6Digestive

System

Lecture NotesA PowerPoint Presentation

Classroom Activity to Accompany Medical Terminology Systems, Seventh EditionBarbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding

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6 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Structure and Function• Oral cavity

• Teeth• Salivary glands

• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach • Small intestine• Large intestine

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6 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Structure and Function• Accessory organs

• Liver• Gallbladder• Pancreas

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6 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Structure and Function

• Breaks down food physically and chemically• Prepares food for absorption by cells of the

body

• Eliminates waste substances

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Structure and Function Exercise

1. What is the oral cavity and what is its function?

2. Name the three parts of the small intestine and describe their locations.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Structure and Function Exercise

1. What is the oral cavity and what is its function? First part of the digestive tract, where the mechanical process of chewing and chemical breakdown of food by salivary secretions initiates the digestive process

2. Name the three parts of the small intestine and describe their locations. Duodenum, first segment, about 10 long; jejunum, second segment, about 8 long; ileum, third segment, about 12 long

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Structure and Function Exercise

3. Name the first four sections of the colon.

4. Describe the shape, location, and function of the pancreas.

5. Describe the location and main function of the gallbladder.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Structure and Function Exercise

3. Name the first four sections of the colon. Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

4. Describe the shape, location, and function of the pancreas. Elongated, flattened organ posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and insulin

5. Describe the location and main function of the gallbladder. Organ on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile

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List the CF(s) for:

1. esophagus:

2. salivary glands:

3. pharynx:

4. stomach:

5. pancreas:

Combining Forms Exercise

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

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Combining Forms Exercise

1. esophagus: esophag/o

2. salivary glands: sial/o

3. pharynx: pharyng/o

4. stomach: gastr/o

5. pancreas: pancreat/o

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Combining Forms Exercise

6. spleen:

7. tongue:

8. liver:

9. ileum:

10. gallbladder:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Combining Forms Exercise

6. spleen: splen/o

7. tongue: gloss/o, lingu/o

8. liver: hepat/o

9. ileum: ile/o

10. gallbladder: cholecyst/o

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Combining Forms Exercise

11. rectum:

12. anus:

13. anus, rectum:

14. duodenum:

15. colon:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Combining Forms Exercise

11. rectum: rect/o

12. anus: an/o

13. anus, rectum: proct/o

14. duodenum: duoden/o

15. colon: col/o, colon/o

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Combining Forms Exercise

16. sigmoid colon:

17. mouth:

18. gum(s):

19. bile, gall:

20. bile duct:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Combining Forms Exercise

16. sigmoid colon: sigmoid/o

17. mouth: or/o, stomat/o

18. gum(s): gingiv/o

19. bile, gall: chol/e

20. bile duct: choledoch/o

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Complete the Medical Word Exercise

1. discharge or flow through: dia/

2. without an appetite: an/

3. swallowing, eating (that is) painful or difficult: /phagia

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Complete the Medical Word Exercise

1. discharge or flow through: dia/rrhea

2. without an appetite: an/orexia

3. swallowing, eating (that is) painful or difficult: dys/phagia

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Complete the Medical Word Exercise

4. after a meal: post/

5. pertaining to under or below the tongue: /lingu/

6. visual examination within or in (an organ):/scopy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Complete the Medical Word Exercise

4. after a meal: post/prandial

5. pertaining to under or below the tongue: sub/lingu/al

6. visual examination within or in (an organ):endo/scopy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build Medical Words Exercise

1. vomiting blood:

2. tumor of the pancreas:

3. instrument for examining the stomach:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build Medical Words Exercise

1. vomiting blood: hemat/emesis

2. Tumor of the pancreas: pancreat/oma

3. instrument for examining the stomach: gastro/scope

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build Medical Words Exercise

4. enlargement of the liver:

5. disease of the intestine (usually small intestine):

6. inflammation of the gum(s):

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build Medical Words Exercise

4. enlargement of the liver: hepat/o/megaly

5. disease of the intestine (usually small intestine): enter/o/pathy

6. inflammation of the gum(s): gingiv/itis

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions

Appendicitis• Inflammation of the appendix• Usually due to obstruction or infection caused by a fecalith, foreign body, or bacteria

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Appendicitis (continued)

•Signs and symptoms• Pain, usually becoming localized

to right lower quadrant at McBurney point (see illustration)•Sudden spontaneous relief of pain indicating a ruptured appendix

• Fever, malaise, diarrhea, or constipation, and tachycardia (later signs and symptoms)

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Appendicitis (continued)

•Treatment•Appendectomy (see illustration)•Surgery within 48 hours of first symptoms to avoid delay, which could result in rupture and peritonitis as fecal matter is released into the peritoneal cavity

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mr. Q. presents to the ED with RLQ pain, a rigid abdomen with increased tenderness, and abdominal cramping. The physician suspects he is suffering from an inflammation of the appendix. His diagnosis is .

