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Spratly IslandsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spratly Islands
Disputed islands
Geography
Location South China Sea
Coordinates838N 11155ECoordinates:
838N 11155E(Spratly Island)
Total islands over 750
Major
islands
Itu Aba Island
Namyit Island
Northeast Cay
Sin Cowe Island
Southwest Cay
Spratly Island
Swallow Reef
Thitu Island
West York Island
Area less than 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi)
Coastline 926 kilometres (575 mi)
Highest
point
unnamed location onSouthwest Cay
4 metres (13 ft)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itu_Aba_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itu_Aba_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namyit_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namyit_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Cowe_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Cowe_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thitu_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thitu_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_York_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_York_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_China_Sea.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_China_Sea.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_China_Sea.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_York_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thitu_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Cowe_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namyit_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itu_Aba_Islandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea7/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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Administered by
Claimed by
Brunei
EEZ Louisa Reef
Malaysia
State Sabah
Philippines
Municipality Kalayaan,Palawan
People's Republic of China
CountyParacels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands
Authority,Hainan
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Municipality Kaohsiung
Vietnam
Province Khanh Hoa
Demographics
Population No indigenous population[1]
Spratly Islands
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
[show]Transcriptions
Filipino name
Tagalog Kapuluan ng Kalayaan
Malay name
Malay Kepulauan Spratly
Vietnamese name
Quc ng Qun o Trng Sa
Hn t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_%28People%27s_Republic_of_China%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanh_Hoa_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n_t%E1%BB%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n_t%E1%BB%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanh_Hoa_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_%28People%27s_Republic_of_China%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei7/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750reefs,[2]
islets,atolls,caysandislands
in theSouth China Sea. Thearchipelagolies off the coasts of thePhilippinesandMalaysia(Sabah), about one third of the way from there to southernVietnam. They
comprise less than four square kilometers of land area spread over more than 425,000
square kilometers of sea. The Spratlys are one of three archipelagos of the South China
Sea which comprise more than 30,000 islands and reefs and which complicategovernance and economics in that region of Southeast Asia. Such small and remote
islands have little economic value in themselves, but are important in establishing
international boundaries. There are no native islanders but there are rich fishing groundsand initial surveys indicate the islands may contain significant reserves of oil and natural
gas.
About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from
Vietnam, thePeople's Republic of China, theRepublic of China (Taiwan),Malaysiaand
thePhilippines.Bruneihas also claimed anEEZin the southeastern part of the Spratlysencompassing just one area of small islands above mean high water (on Louisa Reef.)
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographic and economic overview 2 Ecology
o 2.1 Coral reefso 2.2 Vegetationo 2.3 Wildlifeo 2.4 Ecological hazards
3 Historyo 3.1 Early cartographyo 3.2 Military conflicto 3.3 Telecommunications
4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links
Geographic and economic overview
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Geographic_and_economic_overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Geographic_and_economic_overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Coral_reefshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Coral_reefshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Ecological_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Ecological_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Early_cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Early_cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Military_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Military_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Military_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Early_cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Ecological_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Coral_reefshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Geographic_and_economic_overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefs7/30/2019 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NASApicture of acayin the Spratly group.
Coordinates: 838N 11155E Area (land): less than 5 km
o note: includes 148 or so islets,coral reefs, andseamountsscattered over anarea of nearly 410,000 km of the central South China Sea
Coastline: 926 km
Political divisions:o Vietnam: Part ofKhnh Ha Province;o Brunei: ClaimsLouisa Reefitself, as well as anExclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) around that and neighboring reefs;[3]
o Malaysia: Part of the state ofSabah;o Philippines: Part ofPalawanprovince;o People's Republic of China: Part of theParacels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha
Islands Authority,Hainanprovince;
o Republic of China: Part ofKaohsiungmunicipality Climate: tropical Terrain: flat Elevation extremes:
o lowest point: South China Sea (0 m)o highest point: unnamed location onSouthwest Cay(4 m)
Natural hazards: serious maritime hazards because of numerous banks, reefs andshoals
The islands are most likely volcanic in origin.[4]
The islands themselves contain almost no
significantarable landand have no indigenous inhabitants, although twenty of theislands, including Itu Aba, the largest, are considered to be able to sustain human life.
Natural resources includefish,guano, undeterminedoilandnatural gaspotential.
