Post on 06-Dec-2021
Acid–Base Titration Curves and Indicators
Acid-Base Background
• Naming Acids:1) Name ionically first2) a. Ends in “ide” è hyrdo ic acid
b. Ends in “ate” è ic acidc. Ends in “ite”è ous acid
• Naming Bases:1) Name ionically* Note that all bases will end in hydroxide
Acid-Base Background• Acids in solution:
• Taste • Conduct electricity ( )• React with zinc and magnesium to produce ( )• Turn blue litmus paper
• Bases in solution:• Taste• Conduct • Slippery• Turn red litmus paper
Arrhenius Acids And bases• Acids are substances which increase theconcertation in aqueous solutions
• Bases are substances which increase theconcentration in aqueous solutions
Modified Arrhenius Acids and Bases• Modified Arrhenius Acids: A substance thatto produce
• Modified Arrhenius Base: substance that reacts with water to produce
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Your Task
• Complete the acid-base conjugate pairs worksheet• You will find it in the folder labelled “Assigned Work” under the
stoichiometry section
pH Scale
Additional Items to Be Aware Of• Note that “ ” and “ ”
mean the same thing• Acids are typically represented by the ( )• There are 6 strong acids Anything ending in “OH” is a strong base
Note that these are just examples of strong bases. Thereare far more than 6.Anything ending in “OH” is a strong base
Monoprotic vs. Polyprotic• A monoprotic strong acid/base like HCl(aq) will ionize in water to produce 1
H+è one equivalence point
• A polyprotic strong acid/base like sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq) will produce 2 H+ and have 2 equivalence points
Titration Curves• You must always identify what is the
and what is the
Titration Curves• A is a graph of the pH (
) versus the of the reagent progressively added to the original sample.
• As the is approached, there is a
• When a titration is done to create a , the addition of is not stopped at the endpoint, but is continued
until a has been added.
• So what is happening?
• The of the (in the burette) to the acid produce large changes. This relatively flat region of the pH curve is where a occurs.
• As the titration proceeds, and base is added, some of the acid is reacted with the added base, but anywhere point some excess acid will remain, so the pH stays relatively low.
• Very near the equivalence point, a small excess of acid becomes a small excess of base with the addition of a few more drops, so the pH
changes.
• The equivalence point is the of this change, where
the curve is the.
• The point at which thebefore at past
End Point
What reaction is happening?• HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) à HOH(l) + NaCl(aq)
• Net-ionic equation? Do you remember how?
• Why was the equivalence point 7? • Remember water has a ,
and the are neutral, so a strong acid-strong
base titration must have a pH of 7 at the equivalence point.
Equivalence points• It is important to note, that the equivalence point pH
is reactions.
• For every other acid-base reaction, the solution will contain ions or molecules that are– so titration curves must be done to determine the equivalence point .
General Rule
Strong Acid to Weak Base: pH at
Strong Base to Weak Acid: pH at
Titration Curves
Strong Acid (HCl)– Weak Diprotic Base (Na2CO3)• The equivalence point is still but do you notice anything
else?• If you observe the curve closely, you see that there are
where the curve steepens as the titration proceeds.• This happens because the base is ,
meaning that it will react with ; so the hydrogen ions attach to the carbonate one at a time.
• We use the second reaction equivalence point, because we want the
Why does the curve start at the top?Because now a strong acid is being added to the weak base, not vice versa
Strong Acid (HCl)– Weak Diprotic Base (Na2CO3)
• Net reaction:
You will want to choose an
indicator that changes color at
the second equivalence point
Strong Acid (HCl)– Weak Diprotic Base (Na2CO3)
• Why is the equivalence point less than 7???
• Balanced reaction: Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) à 2NaCl(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
• Net ionic equation:
• 2Na+ (aq) + CO32-
(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) à 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
So at the equivalence point, there is neutral
water, neutral spectator ions, and some weak
acid H2CO3(aq). What do you think keeps the pH
below 7?
Why do we care about titration curves?
• Acid base reaction pH curves provide a wealth of information:• Initial pH levels
• Equivalence point volume of titrant
• Number of
• Equivalence point pH for ; so the endpoint observed for the indicator chosen will closely match the equivalence point of the reaction
• When choosing an indicator the endpointChoosing an Indicator
• Thymol blue is an
for this titration because it
(pH 7).
• Alizarin yellow is also
because it changes colour the equivalence point.
• Bromothymol blue is because its endpoint pH of 6.8 (assume the middle of its pH range) the reaction 7, and the colour change is completely on the vertical portion of the pH curve.
• It is also critical that the
• Some of the is used to react with the indicator to make it change color. But if the amount of indicator is small, the
, and the accuracy of the titration will not be affected.
Final Tips
Summary• An indicator for an acid–base titration analysis must be
(change of colour) at very nearly the same pH as the pH at the equivalence point of the reaction solution.
• The pH of the solution at the equivalence point for a–strong monoprotic base reaction will be
7.
• The pH of the solution at the equivalence point for any other acid–base reaction must be , by plotting a titration pH curve.