Post on 22-Dec-2015
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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… to the session on Skeletal disorders & Orthopedics
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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It deals with all bone deformities (may
either be congenital or acquired) occurring in children as well as adults.
Congenital deformities is caused by developmental abnomalities (teratogenic).
Acquired deformities caused by trauma or infections or by metabolic disorders.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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management of orthopedic disorders: The corrective measures
Plaster cast and wedging manipulation under anaesthesia,
Surgical & neurological examination,
Splinting and use of appliances,
Traction procedure,
Physiotherapy.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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FRACTURES
JOINTS’ DISLOCATION
ARTHRITIS
RICKETS
OSTEOMALACIA
Just click on the topic that you want to know
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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F R A C T U R E S
Defined as a break in the bone.
In the 14th century B.C. Hippocrates described the treatment of fractures and injuries to limbs.
In India the treatment of fractures to limbs is still carried out by traditional bonesetters.
Modern methods of treatments are available which are more scientific and appropriate
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Mechanism of F R A C T U R E
Fracture can be caused either by direct violence or indirect violence.
Direct violence causes a fracture at the site of impact of force.
Indirect violence causes fracture to a home away from the site of impact.
Torsion produces spiral or oblique fracture.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Open fracture (Compound fracture)
Green Stick fracture
Pathological fracture
Stress fracture
Closed fracture
Birth fracture
F R A C T U R E S : types
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil.(FS), PG.DCA., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
Green Stick fracture
Occurs in the young bones of children.
This fracture break is incomplete.
leaving one cortex intact.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Closed fracture
In this type of fracture the Haematoma (blood clot) does not communicate
with the outside.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
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Open fracture (Compound fracture)
haematoma communicates with the outside through an open
wound in this type of fracture
It is a serious injury through which infectious
germs may enter in to the body.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Pathological fracture
It may be due to hyper-parathyroidism.
This type of fracture occurs due to the pathological lesions after a trivial
violence in a weak bone.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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The stress fracture occurs at a site in the bone due to repeated minor stresses over a long period of time.
Stress fracture
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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BIRTH FRACTURE
It is a fracture occurring in the newborn babies due to injury during delivery.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Healing of Bones in fracture
It involves three phases, viz
Inflammatory phase
Remodelling phase.
Repairative phase
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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At the site of fracture the blood vessels get broken and the blood fills up the bone.
blood clots to form a haematoma. this process takes place in one to two days.
The soft tissue of this region undergoes inflammation
Healing of Bones in fracture :
Inflammatory phase
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Healing of Bones in fracture :
Repairative phaseA single of callus is formed.
The callus is nothing but granulation of tissues around the site of fracture.
It bridges the gap and establishes contact between the ends of fractured bone.
This phase takes place about 8 to 12 weeks
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Healing of Bones in fracture :
Remodelling phase
the fracture is bridged by the callus
the site of fracture undergoes remodeling by muscular and weight bearing stresses
slight deformity goes corrected by moulding.
remodeling takes up to one year.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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The common problems at the end of fracture treatment are:
the wasting of
muscles
stiffness of
joints.
F R A C T U R E S:F R A C T U R E S: therapytherapy
These two problems can
be rectified gradually by
physiotherapic exercises
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Physiotherapy is the therapeutic exercise to make the limbs work normally
The exercise is carried by physiotherapists
under the supervision of orthopedic surgeon.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Joints’ dislocationJoints’ dislocation
Dislocation of Joints: the dislocation is total displacement of the particular end of the bone.
By this the normal alignment of the becomes altered.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Dislocations: types
Dislocations are classified as Pathological
Congenital Traumatic
Paralytic
These are also called teratologic or Teratogenic disorders
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Congenital deformitis are due to genetic factor or factors operating on the developing foetus.
Traumatic dislocation is due to a serious violence.
It occurs in the shoulder, elbow and hip
Dislocations: types
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Pathological dislocation
is caused by some diseases like tuberculosis.
*/ Tuberculosis of the hip may cause dislocation of the acetabulum. /*
Paralytic dislocation occurs when a remarkable
imbalance on the muscle power. */ Poliomyelitis. /*
Dislocations: types
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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The inflammation of all the components and structures of joints.
It involves synovium, articular and capsule.
Etiological factors attributed to the origin of Arthritis (arthiritogenesis).
Diet, Diseases,
Psycho-somatic illness &
Metabolic abnormalities etc.,
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Arthritis: types
Infective arthritis
Rheumatic arthritis
Osteo arthritis
Metabolic arthritis
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Infections such as Staphylococcal, Streptococcal, Gonococcal, Rheumatic, Smallpox, Syphilis,
Tuberculosis, Guinea worms, etc.,
can cause pain at the joints produces Arthritis
Infective arthritis
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
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Rheumatic Arthritis is considered to be of auto immune origin and is due to immunological disorder against an unknown antigen
Affects the connective tissues of the whole body
Focalizes the involvement of musculoskeletal system.
Rheumatic Arthritis
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
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Osteo-arthritis [Osteo-arthrosis] Osteo-arthrosis is a
degenerative condition of the joints without any inflammatory process
Osteoarthritis is a progressive process affecting the articular of cartilage of aging joints.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
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It is characterized by focal
degeneration of the articular cartilage.
In the later stage, the cartilage gets
eroded and exposing the
sclerosed bone.
Osteo-arthritis [Osteo-arthrosis]
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
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Metabolic Arthritis [Gout]
It is commonly called as Gout. It is characterized by onset of pain swelling and reddening of joints.
Caused by an inborn error of Purine metabolism.
This condition is characterized by the deposition of Sodium Urate crystals (uric acid) on the articular cartilage, synovial membrane and in the peri-articular tissues.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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This X-ray reveals bone deformation, leg curvature
due to rickets.
The rickets caused by inadequate mineralisation in the bones.
Rickets caused by nutritional deficiency is called Nutritional rickets. It is due to Vitamin D deficiency.
It occurs in children below four years. Lack of Vitamin D Causes softening of bones and pliable deformity.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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In children the symptoms of rickets are
bowed legs, knock knees, Pigeon chest,
protruberant abdomen,broadening of wrist and ankles,
The primary prevention of the Rickets in the child begins with better nutrition rich in Vitamin D of the pregnant mother.
A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.
An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
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Osteomalacia caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin D and Calcium.
It causes brittleness in the bones.
This is characterized by bone pain and tenderness