Economicactivity includes commercialfishing,shipping, andtourism. The proximity to
nearbyoil- andgas-producingsedimentarybasins suggests the potential for oil and gasdeposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of
potential reserves. Commercial exploitation ofhydrocarbonshas yet to be developed. The
Spratly Islands have at least three fishing ports, several docks and harbors, at least three
heliports, at least four territorial rigging style outposts (especially due west ofNamyit),[5]
and six to eightairstrips. These islands are strategically located near several primary
shipping lanes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_type:isle&title=Spratly+Islandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_type:isle&title=Spratly+Islandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_type:isle&title=Spratly+Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Brunei-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Brunei-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Brunei-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province_Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province_Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province_Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province_Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-volcanic-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-volcanic-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-volcanic-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namyit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namyit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namyit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpratISS006-E-21713.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpratISS006-E-21713.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpratISS006-E-21713.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpratISS006-E-21713.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpratISS006-E-21713.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpratISS006-E-21713.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namyit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-volcanic-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province_Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province_Paracels,_Spratlys,_and_Zhongsha_Islands_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Brunei-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Spratly_Islands¶ms=8_38_N_111_55_E_type:isle&title=Spratly+Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA7/30/2019 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Ecology
Coral reefs
Coral reefsare the predominant structure of these islands; the Spratly group contains over
600 coral reefs in total.[2]
Vegetation
Little vegetation grows on these islands, which are subject to intensemonsoons.[2]Larger
islands are capable of supportingtropical forest,scrub forest,coastal scruband grasses.[2]
It is difficult to determine which species have been introduced or cultivated by humans.[2]
Itu AbaIsland was reportedly covered withshrubs,coconut, andmangrovesin 1938;pineapplewas also cultivated here when it was profitable.[2]Other accounts mention
papaya,banana,palm, and evenwhite peach treesgrowing on one island.[2]A few islands
which have been developed as small tourist resorts have had soil and trees brought in and
planted where there were none.[2]
Wildlife
The islands that do have vegetation provide important habitats for many seabirds and sea
turtles.[2]
Both theGreen Turtle(Chelonia mydas,endangered) and theHawksbill Turtle
(Eretmochelys imbricata,critically endangered) formerly occurred in numbers sufficient
to support commercial exploitation.[2]
These species reportedly continue to nest even onislands inhabited by military personnel (such asPratas) to some extent, though it is
believed that their numbers have declined.[2]
Seabirds use the islands for resting, breeding, andwinteringsites.[2]Species found here
includeStreaked Shearwater(Calonectris Leucomelas),Brown Booby(Sula
Leucogaster),Red-Footed Booby(S. sula),Great Crested Tern(Sterna bergii), andWhiteTern(Gygis Alba).[2]Little information is available regarding current status of the
islands seabird populations, though it is likely that birds may divert nesting site tosmaller, less disturbed islands. Bird eggs cover the majority ofSong Tu, a small island in
theeastern Danger Zone.[2]
Unfortunately, thisecoregionis still largely a mystery.[2]
Scientists have focused their
research on the marine environment, while the ecology of the terrestrial environmentremains relatively unknown.[2]
Ecological hazards
Political instability, tourism and the increasing industrialization of neighboring countries
has led to serious disruption of native flora and fauna,over-exploitationof natural
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eucogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_Leucogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_Leucogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_Leucogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-Footed_Boobyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-Footed_Boobyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-Footed_Boobyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._sulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._sulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._sulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Crested_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Crested_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Crested_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_bergiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_bergiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_bergiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gygis_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gygis_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gygis_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Tu&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Tu&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Tu&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Danger_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Danger_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-exploitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-exploitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-exploitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-exploitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Danger_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Tu&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gygis_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna_bergiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Crested_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._sulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-Footed_Boobyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_Leucogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_Leucogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Boobyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calonectris_Leucomelashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaked_Shearwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretmochelys_imbricatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_Turtlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelonia_mydashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Turtlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_peach_trees&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itu_Abahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_scrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrub_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-ECO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs7/30/2019 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resources, andenvironmental pollution.[2]
Disruption of nesting areas by human activity
or by introduced animals, such as dogs, has reduced the number of turtles nesting on theislands.[2]Sea turtles are also slaughtered for food on a significant scale.[2]The sea turtle
is a symbol of longevity in Chinese customs and at times the military personnel are given
orders to protect the turtles.[2]
Heavy commercial fishing in the region incurs other problems. Though it has been
outlawed, fishing methods continue to include the use ofbottom trawlsfitted withchainrollers.[2]In addition, during a recent routine patrol, more than 200 kg ofPotassium
cyanidesolution was confiscated from fishermen who had been using it for fish
poisoning. These activities have a devastating impact on local marine organisms andcoral reefs.[2]
Some interest has been taken in regard to conservation of these island ecosystems .[2]
J.W.
