Bimtek-Kopertis Wil 3Febr 2017

Academic Writing for Publication

A little about me

Media Anugerah Ayu

A happy mum of two lovely boys and currently working as an academician at Sampoerna University-Jakarta.

Prior to that I was an Associate Professor in Faculty of Information and Communication Technology-International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

Education:PhD from The Australian National University, Canberra-AustraliaMSc from The Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok-ThailandIr from Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor-Indonesia

Email: media@ieee.org; medayu@gmail.comWeb: medayu.mandalawangi.net

A little about me

• Writing

• Academic writing

• Academic writing for publication

Coverage

Writing…

Writing habits

Marshal D Carper

Writing habits

Hannah Heath

• The secret of good

writing is rewriting

• The secret of rewriting

is re-thinking

Academic writing…

Its general components…..

What is the point of academic writing?

• The substance of academic writing must be based on solid evidence and logical analysis, and presented as a concise, accurate argument.

• Academic writing can allow you to present your argument and analysis accurately and concisely.

How is it done?

• Aim for precision. Don’t use unnecessary words or waffle. Get straight to the point. Make every word count.

• If there is any uncertainty about a particular point, use cautious language (such as ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘could’, ‘potentially’).

• Unless you are a confident writer, it is best to avoid over-long sentences and to aim for a mixture of long and short sentences for variation and rhythm.

• Avoid repeating the same words.

Avoid overly elaborate language

• When using words that are not technical or subject related, use simple words in place of obscure words that have the same meaning.

• Using overly elaborate language can make your writing seem pretentious.

Technical and specific language

• Use technical language and words specific to your discipline where appropriate.

• However, it is wise to avoid convoluted phrases and terms when writing about general information.

Is the following text a good example of academic style?

• Today being fat is totally bad for your health. About 30,000 fat people die every year in the UK and loads more fat people die in the USA. By 2005 more people will die of being fat than smoking and it doesn’t have to be this way, this could easily be prevented, couldn't it?

Read this

• The number of deaths per year attributable to obesity is roughly 30,000 in the UK and ten times that in the USA, where obesity is set to overtake smoking in 2005 as the main preventable cause of illness and premature death.

Avoid abbreviations and contractions

• Abbreviations and contractions are informal, and are best avoided in academic writing. For example:

• ‘Department’ should be used instead of the abbreviation ‘dept’.

• ‘Is not’ should be used in place of the contraction ‘isn’t’.

Avoid slang words and phrases

Compare the following:

• ‘The individual was sentenced for nicking a bike.’

• ‘The doctor looked kind of worried when he reviewed the case notes.’

• ‘The individual was sentenced for stealing a bike’

• ‘The doctor looked slightly worried when he reviewed the case notes.’

Avoid conversational terms

• This totally changed people’s lives’

• Why is ‘totally’ there?

• If it’s a ‘filler’ it can be omitted.

• If it’s used for emphasis, a more appropriate word could be used, for example ‘significantly’ or ‘fundamentally’

Avoid vague terms

Consider the following:

• ‘The right thing’ would be better expressed as ‘the right action’ or ‘the right procedure’

• ‘A nice addition to the collection’ would be better expressed as ‘A popular addition to the collection’ or ‘A prestigious addition to the collection’

Be Impersonal

• In many academic disciplines, writing in the first person is not acceptable as it is believed to be too subjective and personal.

Writing in the first person

• First person sentences use the pronouns ‘I’ and ‘we’. For example:

• We have considered...

• I suggest that...

• I have observed...

These can be transformed into-

Impersonal sentences

• Consideration has been given to...

• The suggestion is made that...

• It has been observed that...

Referencing…..

What does referencing mean?

• When writing an academic piece of work we need to acknowledge any ideas, information or quotations which are the work of other people. This is known as referencing or citing.

Why should we include references in our work?

• We should include references in order to:

– acknowledge the work of others

– provide evidence of your own research

– illustrate a particular point

– support an argument or theory

– allow others to locate the resources you have used

• And most importantly:

– avoid accusations of plagiarism

Referencing while writing

• References will be cited in our work in two places: -

– 1) Where a source is referred to in the text (Citation)

– 2) In a list (the Bibliography/List of references) at the end of the assignment.