2. Mr. R., a smoker and heavy drinker, complains of dysphagia for the past 4 months. After various tests, he is diagnosed with cancer of the (esophagus, mouth, stomach).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mr. Q. presents to the ED with RLQ pain, a rigid abdomen with increased tenderness, and abdominal cramping. The physician suspects he is suffering from an inflammation of the appendix. His diagnosis is appendicits.

2. Mr. R., a smoker and heavy drinker, complains of dysphagia for the past 4 months. After various tests, he is diagnosed with cancer of the (esophagus, mouth, stomach).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

3. The abbreviation RLQ means the patient’s pain is located in the .

4. The physician informs Ms. J. that her appendicitis may be due to an obstruction or infection caused by a hard mass of fecal matter. This type of mass is diagnosed as a (fecalith, fecaloid, fecundation).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

3. The abbreviation RLQ means the patient’s pain is located in the right lower quadrant.

4. The physician informs Ms. J. that her appendicitis may be due to an obstruction or infection caused by a hard mass of fecal matter. This type of mass is diagnosed as a (fecalith, fecaloid, fecundation).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Diverticulitis•Acute inflammation of diverticulae•Diverticulosis — presence of diverticulae without inflammation (see illustration)

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Diverticulitis (continued)

•Signs and symptoms•Symptoms varied from case-to-case in intensity and duration•Bowel changes, possibly alternating between constipation and diarrhea•Tenderness and pain in LLQ of abdomen•Possible bleeding as condition worsens, along with weakness, fever, fatigue, and anemia•Possible rupture (if an abscess develops), leading to peritonitis

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Diverticulitis (continued)

•Treatment•Focus on clearing up inflammation and infection, resting the colon, and preventing or minimizing complications•Hospital stay required for severe cases with acute pain and complications •IV antibiotics and a few days without food or drink (for most severe cases) to help the colon rest •Colon resection required for some cases with a temporary colostomy while the colon heals

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Ms. O.’s radiograph shows pouchlike herniations through the muscular layer of her colon. These small, blisterlike pockets are diagnosed as (diverticula, diverticulitis, diverticuloma).

2. The nurse charts Mr. J.’s complaint of extreme constipation as (diarrhea, obstipation, colopathy).

3. Mr. F. is diagnosed with a severe case of diverticulitis. His symptoms include LLQ tenderness and pain. LLQ means the pain is located in the

of his abdomen.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Ms. O.’s radiograph shows pouchlike herniations through the muscular layer of her colon. These small, blisterlike pockets are diagnosed as (diverticula, diverticulitis, diverticuloma).

2. The nurse charts Mr. J.’s complaint of extreme constipation as (diarrhea, obstipation, colopathy).

3. Mr. F. is diagnosed with a severe case of diverticulitis. His symptoms include LLQ tenderness and pain. LLQ means the pain is located in the left lower quadrant of his abdomen.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis•Formation or presence of gallstones within the gallbladder or bile ducts

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis (continued)•Signs and symptoms•Patients with gallstones, possibly asymptomatic•Classic "attack," called biliary colic, from bile duct obstruction•Acute onset of URQ abdominal pain that radiates to the shoulder and back•Possible nausea and vomiting•Typically following ingestion of large or fatty meals

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis (continued)•Nonsurgical treatment•If asymptomatic, unless symptoms reappear or there is a history of previous gallstones with complications• Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy •Dissolving cholesterol-based stones through bile acid therapy• Inhibits synthesis and secretion of cholesterol within the liver,

altering the composition of the bile. Existing stones may be decreased in size or dissolved entirely

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diseases and Conditions (continued)

Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis (continued)•Surgical treatment•Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (for cholelithiasis), a minimally invasive procedure•Most common procedure performed•Laparoscope inserted through several small incisions in the abdomen with patient usually discharged in 24 hours or less

•Choledocholithotomy (for choledocholithiasis)•Incision into the common bile duct to remove the stone(s)

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Ms. G. presents with an acute onset of URQ abdominal pain that radiates to the shoulder and back, and complains of nausea and vomiting. The physician suspects gallstone formation in the gallbladder. He charts an abnormal condition of gallbladder stones as .

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Ms. G. presents with an acute onset of URQ abdominal pain that radiates to the shoulder and back, and complains of nausea and vomiting. The physician suspects gallstone formation in the gallbladder. He charts an abnormal condition of gallbladder stones as cholecystolithiasis.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

2. The physician explains that removal of the gallbladder is the treatment of choice for symptomatic cholelithiasis. The procedure for excision of the gallbladder is

.

3. Mr. F. is scheduled for ultrasound treatment to pulverize his gallstones. This nonsurgical procedure, abbreviated ESWL, is called

.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

2. The physician explains that removal of the gallbladder is the treatment of choice for symptomatic cholelithiasis. The procedure for excision of the gallbladder is cholecystectomy.

