Post on 16-Jan-2016
8Schools and
Society
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Schools and Society
• Countries around the world understand the importance of education– Many emphasize education to help
improve the economy and lives of citizens– Others restrict and control education– In some countries, education is only
available to the wealthy
continued
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Schools and Society
• In the United States, education is not based on a national system– Variations related to quality and
opportunity
• American schools and learners are influenced by the country’s problems
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Objective
• Explain how public schools are governed and funded.
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Who Is Responsible for Schools?• Control of public education falls under
– Individual state governments– Local communities– Federal government
• Powers (such as education) not assigned by the Constitution fall under state control
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Objective
• Identify the structure of education in your state.
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State Governments’ Role
• Legislature– Passes laws– Determines budget, funding
• State board of education– Provides leadership– Promotes education standards and equality– Advocates for citizen support, public funds
continued
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State Governments’ Role
• Superintendent of public instruction (or commissioner of education)– Usually elected– Link between legislature and board of
education
• State department of education– Responsible for operation of schools– Certifies teachers, allocates money
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For Discussion
• How is education in your state affected by your state government’s decisions?
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Local School Districts’ Role• School board
– Sets policies– Approves curriculum, funding– Determines budget– Oversees hiring– Negotiates with employee unions
continued
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Local School Districts’ Role• District superintendent
– Connection between school board and individual schools
• School administrators– Carry out day-to-day activities– Oversee the budget– Hire/supervise teachers– Act as spokespersons for the school
continued
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Local School Districts’ Role
• In each school, the principal acts as the top executive
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The Federal Government’s Role• Passes federal legislation to assist
states• Funds provided for states and local
districts that follow legislative guidelines
• United States Department of Education– Focus: ensure quality education for all
children– Secretary of Education is part of the
President’s cabinet
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Funding for Education
• Average split of funding
46%
37%
8%
9%
State
Local
Federal
Private
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State Funding
• Each state determines funding• Taxes used:
– Sales taxes– Income taxes
• Spending varies from state to state
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Local Funding
• Usually comes from real estate taxes© Kuzma/Shutterstock continued
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Local Funding
• Use of taxes can be controversial– Escalating taxes can cause hardship– Everyone is taxed for education, even
people without children– Those who rent or lease do not pay property
taxes– Taxes may be collected from large
businesses
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Federal Funding
• Usually designated for specific special programs
• Supplementary financial support from– Elementary and Secondary Education Act
of 1965– Carl Perkins Vocational and Technical
Education Act of 1984– No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
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Private Funding
• Charitable foundations award grants for– special projects– solving problems related to foundation
goals
• Individuals and groups help schools
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For Discussion
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• Does your school receive any private funding? If so, from whom?
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The Problem of Unequal School Funding• Spending is unequal
– from one state to another– from one district to another
• Spending per pupil used to compare• School districts with lower property
values have lower property taxes
continued
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The Problem of Unequal School Funding• Students from lower-income areas often
need a higher level of services (school funding gap)
• Some states and districts provide additional funding for schools that need extra services– Many of these schools have lower test
scores, higher dropout rates (achievement gap)
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For Reflection
• Think of some examples of unequal funding in your state or area.
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Private Schools and Home Schooling
• Private schools– do not receive public funding– set their own policies
• Home schooling– Parents are responsible for teaching and
evaluating– Involves a major commitment of time and
effort
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For Discussion
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• What are the pros and cons of home schooling?
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Objective
• Give examples of how schools and communities interact.
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Communities and Schools
• Citizens take pride in student accomplishments
• Positive school-community relationships benefit both sides
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Parents and Schools
• Parents want their children to have the best possible education
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continued
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Parents and Schools
• Schools encourage teachers to communicate with parents
• Parental involvement in the school makes parental support stronger
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Business and Industry Links• Businesses and industries need
potential workers• A capable workforce is important to a
community’s economy• Businesses may
– design or upgrade related school programs– raise money to pay for improvements
continued
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Business and Industry Links
• Businesses may enter into a more formal relationship with a school (a corporate-education partnership)
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Schools and Community Resources
• Community resources that help schools– Community social
services– Public libraries– Museums– Area colleges and
universities– Career and technical
programs
• Ways schools help communities– Adult education
classes– Purchasing
supplies from local businesses
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Objective
• Describe societal problems that impact schools and learning, along with possible solutions.
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Social Problems Affect Schools• Problems that affect students’ learning• They are serious and hard to solve• May cause students to fail or even drop
out
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For Reflection
• What social problems have influenced your experiences in school?
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Poverty
• Children living in poverty are more likely to– have inadequate nutrition, suffer from
hunger– be sick more often or have untreated
conditions– have trouble getting adequate rest– have a lack of resources at home, such as
books or computers
continued
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Poverty
• Children living in poverty are at risk– May struggle with self-esteem– May have to contribute to family income– May move and change schools often– May have trouble building relationships
with peers and teachers– Emotional security makes it hard to
concentrate
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What Can Schools Do?
• Education can break the cycle of poverty© Brandon
Bourdages/Shutterstock continued
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What Can Schools Do?
• Schools can– draw on community resources– work with service agencies to help families– monitor students’ progress closely– get tutoring for students who need it– find mentors for students in the community– get students involved in school activities
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Violence
• Students may experience violence in their neighborhoods
• Living in fear affects ability to concentrate– Bullying and intimidation, including
cyberbullying– Sexual and racial harassment– Physical violence
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What Can Schools Do?
• Involve parents and communities in efforts
• Establish a zero tolerance policy (usually resulting in expulsion)
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continued
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What Can Schools Do?
• Establish strict standards for nonviolent behavior
• Help change attitudes to value tolerance, acceptance, and fairness
• Teach students conflict-resolution skills
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Sexually Active Students
• Sexual activity can result in– teen pregnancy (may drop out of school,
struggle to care for child, live in poverty)– sexually transmitted infections, such as
HIV-AIDS* (may not be able to be cured, can result in early death)
– ** Your Text Book was published in 2010!– March 4, 2013 – Baby Cured of HIV…– http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/03/04/baby-cured-hiv-what-does-this-mean-for-fu
ture-treatment/
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What Can Schools Do?
• Help students develop self-esteem and decision-making skills
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What Can Schools Do?
• Use community resources, such as health and social service agencies, to educate
• Offer support for pregnant and parenting teens
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Alcohol and Other Drugs
• Can adversely affect learning• Have devastating consequences
– Impair judgment– Lead to a life-altering event– Result in addiction
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What Can Schools Do?
• Promote communication, discipline
• Encourage groups, such as Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD)
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How Can Teachers Make a Difference?• Address problems as soon as possible• Watch for symptoms to identify
possible problems• Provide students and parents with a
warm and caring relationship• Link families with community
resources
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Key Points• States, school districts, federal
government all involved in education• States pay for school through taxes• Relationships between schools and
parents and communities are important• Schools are affected by societal
problems
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Review• Where do schools get the majority of
their funding?the state• List four social problems that affect
schools.poverty, violence, sexually active
students, alcohol and other drugs
continued
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Review• ____ is intimidation through e-mail,
social networking sites, and texting.Cyberbullying• What is usually the result of a zero
tolerance policy?expulsion