Literature Review…..

Purpose of a Literature Review

The literature review is a critical look at the existing research

that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.

• To provide background information

• To establish importance

• To demonstrate familiarity

• To “carve out a space” for further research

Characteristics of Effective Literature Reviews

• Outlining important research trends

• Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing

research

• Identifying potential gaps in knowledge

• Establishing a need for current and/or future research

projects

Analyzing Sources

• A literature review is never just a list of studies—

it always offers an argument about a body of

research

• Analysis occurs on two levels:

– Individual sources

– Body of research

Four Analysis Tasks of the Literature Review

TASKS OF LITERATURE

REVIEW

SUMMARIZE SYNTHESIZE CRITIQUE COMPARE

Summary and Synthesis

In your own words, summarize and/or synthesize the key

findings relevant to your study.

• What do we know about the immediate area?

• What are the key arguments, key characteristics, key

concepts or key figures?

• What are the existing debates/theories?

• What common methodologies are used?

Sample Language for Summary and Synthesis

• Normadin has demonstrated…

• Early work by Hausman, Schwarz, and Graves was concerned with…

• Elsayed and Stern compared algorithms for handling…

• Additional work by Karasawa et. al, Azadivar, and Parry et. al deals with…

Example: Summary and Synthesis

Piaget’s theory of stages of cognitive development and

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development are

commonly used for educational psychology courses

(Borich & Tombari, 1997; LeFrancois, 1997; Slavin,

1997). Piaget described characteristic behaviors, including

artistic ones such as drawing, as evidence of how children

think and what children do as they progress beyond

developmental milestones into and through stages of

development.

Comparison and Critique

Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the work:

• How do the different studies relate? What is new, different, or controversial?

• What views need further testing?

• What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradicting, or too limited?

• What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?

Sample Language forComparison and Critique

• In this ambitious but flawed study, Jones and Wang…

• These general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of

the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by

Rosenblatt and Roll…

Example: Comparison and Critique

• The critical response to the poetry of Phillis Wheatley often

registers disappointment or surprise. Some critics have

complained that the verse of this African American slave is

insecure (Collins 1975, 78), imitative (Richmond 1974, 54-

66), and incapacitated (Burke 1991, 33, 38)—at worst, the

product of a “White mind” (Jameson 1974, 414-15). Others,

in contrast, have applauded Wheatley’s critique of Anglo-

American discourse(Kendrick 1993,222-23), her revision of

literary models…

Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews

• Review isn’t logically organized

• Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study

• Review doesn’t relate literature to the study

• Too few references or outdated references cited

• Review isn’t written in author’s own words

• Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries

• Review doesn’t argue a point

• Recent references are omitted

Writing a Literature Review:In Summary

• As you read, try to see the “big picture”—your literature review

should provide an overview of the state of research.

• Include only those source materials that help you shape your

argument. Resist the temptation to include everything you’ve

read!

• Balance summary and analysis as you write.

• Keep in mind your purpose for writing:

– How will this review benefit readers?

– How does this review contribute to your study?

• Be meticulous about citations.

Supporting tools

Tools to support in writing related to referencing and literature review:

- EndNote- Mendeley- Zotero

A peek on Mendeley

A peek on Mendeley

A peek on Mendeley

A peek on Mendeley

Academic Writing for Publication

Determine if you are ready to publish

This could be in the form of:

• Presenting new, original results or methods

• Rationalizing, refining, or reinterpreting published results

• Reviewing or summarizing a particular subject or field

If you are ready to publish, a strong manuscript is

what is needed next

You should consider publishing if you have information that advances understanding in a certain scientific field

What is a strong manuscript?

• Has a novel, clear, useful, and exciting message

• Presented and constructed in a logical manner

• Reviewers and editors can grasp the scientific significance easily

Editors and reviewers but also authors are all

busy scientists –

make things easy to save their time

• A scientific paper is not a research report, but a contribution to

the scientific discussions

• A review is not an overview of the literature (as often in the

introduction of a thesis) but a discussion of the literature bringing

a new message

Before writing:

Define what it is you want to make clear

What is a strong manuscript?