3. Mr. F. is scheduled for ultrasound treatment to pulverize his gallstones. This nonsurgical procedure, abbreviated ESWL, is called extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

1. anastomosis:

2. ascites:

3. borborygmus:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

1. anastomosis: connection between two vessels; surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other

2. ascites: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

3. borborygmus: audible abdominal sound caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

4. cachexia:

5. dysentery:

6. volvulus:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

4. cachexia: state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting that may occur in many chronic diseases, malignancies, and infections

5. dysentery: diarrhea containing blood and mucus, resulting from inflammation of the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon

6. volvulus: twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Medical and Surgical Procedures•Bariatric surgery

• Surgical alteration of the stomach as a treatment for morbid obesity•Illustration: (A) Vertical

banded gastroplasty. (B) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)

•Colostomy• Excision of a diseased part of

the colon and creation of a new opening in the abdominal wall where fecal flow is diverted to a colostomy bag

• Permanent or temporary• Performed as treatment for

cancer or diverticulitis•Illustration: Colon is brought out

through the abdominal wall to form a mouth (stoma)

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)

• Polypectomy• Excision of small,

tumorlike, benign growths (polyps) that project from a mucous membrane surface•Illustration: Snare removing a

polyp from the colon

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Ms. K is diagnosed with colorectal CA. The surgeon will create an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside surface to enable diversion of fecal matter into an attached pouch. The surgical procedure to create an opening (mouth) of the colon is called a(n) .

2. The physician discovers polyps during a colonoscopy. What surgical procedure does the doctor perform to remove the polyps?

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Ms. K is diagnosed with colorectal CA. The surgeon will create an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside surface to enable diversion of fecal matter into an attached pouch. The surgical procedure to create an opening (mouth) of the colon is called a colostomy.

2. The physician discovers polyps during a colonoscopy. What surgical procedure does the doctor perform to remove the polyps? polypectomy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

3. The nurse explains that surgical procedures are available to treat morbid obesity. The surgical procedure that treats morbid obesity is called surgery.

4. The physician explains a surgical procedure to treat morbid obesity in which he staples the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and inserts a band to restrict food consumption. This bariatric procedure is known as vertical .

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

3. The nurse explains that surgical procedures are available to treat morbid obesity. The surgical procedure that treats morbid obesity is called bariatric surgery.

4. The physician explains a surgical procedure to treat morbid obesity in which he staples the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and inserts a band to restrict food consumption. This bariatric procedure is known as vertical banded gastroplasty.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diagnostic Procedures

•Endoscopy•Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope•Illustration: Esophago-gastroduodenoscopy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diagnostic Procedures (continued)

•Colonoscopy•Examination of the entire length of the colon•Examination of only the lower third of the colon known as sigmoidoscopy

•Illustration: Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Diagnostic Procedures (continued)

•Barium enema (BE)•Barium swallow•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)•Ultrasound (US)

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build a Medical Word Exercise

1. Visual examination of the sigmoid colon:

2. Instrument for examining interior organs and cavities:

3. Process of recording (x-ray) the gallbladder:

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Build a Medical Word Exercise

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

1. Visual examination of the sigmoid colon: sigmoid/o/scopy

2. Instrument for examining interior organs and cavities: endo/scope

3. Process of recording (x-ray) the gallbladder: cholecyst/o/graphy or chol/e/cyst/o/graphy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build a Medical Word Exercise

4. Visual examination of the colon:

5. Instrument for examining the rectum and sigmoid colon:

6. Process of recording (x-ray) a bile vessel:

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Build a Medical Word Exercise

4. Visual examination of the colon: colon/o/scopy

5. Instrument for examining the rectum and sigmoid colon: proct/o/sigmoid/o/scope

6. Process of recording (x-ray) a bile vessel: cholangi/o/graphy or chol/angi/o/graphy

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Pharmacology•Antacids•Antidiarrheals•Antiemetics•Laxatives

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mrs. J. complains of nausea and vomiting for the past 3 days. The prescribed medication, which will control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain, is called an (antacid, antidiarrheal, antiemetic).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mrs. J. complains of nausea and vomiting for the past 3 days. The prescribed medication, which will control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain, is called an (antacid, antidiarrheal, antiemetic).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

2. Mrs. S. is diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. The physician instructs her to increase her fluid intake and prescribes a drug that will control her loose bowel movements. The drug is known as an (antacid, antidiarrheal, antiemetic).

3. A patient diagnosed with excessive stomach acid is treated with a(n) (antacid, laxative, antiemetic).

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM6

Clinically Related Exercise

2. Mrs. S. is diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. The physician instructs her to increase her fluid intake and prescribes a drug that will control her loose bowel movements. The drug is known as an (antacid, antidiarrheal, antiemetic).

3. A patient diagnosed with excessive stomach acid is treated with an (antacid, laxative, antiemetic).

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