Post on 26-Jan-2022
A Comparison Between MIL-STD and Commercial EMC Requirements – Part 2
ByVincent W. Greb
President, EMC Integrity, Inc.
OVERVIEW • Compare and contrast military (i.e., MIL-STD) and
commercial EMC immunity test requirements and test methods
• Commercial requirements will be limited to the standard requirements for Information Technology Equipment (ITE)
• Military requirements will focus on requirements for Space Systems
• This will be a top-level treatment, as a comprehensive study would be a one-week short course
• Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) movement of 1990’s
MILITARY EMC • EMC requirements for military applications have existed
since the 1940s.• The evolution of military/aerospace EMC requirements
has resulted in numerous standards encompassing for different applications/environments.
• Most military (DoD) procurements require compliance with MIL-STD-461x, the first version of MIL-STD-461 was published in 1967.
• This document has been revised and/or amended many times since that time.
• Although the current version of MIL-STD-461 is the “F”version, this presentation will focus on the “E” version, published on 20 August 1999.
MIL-STD REQUIREMENTS MATRIX*
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 27.
Equipment and Subsytems Installed Requirement Applicability
In, On or Launched From the Following Platforms or Installations
CE101
CE102
CE106
CS101
CS103
CS104
CS105
CS109
CS114
CS115
CS116
RE101
RE102
RE103
RS101
RS103
RS105
Surface Ships A L A S S S A L A A A L A A L
Submarines A A L A S S S L A L A A A L A A L
Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line A A L A S S S A A A A A L A A L
Aircraft, Navy L A L A S S S A A A L A L L A L
Aircraft, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A L A
Space Systems, Including Launch Vehicles
A L A S S S A A A A L A
Ground, Army A L A S S S A A A A L L A
Ground, Navy A L A S S S A A A A L A A L
Ground, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A L A
OVERVIEW OF MIL-STD TESTS*
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 26.
Requirement Description
CE101 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz
CE102 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz
CE106 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
CS101 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
CS103 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15 kHz to 10 GHz
CS104 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals, 30 Hz to 20 GHz
CS105 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross-Modulation, 30 Hz to 20 GHz
CS109 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz
CS114 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
CS115 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation
CS116 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads, 10 kHz to 100 MHz
RE101 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RE102 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz
RE103 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
RS101 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RS103 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz
RS105 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field
OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL EMC IMMUNITY TESTS (ITE)
Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests
IEC 61000-4-11
Testing and measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity testIEC 61000-4-8
Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields
IEC 61000-4-6
Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity testIEC 61000-4-5
Testing and measurement techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity testIEC 61000-4-4
Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-3
Testing and measurement techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity testIEC 61000-4-2
(Product Family Standard) Information Technology Equipment – Immunity Characteristics – Limits and Methods of Measurement
EN 55024: 1998 + A1: 2001 + A2: 2003
DescriptionRequirement
IMMUNITY (SUSCEPTIBILITY) COMPARISON
No commercial equivalentCS101
Voltage dips and interruptionsNo 461E equivalent
Power frequency H-field immunityRS101 (Note 1)
Surge immunityCS116 (loosely)
Electrical fast transientCS115
Conducted RF immunityCS114
Radiated RF immunityRS103
Electrostatic dischargeNo 461E equivalent
Commercial (EN 55024)Military (461E)
Note 1: RS101 is not required for the space environment
Electrostatic Discharge Testing
• Test levels specified by 55024; test method defined in 61000-4-2
• No 461 equivalent – although MIL-STD-1541A does outline an indirect discharge test.
• Human body model defined by -4-2 is 150 pFcapacitor and a 330 ohm resistor.
• Standard provides for direct (air and contact) discharge as well as indirect discharge testing.
• Test levels: +/- 4 kV contact; +/- 8 kV air.• Contact applicable to conductive surfaces.• Air applicable to non-conductive surfaces.
IEC 61000-4-2 Contact Waveform
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-2, Edition 2.0, 2008-12, p. 13.
Setup for ESD Test (Table Top)
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-2, Edition 2.0, 2008-12, p. 17.
Comparison: Radiated RF Immunity
3 seconds (min)3 seconds (min)Dwell Time
IEC 61000-4-3RS103Test Method
Playback generated from 16-point field uniformity calibration
Real-time feedbackNotable differences1 kHz AM sine1 kHz Pulse Mod.Modulation
1% (for entire range)See table (next slide)Step Size3 V/m20 V/mField Strength80 MHz to 1 GHz2 MHz to 40 GHzFrequency Range
EN 55024MIL-STD-461EParameter
Step Sizes Defined by MIL-STD-461E
0.05%8 GHz to 40 GHz
0.1%1 GHz to 8 GHz
0.5%30 MHz to 1 GHz
1%1 MHz to 30 MHz
5%30 Hz to 1 MHz
Step Size (%)Frequency Range
Test Setup for RS103
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 129.
Field Strength for 461E
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 127.
Test Setup for Radiated RF Immunity
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-3, Edition 3.1, 2008-04, p. 49.
Uniform Field of 61000-4-3
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-3, Edition 3.1, 2008-04, p. 53.