Identify the right audience for your paper

• Identify the sector of readership/community for which a paper is meant

• Identify the interest of your audience

• Is your paper of local or international interest?

Choose the right journal

Do not just “descend the stairs”

Top journals

Nature, Science, Lancet, NEJM, ......

Field-specific top journals

Other field-specific journals

National journals

Choose the right journal

• Ask help from your supervisor or colleagues

– The supervisor (who is sometimes the corresponding author) has at least co-responsibility for your work. You are encouraged to chase your supervisor if necessary.

• Articles in your references will likely lead you to the right journal.

• DO NOT gamble by submitting your manuscript to more than one journal at a time.

– International ethics standards prohibit multiple/simultaneous submissions, and editors DO find out! (Trust us, they DO!)

Multiple submissions save you time but waste editor’s and reviewer’s time.

The editorial process of your manuscripts will be completely stopped if the duplicated submissions are discovered.

“It is considered to be unethical…We have thrown out a paper when an author was caught doing this. I believe that the other journal did the same thing. ” James C. Hower Editor, the International Journal of Coal Geology

Do not send your manuscript to a second journal UNTIL you receive the final decision of the first journal

Read the ‘Guide for Authors’! Again and again!

• Stick to the Guide for Authors in your manuscript, even in the first draft (text layout, nomenclature, figures & tables, references etc.).In the end it will save you time, and also the editor’s.

• Editors (and reviewers) do not like wasting time on poorly prepared manuscripts. It is a sign of disrespect.

55

Scientific Language – Overview

• Key to successful scientific writing is to be alert for common errors:

– Sentence construction

– Incorrect tenses

– Inaccurate grammar

– Not using English

Check the Guide for Authors of the target

journal for language specifications

Write with clarity, objectivity, accuracy, and brevity.

Scientific Language – Sentences

• Write direct and short sentences

• One idea or piece of information per sentence is sufficient

• Avoid multiple statements in one sentence

An example of what NOT to do:“If it is the case, intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has

higher intravenous administration retention concentration, but which is not in

accordance with the result, and therefore the more rational interpretation

should be that SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from

emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor, namely, it is

probably difficult for emulsion to enter and exit from tumor blood vessel as

freely as SLN, which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel

aperture is smaller.”

General Structure of a Research Article

• Title• Abstract• Keywords

• Main text (IMRAD)– Introduction– Methods– Results– And – Discussions

• Conclusion• Acknowledgement• References• Supplementary Data

Journal space is not unlimited.

Make your article as concise as

possible.

Make them easy for indexing and

searching! (informative, attractive,

effective)

Methods Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Figures/tables (your data)

Introduction

Title & Abstract

The process of writing – building the article (a recommended approach)

Conclusion

Discussion

Title

Results/Discussions/Findings

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methodology

References

Conclusion

Elements of a manuscript/research article

Let’s look at each element…..

Title

• A good title should contain the fewest possible words that

adequately describe the contents of a paper.

• Effective titles

– Identify the main issue of the paper

– Begin with the subject of the paper

– Are accurate, unambiguous, specific, and complete

– Are as short as possible

– Articles with short, catchy titles are often better cited

– Do not contain rarely-used abbreviations

– Attract readers

62

GoodTitle

BadTitle

VS.

Title

An effective title should…

•Answer the reader’s question:

“Is this article relevant to me?”

•Grab the reader’s attention

•Describe the content of a paper

using the fewest possible words

• Is crisp, concise

• Uses keywords

• Avoids jargon

A Human Expert-based Approach to Electrical Peak Demand Management

VS

A better approach of managing environmental and energy sustainability via a study of different methods of electric load forecasting

GoodTitle

BadTitle

VS.

“English needs help. The title is nonsense.

All materials have properties of all varieties.

You could examine my hair for its electrical

and optical properties! You MUST be

specific. I haven’t read the paper but I

suspect there is something special about

these properties, otherwise why would you

be reporting them?”

– the Editor-in-Chief

Electrospinning of

carbon/CdS coaxial

nanofibers with

optical and

electrical

properties

Fabrication of

carbon/CdS coaxial

nanofibers

displaying optical

and electrical

properties via

electrospinning

carbon

Titles should be specific.

