some examples of sound isolation performance limits.
Codes and Third Party Recommendations
LEED v4 offers 1 possible point (2 for Healthcare) for Acoustical Performancein the Indoor Environmental Quality Credit category. Applies to New Construction, Schools, Data Centers, Warehouses & Distribution Centers, Hospitality, Healthcare.
Adjacency Combinations STCResidence, hotel or motel room Residence, hotel or motel room 55
Residence, hotel or motel room Common hallway, stairway 50
Residence, hotel or motel room Retail 60
Retail Retail 50
Standard Office Standard Office 45
Executive Office Executive Office 50
Conference Room Conference Room 50
Office, conference room Hallway, stairway 50
Mechanical equipment room Occupied area 60
Credit Intent: To provide workspaces and classrooms that promote occupants’ well-being, productivity, and communications through effective acoustic design.Requirements: HVAC Background Noise, Sound Transmission, Reverberation Time, Sound Reinforcement & Masking Systems
V438 (U465) 1-Hr Rated STC 47
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. 1.10 • 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67• 3 1/2" Fiberglass Insulation 0.73• 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67
$5.17
Partition Depth 4 7/8″
Cost estimates for 10’ ceiling height Assembly is taped and finished ( Level 4 )
V438 (U465) 1-Hr Rated STC 47
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. 1.10 • 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67• 3 1/2" Fiberglass Insulation 0.73• 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67
$5.17
V438 (U465) w/ RC 1-Hr Rated STC 50
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. 1.10• Resilient Furring Channel 1.85 • 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67• 3 1/2" Fiberglass Insulation 0.73• 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67• 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67
$ 8.69
Partition Depth 4 7/8″ Partition Depth 6 1/8″
V438 (U465) 1-Hr Rated STC 47
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. 1.10 • 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67• 3 1/2" Fiberglass Insulation 0.73• 5/8" Type X gypsum board 1.67
$5.17
V438 (U465) Damped PanelBalanced 1-Hr Rated, STC 54
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. $1.10 • 5/8" Acoustic gypsum board $4.09• 3 1/2" Fiberglass insulation $0.73• 5/8" Type X gypsum board $1.67
$7.59
Partition Depth 4 7/8″ Partition Depth 4 7/8″
V438 (U411) 2-Hr Rated STC 56
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. 1.10 • (2) 5/8" Type X gypsum board 3.34• 3 1/2" Fiberglass Insulation 0.73• (2) 5/8" Type X gypsum board 3.34
$8.51
V438 (U465) Damped PanelBalanced 1-Hr Rated, STC 54
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. $1.10 • 5/8" Acoustic gypsum board $4.09• 3 1/2" Fiberglass insulation $0.73• 5/8" Type X gypsum board $1.67
$7.59
Partition Depth 6 1/8″ Partition Depth 4 7/8″
Partition Depth 9 1/4″ Partition Depth 6 1/8″
V484 w/ Damped Panels 2-Hour STC – 60
• 3 5/8" 25 gauge, 24 in. o.c. $1.10 • 2 layers 5/8" Type X gypsum board $3.34• 3 1/2" Fiberglass Insulation $0.73• 5/8" Acoustic gypsum board $4.09• 5/8" Type X gypsum board $1.67
$12.61
V488 4 Layers2-Hour STC - 60
• (2) 5/8" Type X Gypsum Board $3.34•(2) 3 5/8” 25 gauge 24" o.c. $2.20• Fiberglass Insulation in cavity $1.46• (2) 5/8" Type X Gypsum Board $3.34
$ 10.34
Are there any questions before we continue?
This concludes that educational portion of this presentation
Sustainability
C O M M I T E D T OTRANSPARENCY
LEED v4 WELL Living Building Challenge Green Globes IgCC LEED for Homes
Technical Resources
• The SoundBook 2.0
• The Purple Book ll
• NGC Construction Guide
• Fire Resistance and Sound Control Manual
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