Comparison of Field Strengths
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (MHz)
Fiel
d St
reng
th (V
/m)
461E - Space IEC 61000-4-3 for IT
Comparison: Conducted RF Immunity
IEC 61000-4-6CS114Test Method
CDN, EM Clamp, then BCI methodPlayback generated from cal. into 150 ohm systemRun to playback, allowed to limit on current
Bulk current injection (BCI) methodPlayback generated from calibration into 50 ohm systemRun to playback, limit on current
Notable differences1 kHz AM sine1 kHz Pulse Mod.Modulation1% (for entire range)See table (Slide #12)Step Size3 VrmsSee Curve #3Injected Level150 kHz to 80 MHz10 kHz to 200 MHzFrequency Range
EN 55024MIL-STD-461EParameter
461E Injection Levels
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 68
CS114 Pre-test Calibration
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 70
CS114 Cal Schematic
50 ohm(1)50 ohm
Injection Point
Notes1. Spectrum Analyzer Input2. Injection level specified as current through 50 ohms.3. Injection level set as specified current across 50 ohms (S/A), asmeasured by forward power port of directional coupler.4. Limit on current (whichever is less stringent).
CS114 Test Setup
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 71
CI Calibration – General Setup
100 ohm 100 ohm
50 ohm(1)50 ohm
Injection Point
Notes1. Spectrum Analyzer Input2. Injection level specified as Uo / 6.3. Current limit set as Uo / 150.
Conducted RF Immunity Test Setup
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-6, Edition 3.0, 2008-10, p. 23
Comparison of Injection Levels
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (MHz)
Am
plitu
de (d
BuA
)
461E - Curve #3 IEC 61000-4-6 for IT
Comparison: CS115 to EFT/B
IEC 61000-4-4CS115Test Method
Capacitive injection methodPulse train
BCI injection method30 Hz repetition rateSetup similar to CS114
Notable differences
1 kV (O.C.V) – AC0.5 kV (O.C.V) – I/O
5 Amps (peak)Test Level
CapacitiveInductive Injection Type
Repetitive Pulse TrainRepetitive PulseWaveform
EN 55024MIL-STD-461EParameter
CS115 Test Setup
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 77
CS115 Waveform
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 75
IEC 61000-4-4 Test Setup
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-4, 2nd Edition, 2004-07, p. 45
IEC 61000-4-4 Pulse Train
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-4, 2nd Edition, 2004-07, p. 41
IEC 61000-4-4 Waveform
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-4, 2nd Edition, 2004-07, p. 42
Comparison: CS116 to Surge
IEC 61000-4-5CS116Test Method
Capacitive injection method1 pulse per minute
BCI injection method1 pps repetition rateSetup similar to CS114
Notable differences
+ 2 kV – AC (CM)+ 1 kV – AC (DM)
5 Amps (peak) – AF(10 A for Army & Navy)
Test Level
CapacitiveInductive Injection Type
Quasi-triangular pulseDamped Sine -discrete frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 MHz
Waveform
EN 55024MIL-STD-461EParameter
CS116 Test Setup
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 84
CS116 Waveform
*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 81
IEC 61000-4-5 Injection (DM)
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-5, 2nd Edition, 2005-11, p. 37
IEC 61000-4-5 Injection (CM)
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-5, 2nd Edition, 2005-11, p. 38
IEC 61000-4-5 Waveform
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-5, 2nd Edition, 2005-11, p. 29
IEC 61000-4-8 Overview
• Power frequency magnetic field immunity• Designed to demonstrate immunity of products
to low frequency (50 & 60 Hz) magnetic field• Specifies methods for both immersion and
proximity (immersion preferred).• Current version is 2nd Edition, 2009-09.• MIL-STD-461E equivalent is RS101 which is a
proximity method test covering the frequency range from 30 Hz to 100 kHz.
IEC 61000-4-8 Test Setup
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-8, 2nd Edition, 2009-09, p. 19
IEC 61000-4-11 Overview• Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage
variations• Applies to electronic equipment not exceeding
16 Amps per phase• Designed to demonstrate robustness when unit
under test experiences fluctuations in AC input voltage
• Based on IEC 61000-4-11• Current version is 2nd Edition, 2004-03• MIL-STD equivalent would be MIL-STD-704
Example of 61000-4-11 Variation
*Ref. IEC 61000-4-11, 2nd Edition, 2004-03, p. 19
CS101 Overview
• Audio (i.e., low) frequency conducted susceptibility test
• Applicable to DC (and AC) power inputs• Frequency range typically 30 Hz to 150 kHz• Inductively coupled• Swept frequency or step and dwell• Level on voltage; limit on power• No commercial equivalent
CS101 Pre-test Calibration
SignalGenerator LF Amplifier Coupling
Transformer
Oscillosope
0.5 ohm
CS101 Test Setup
Conclusions
• Not a lot of similarity between commercial and MIL-STD immunity.
• MIL-STD typically impinges higher amplitude across a broader frequency range
• MIL-STD for space environment clearly designed for space.
• Commercial IT immunity clearly defined for earth-bound environment.