Think to yourself: “How would I search for

this piece of information?” when you

design the title.

Inhibition of growth

of mycobacterium

tuberculosis by

streptomycin

Action of antibiotics

on bacteria

Long title distracts readers.

Remove all redundancies such as

“observations on”, “the nature of”, etc.

Effect of Zn on

anticorrosion of

zinc plating layer

Preliminary

observations on the

effect of Zn element

on anticorrosion of

zinc plating layer

RemarksRevisedOriginal Title

Examples

GoodTitle

BadTitle

VS.

Keywords

• In an “electronic world”, keywords determine whether your article is found or not!

• Avoid to make them

– too general (“drug delivery”, “mouse”, “disease”, etc.)

– too narrow (so that nobody will ever search for it)

• Effective approach:

– Look at the keywords of articles relevant to your manuscript

– Play with these keywords, and see whether they return relevant papers, neither too many nor too few

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2/27/2017

Use in the Title and

Abstract for enhanced

Search Engine Optimization

Keywords

Appropriate

Applicable

Specific

Searchable

Logical

AbstractTell readers what you did and the important findings

• One paragraph (between 50-300 words)

• Advertisement for your article

• A clear abstract will strongly influence if your work is considered further

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of composition

CxN(SO2CF3)2 · δF are prepared under ambient conditions in 48%

hydrofluoric acid, using K2MnF6 as an oxidizing reagent. The stage 2

GIC product structures are determined using powder XRD and modeled

by fitting one dimensional electron density profiles.

A new digestion method followed by selective fluoride electrode

elemental analyses allows the determination of free fluoride within

products, and the compositional x and δ parameters are determined for

reaction times from 0.25 to 500 h. What are the

main findings

What has

been done

What you did

Why you did it

How the results were useful,

important & move the field forward

Why they’re useful & important & move the field forward

Abstract

A “stand alone”

condensed version of

the article

•No more than 250

words; written in

the past tense

•Uses keywords

and index terms

Abstract

Purpose-

Design/Methodology/Approach-

Findings-

Research limitations/implications (if applicable)-

Practical implications (if applicable)-

Originality/value-

Example: abstract template from Emerald

Introduction

The place to convince readers that you know why your work is

relevant, also for them

Answer a series of questions:

– What is the problem?

– Are there any existing solutions?

– Which one is the best?

– What is its main limitation?

– What do you hope to achieve?

72

General

Specific

State its contribution

• The introduction should be:

• Specific, not too broad or vague

• About 2 pages

• Written in the present tense

Introduction

• A description of the problem you researched

• It should move step by step through:

Methods / Experimental

• Include all important details so that the reader can repeat the work.

• Details that were previously published can be omitted but a general summary of those experiments should be included

• Give vendor names (and addresses) of equipment etc. used

• All chemicals must be identified

• Do not use proprietary, unidentifiable compounds without description

• Present proper control experiments

• Avoid adding comments and discussion.

• Write in the past tense

• Most journals prefer the passive voice

• Consider use of Supplementary Materials

• Documents, spreadsheets, audio, video, .....75

Reviewers will criticize incomplete

or incorrect descriptions, and may

even recommend rejection

• Problem formulation and the processes used to solve the

problem, prove or disprove the hypothesis

• Use illustrations to clarify ideas and support conclusions:

TablesPresent representative data or when exact values are

important to show

GraphsShow relationships

between data points or trends in data

FiguresQuickly show ideas/conclusions

that would require detailed explanations

Methodology

Fig. A

Results – what have you found?

• The following should be included

– the main findings

– Thus not all findings

– Findings from experiments described in the Methods section

– Highlight findings that differ from findings in previous publications, and unexpected findings

– Results of the statistical analysis

77

"One Picture is Worth a

Thousand Words"

Sue Hanauer (1968)

Results – Figures and tables

• Illustrations are critical, because

– Figures and tables are the most efficient way to present results

– Results are the driving force of the publication

– A figure/table should convey the message besides giving the data of the experiment

Results – Appearance counts!

Un-crowded plots 3 or 4 data sets per figure; well-selected scales; appropriate

axis label size; symbols clear to read; data sets easily distinguishable.

