Yuliana Yeni Noviyanti (081214001)

Made Desya Somasari (081214002)

Clara Belinda Charismalanni (081214013)

Sabina Thipani (081214032)

Grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or.

Coordination of NPs

[NP the man] and [NP a child]

[NP a boy] or [NP a girl]

Coordination of VPs

[VP go to the library] and [VP read a book]

[VP go to the library] or [VP read a book]

Coordination of PPs

[PP down the stairs] and [PP out the door]

[PP in the drawer] or [PP under the desk]

Coordination of APs

[AP quite beautiful] and [AP very expensive]

[AP quite wealthy] or [AP very stingy]

Coordination of Ss

[S The man entered the building] and [S the woman waited in the car].

[S The man entered the building] but [S the woman waited in the car].

No limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.

[NP A man, and a boy, and a cat, and a dog, and a hamster]

got into the car.

NP functions as subject that contains smaller NPs

[NP A man, a boy, a cat, a dog, and a hamster] got into the car.

A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.

Coordination of N

The [N book] and [N magazine]

Coordination of P

[P up] and [P down] the stairs

Coordination of V

[V repair] and [V paint] the boat

Coordinated categories must be of the same type.

NP can only be coordinated with NP.

VP can only be coordinated with VP, and so on.

Coordination of NP and PP

*He read [NP the book] and [PP in the library]

The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type.

VP

VP VP

V NP Con V NP

watch a play or read a book

The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type.

NP

NP NP

Det N Con Det N

this man and that child

A class of elements that encode optionally expressible properties of heads.

English modifiers vary in terms of their position with respect of the head.

English modifiers vary in terms of their position with respect of the head.

Modifier Position Example

AP Precedes the head

A very beautiful girl sat on the park bench.

PP Follows the head The nurse proceeded with care. He has been standing for half an hour.

AdvP Precedes/follow the head

She danced amazingly. She amazingly danced.

Attaching modifiers at the XP level of phrase structure (phrases containing modifiers)

NP

AP

Det A NP

an international crisis

Attaching modifiers at the XP level of phrase structure (phrases containing modifiers)

VP

AdvP

Qual V Adv

always proceed cautiously

The expanded XP rule: XP (Specifier) (Modifier) X (Complement*) (Modifier)

Occurrence of Modifiers

VP

NP AdvP

V Det N Deg Adv

accept the news very calmly

CP-sized modifiers that provide information about the N head to their left.

Niyaha To visited Brandon’s house [which Mr. Wong walked into ____ ].

Veronica may know [NP the man [CP whom Alejandro criticized ___ ]] and I know him too. (substitution test)

Relative clauses occur within the same phrase as the head they modify.

Veronica may know the man [whom Alejandro criticized ___ ].

❀ Relative clauses begin with a wh word, such as who or which.

❀ There is an empty position within the sentence from which the wh phrase has apparently been moved (unfilled NP positions following the

transitive verb criticize).

CP

C S

VP

NP

NP CP

C S

VP

NP Infl NP

N Infl V Det N N Pst V N

Vero may know the man Alex criticized who

CP

C S

VP

NP

NP CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N Infl V Det N N N Pst V NP

Vero may know the man whom Alex criticized e

Vero may know the man [whom Alex criticized ____].

object position

Vero may know the man [CP [IP who criticized Alex]].

Vero may know the man [CP who [IP _______ criticized Alex]]. subject position

(specifier position within CP)