Thirty Years War

• “For one of [the peasants] they had taken they thrust into the baking oven and there they lit a fire under him…as for another, they put a cord around his head and twisted it so tight with a piece of wood that the blood gushed from his mouth and nose and ears. In a word each had his own device to torture the peasants.”

• -Jacob von Grimmelshausen

Belligerents

Protestant States and Allies Sweden France Bohemia Denmark-Norway(1625–1629) Saxony United Provinces Electoral Palatinate Brunswick-Lüneburg England Scotland Brandenburg-Prussia TransylvaniaHungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Zaporozhian Cossacks Ottoman Empire

Roman Catholic States and Allies

 Holy Roman Empire

 Catholic League  Austria  Bavaria

 Spain and its possessions Denmark-Norway (1643–1645)

• Two great empires, Austria and Prussia, rose out of the ashes of the Thirty Years’ War

• Between 1618 and 1648, the nations of Europe fought each other in the Thirty Year’s war.

What do you think?

•How did Austria and Prussia emerge as

great powers?

• One third of the population of the Germans states died.

• When the Thirty Years’ War finally ended, France had won territory from both Germany and Spain. The Netherlands and Switzerland became independent states.

• The war left Germany divided into more than 360 states, and the Hapsburgs, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, lost land.

• Westphalia was the first modern peace conference. Why was such a conference needed?

• How do nations try to settle disputes today?

AUSTRIAUnder the Hapsburgs

PRUSSIAUnder the Hohenzollerns

Works to build unified state Adds Bohemia, Hungary, and

parts of Poland and Italy Maria Theresa is a powerful

rulerWins support of the peopleOrganizes the governmentImproves tax collectionTaxes the nobles and the clergyDefends empire against Prussian invaders

Unites territory across Germany Establishes strong government Takes power away from the

nobles Hohenzollerns rule absolutely Creates one of the strongest

armies in Europe Fredrick II is a powerful

Attacks Austria and seizes SilesiaFights wars and wins territory for Prussia

Habsburg Family CrestHabsburg Family Crest

Habsburg GenealogyHabsburg Genealogy

MariaTheresa

(r. 1740-1780)

MariaTheresa

(r. 1740-1780)

Maria Theresa & Her FamilyMaria Theresa & Her Family

Her Notable Children:

HRE Joseph II

HRE Leopold II

Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)

Her Notable Children:

HRE Joseph II

HRE Leopold II

Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)

War of the Austrian SuccessionWar of the Austrian Succession

Austrian Empire: 1657-1718Austrian Empire: 1657-1718

Leopold I

Holy RomanEmperor

(r. 1658-1705)

Leopold I

Holy RomanEmperor

(r. 1658-1705)

Schönbrunn PalaceSchönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn PalaceSchönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn PalaceSchönbrunn Palace

Prince Eugène of Savoy: 1718Prince Eugène of Savoy: 1718

Holy Roman Empire: 1750Holy Roman Empire: 1750

Prussian Family CrestPrussian Family Crest

Hohenzollern Genealogy (1)Hohenzollern Genealogy (1)

Hohenzollern Genealogy (2)Hohenzollern Genealogy (2)

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)

King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)

Formerly:

Frederick III of

Brandenburg

(r. 1688-1701)

Formerly:

Frederick III of

Brandenburg

(r. 1688-1701)

Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)

Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)

Frederick the Great’s CourtFrederick the Great’s Court

Europe in 1740Europe in 1740

• By 1750, Austria, Prussia, France, England, and Russia were the strongest nations in Europe.

• These nations tried to maintain the balance of power.

• Two or more nations formed alliances to keep another nation from becoming too strong.

• To maintain the balance of power, nation sometimes went to war.

What do you think

•What ruling family began to unite the German states?

Quick writeIn 1-2 sentences

1. What two empires emerged after the Thirty Year war?

2. What are the similarities and differences between these two empires?