Each photograph must have a scale markerof professional quality in a corner.

Text in photos / figures in English Not in French, German, Chinese, ...

Use colour ONLY when necessary. If different line styles can clarify the meaning,

then never use colours or other thrilling effects.

Colour must be visible and distinguishablewhen printed in black & white.

Do not include long boring tables!

Discussion – what do the results mean?

• Check for the following:

– How do your results relate to the original question or objectives outlined in the Introduction section?

– Do you provide interpretation for each of your results presented?

– Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported? Or are there any differences? Why?

– Are there any limitations?

– Does the discussion logically lead to your conclusion?

• Do not

– Make statements that go beyond what the results can support

– Suddenly introduce new terms or ideas

80

Discussion

Results

Results/discussion

Demonstrate that you

solved the problem or

made significant advances

Results: Summarizes the Data

• Should be clear and concise

• Use figures or tables with narrative

to illustrate findings

Discussion: Interprets the Results

• Why your research offers

a new solution

• How can it benefit other researchers

professionals

• Explain what the research has

achieved

• As it relates to the problem stated

in the Introduction

• Revisit the key points in each section

• Include a summary of the main findings and

implications for the field

• Provide benefits and shortcomings of:

• The solution presented

• Your research and methodology

• Suggest future areas for research

Conclusion

Conclusions

• The conclusion is not a summary of the paper and is no outlook to future work

• Present global and specific conclusions as a clear take home message

• Avoid judgments about impact

83

Abbreviations

• Abbreviations must be defined on the first use in both abstract and main text.

• Some journals even forbid the use of abbreviations in the abstract.

• Abbreviations that are firmly established in the field do not need to be defined, e.g. DNA.

• Never define an abbreviation of a term that is only used once.

• Avoid acronyms, if possible

– Abbreviations that consist of the initial letters of a series of words

– Can be typical “lab jargon”, incomprehensible to outsiders

84

Another important element that needs to be considered in academic publication Ethics

Publish AND Perish! – if you break ethical rules

• International scientific ethics have evolved over centuries and are commonly held throughout the world.

• Scientific ethics are not considered to have national variants or characteristics – there is a single ethical standard for science.

• Ethics problems with scientific articles are on the rise globally.

86

M. Errami & H. Garner

A tale of two citations

Nature 451 (2008): 397-399

87

Ethics Issues in Publishing

Scientific misconduct

– Falsification of results

Publication misconduct

– Plagiarism

– Different forms / severities

– The paper must be original to the authors

– Duplicate publication

– Duplicate submission

– Appropriate acknowledgement of prior research and researchers

– Appropriate identification of all co-authors

– Conflict of interest

Plagiarism includes (Galvan, pg. 89):

1. Using another writer’s words without proper citation

2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation

3. Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks

4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source

5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper

6. Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper

A short‐cut to long‐term consequences!

Plagiarism is considered a serious offense by your institute, by journal editors, and by the scientific community.

Plagiarism may result in academic charges, but will certainly cause rejection of your paper.

Plagiarism will hurt your reputation in the scientific community.

From: Elsevier

Plagiarism Detection Tools

• Plagiarism detection schemes:

– Turnitin (aimed at universities)

– Ithenticate (aimed at publishers and corporations)

Manuscripts are checked against a database of 20 million peer reviewed articles which have

been donated by 50+ publishers.

• Editors and reviewers

• Your colleagues

• "Other“ whistleblowers

– “The walls have ears", it seems ...

Data Fabrication and Falsification- often go hand in hand

92

A Massive Case Of Fraud

Chemical & Engineering News

February 18, 2008

Journal editors are left reeling as

publishers move to rid their

archives of scientist's falsified

research

William G. Schulz

A CHEMIST IN INDIA has been

found guilty of plagiarizing and/or

falsifying more than 70 research

papers published in a wide variety

of Western scientific journals

between 2004 and 2007, according

to documents from his university,

copies of which were obtained by

C&EN. Some journal editors left

reeling by the incident say it is one

of the most spectacular and

outrageous cases of scientific

fraud they have ever seen. …

Data fabrication and falsification

Fabrication: Making up data or results, and recording or reporting them

“… the fabrication of research data … hits at the heart of our responsibility to society, the reputation of our institution, the trust between the public and the biomedical research community, and our personal credibility and that of our mentors, colleagues…”

“It can waste the time of others, trying to replicate false data or designing experiments based on false premises, and can lead to therapeutic errors. It can never be tolerated.”

