Post on 26-Dec-2015
Overview
In this presentation we will discuss: What is an algorithm? 5 steps in developing an algorithm A Jeroo example
An algorithm is...
A plan for solving a problem
5 steps in algorithm development1. Describe the problem clearly
2. Analyze the problem
3. Develop a high-level algorithm
4. Refine the algorithm by adding detail
5. Review the algorithm
Step 1: describe the problem
Not as easy as it seems. Common defects:
Description relies on unstated assumptions Description is ambiguous Description is incomplete Description has contradictions
Natural spoken languages are not very precise. It’s the developer’s job to spot any of these problems
BEFORE any problem solving happens.
Step 2 : Analyze the problem
Similar to a mathematician determining what factors and given and what must be proven in a complex set of equations.
Ask: What data is available? What formulas are needed? What rules apply? What relationships exist among the data values? What determines a complete solution? (When am I done?)
Step 3: Develop a high-level algorithm
An overview. Not detailed. For example: Step 1 : the problem
I need to send a birthday card to my brother, Mark. Step 2: Analyze
I don’t have a card. I prefer to buy a card rather than make one myself.
Step 3: High Level Algorithm Go to a store that sells cards Select and purchase a card Mail the card
High-level algorithms Go to a store that sells cards Select and purchase a card Mail the card
Lacks enough detail for a computer or robot to understand
•Which store?
•How will you get to the store? (bike, car, bus?)
•What kind of card does Mark like? (funny, risqué, outdoorsy?)
Step 4: Refine the algorithm by adding detail
Stepwise refinement= Keep adding levels of detail. To know what level of detail is needed
You need to know how it will ultimately be implemented
Birthday card example
Who is going?
Me? Very little detail needed
Another family member? Minimal detail
Someone unfamiliar with the area? Lots of detail about directions
A robot? Minute detail.
Stepwise refinement
The more complex the problem, the more steps it takes to refine it to sufficient detail.
High Level detailed level For very large problems you go
through the process many times, developing intermediate level algorithms as you go.
Step 5: Review
First: Work through the algorithm step by step and determine whether or not it actually solves the problem.
Then ask: Does it solve a particular problem or a general one? Should it be generalized? A program to find the area of a circle with radius = 5.2 could
easily be generalized to find the area of any circle with the addition of a single variable.
Can it be simplified? Is this solution similar to something already done?
A Jeroo example
Step 1: the problem clearly defined. A Jeroo starts at (0,0) facing East with no flowers in its
pouch. There is a flower at location (0,3). The Jeroo should pick the flower and plant it at location (2,3) and then hop one square to the East. There are no other nets, flowers or Jeroos on the island.
Analysis of the problem (step 2)
The flower is 3 spaces ahead of the Jeroo The flower should be planted 2 spaces south of its
current location The Jeroo should end up at location (2,4) facing east There are no obstacles to worry about
NORTH
Jeroo
flowerStart positions
High-Level Algorithm (step 3)
Create a Jeroo named Bob
Bob should:Get the flower
Plant the flower
Hop East
Start positions End positions
Detailed Algorithm (step 4)
Create a Jeroo named Bob Bob should:
Get the flower Hop 3 times Pick the flower
Plant the flower Turn right Hop 2 times Plant a flower
Hop East Turn left Hop once
Review (step 5)
The high-level algorithm created 3 distinct, easy sub-problems. This seems like a good technique.
This solves a very specific problem. It actually works for any setup where the Jeroo starts
anywhere and the flower is 3 spaces directly ahead of it.
Good programming practices
Detailed Algorithm: Create a Jeroo named Bob Bob should:
Get the flower Hop 3 times Pick the flower
Plant the flower Turn right Hop 2 times Plant a flower
Hop East Turn left Hop once
method main()
{
Jeroo bob = new Jeroo();
// ---- Get the flower ---
// --- Plant the flower ---
// --- Hop east ---
}
Comments clearly mirror the high-level algorithm
Then add detail
Detailed Algorithm: Create a Jeroo named Bob Bob should:
Get the flower Hop 3 times Pick the flower
Plant the flower Turn right Hop 2 times Plant a flower
Hop East Turn left Hop once
method main()
{
Jeroo bob = new Jeroo();
// ---- Get the flower ---
bob.hop(3);
bob.pick();
// --- Plant the flower ---
bob.turn(RIGHT);
bob.hop(2);
bob.plant();
// --- Hop east ---
//Etc.
}