Professor Richard HawkesDepartment of Cell Biology and Anatomy

University of Calgary

“The most dangerous of all falsehoods is a slightly distorted truth.”

G.C.Lichtenberg (1742-1799)

94

Publication ethics – Self-plagiarism

20032004

95

Publication ethics – How it can end .....

“I deeply regret the inconvenience and

agony caused to you by my mistake and

request and beg for your pardon for the

same. As such I am facing lot many

difficulties in my personal life and request

you not to initiate any further action against

me.

I would like to request you that all the

correspondence regarding my publications

may please be sent to me directly so that I

can reply them immediately. To avoid any

further controversies, I have decided not to

publish any of my work in future.”

A “pharma” author

December 2, 2008

96

The article of which the authors committed plagiarism: it won’t be

removed from ScienceDirect. Everybody who downloads it will see

the reason of retraction…

2/27/2017

Conflict of Interest

• A financial or other relationship

with the publication at odds with

the unbiased presentation of

data or analysis

Plagiarism

• Copying another person’s work

word for word or paraphrasing

without proper citation

Author Attribution

Author involvement/

contributions

• Must be given if you use another

author’s ideas in your article, even

if you do not directly quote a source

• Include any and all who have made

a substantial intellectual contribution

to the work

• Do not include minor

contributors

Types of misconduct

2/27/2017

Plagiarism

• Avoid plagiarism

• Cite and separate any verbatim copied

material – but how much?

• Paraphrase other’s text properly, and

include citation

• Credit any ideas from other sources

• Familiarize yourself with IEEE Policies

Ethical publishing

2/27/2017

Duplication, Redundancies &

Multiple Submissions

• Author must submit original work that:

• Has not appeared elsewhere for

publication

• Is not under review for another refereed

publication

• Cites previous work

• Indicates how it differs from the previously

published work

• Authors MUST also inform the editor

when submitting any previously published

work

Ethical publishing

Publication process

101

Your personal reason for publishing

• However, editors, reviewers, and the research community don’t consider these reasons when assessing your work.

• If these are the drivers, consider a career switch

The Peer Review Process - Overview

Submit a

paper

Basic requirements met?

REJECT

Assign

reviewers

Collect reviewers’

recommendations

Make a

decisionRevise the

paper

[Reject]

[Revision required]

[Accept]

[Yes]

[No]Review and give

recommendation

START

ACCEPT

Author Editor Reviewer

Michael Derntl

Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.

http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf

First Decision: “Accepted” or “Rejected”

Accepted

• Very rare, but it happens

• Congratulations!

– Cake for the department

– Now wait for page proofs and then for your article online and in print

Rejected

• Probability 40-90% ...

• Do not despair

– It happens to everybody

• Try to understand WHY

– Consider reviewers’ advice

– Be self-critical

• If you submit to another journal, begin as if it were a new manuscript

– Take advantage of the reviewers’ comments

– The same reviewer may again review your manuscript!

– Read the Guide for Authors of the new journal, again and again.

First Decision: “Major” or “Minor” Revision

• Minor revision

– Basically, the manuscript is worth being published

– Some elements in the manuscript must be clarified, restructured, shortened (often) or expanded (rarely)

– Textual adaptations

– “Minor revision” does NOT guarantee acceptance after revision!

• Major revision

– The manuscript may be worth being published

– Significant deficiencies must be corrected before acceptance

– Involves (significant) textual modifications and/or additional experiments

Why editors and reviewers reject papers

• The content is not a good fit for the publication

• There are serious scientific flaws:

• Inconclusive results or incorrect interpretation

• Fraudulent research

• It is poorly written

• It does not address a big enough problem

or advance the scientific field

• The work was previously published

• The quality is not good enough for the journal

• Reviewers have misunderstood the article

“There is no way to get experience except through experience.”