McManushas explored the possibilities of designating portions of the Spratly Islands as amarine park.[2]One region of the Spratly Archipelago, calledTruong Sa, was proposed by
Vietnams Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment (MOSTE) as a futureprotected area.[2]The 160 sq. km site is currently managed by theKhanh HoaProvincialPeoples Committee of Vietnam.[2]
Military groups in the Spratlys have engaged in environmentally damaging activities suchas shooting turtles and seabirds, raiding nests, and fishing with explosives.[2]The
collection of rare medicinal plants, collecting of wood and hunting for the wildlife trade
are common threats to the biodiversity of the entire region, including these islands.[2]
Coral habitats are threatened by pollution, over-exploitation of fish and invertebrates, and
the use of explosives and poisons as fishing techniques.[2]
History
Early cartography
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Geographic map of Spratlys. Click for more detailed image. For a satellite images of the
islands, tagged by occupying country, seehere.
The first possible human interaction with the Spratly Islands dates back between 600
BCE to 3 BCE. This is based on the theoretical migration patterns of the people of
Nanyue(southernChinaand northern Vietnam) and OldChampakingdom who mayhave migrated from Borneo, which may have led them through the Spratly Islands.[6]
Ancient Chinese maps record the "ThousandLiStretch of Sands"; Qianli Changsha (
) and the "Ten-ThousandLiof Stone Pools"; Wanli Shitang (),[7]whichChina today claims refers to the Spratly Islands. The Wanli Shitang have been explored
by the Chinese since theYuan Dynastyand may have been considered by them to have
been within their national boundaries.[8][9]
They are also referenced in the 13thcentury,[10]followed by the Ming Dynasty.[11]When the Ming Dynasty collapsed, the
Qing Dynastycontinued to include the territory in maps compiled in 1724,[12]1755,[13]
1767,[14]
1810,[15]
and 1817.[16]
A Vietnamese map from 1834 also includes the Spratly
Islands clumped in with theParacels(a common occurrence on maps of that time) labeledas "Wanli Changsha".[17]
According toHanoi, old Vietnamese maps record Bi Ct Vng (Golden Sandbanks,
referring to bothParacelsand the Spratly Islands) which lay near the Coast of the central
Vietnam as early as 1838.[18]
InPh Bin Tp Lc (Frontier Chronicles) by the scholarLe
Quy Don, Hong Sa and Trng Sa were defined as belonging to Qung Ngi District.He described it as where sea products and shipwrecked cargoes were available to be
collected. Vietnamese text written in the 17th century referenced government-sponsored
economic activities during theLe Dynasty, 200 years earlier. The Vietnamese
government conducted several geographical surveys of the islands in the 18th century.[18]
Despite the fact that China and Vietnam both made a claim to these territoriessimultaneously, at the time, neither side was aware that their neighbor had already
charted and made claims to the same stretch of islands.[18]
The islands were sporadically visited throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries by mariners from different European powers (includingRichard Spratly, after
whom the island group derives its most recognizableEnglishname).[19]
However, thesenations showed little interest in the islands. In 1883, German boats surveyed the Spratly
and Paracel Islands but withdrew the survey eventually after receiving protests from the
Nguyen Dynasty. Many European maps before the 20th century do not even make
mention of this region.[20]
Military conflict
Main article:Spratly Islands dispute
In 1933,Franceasserted its claims from 1887[21]
to the Spratly and Paracel Islands onbehalf of its then-colony Vietnam.[22]It occupied a number of the Spratly Islands,
http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=112047810770307867127.0004460b96d655257cc9c&ll=11.070603,115.708008&spn=9.563619,20.566406&t=k&z=6http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=112047810770307867127.0004460b96d655257cc9c&ll=11.070603,115.708008&spn=9.563619,20.566406&t=k&z=6http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=112047810770307867127.0004460b96d655257cc9c&ll=11.070603,115.708008&spn=9.563619,20.566406&t=k&z=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated4-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated4-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated4-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated3-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated3-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated3-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Donhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Donhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Donhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Donhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Spratlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Spratlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Spratlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-encarta-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-encarta-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-encarta-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-encarta-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Spratlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Donhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Donhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-KING-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated2-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated3-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated4-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-autogenerated1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyuehttp://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=112047810770307867127.0004460b96d655257cc9c&ll=11.070603,115.708008&spn=9.563619,20.566406&t=k&z=67/30/2019 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On May 23, 2011, Philippine PresidentBenigno Aquino IIIwarned the Chinese defense
minister of a possiblearms racein the region if tensions worsened over disputes in theSouth China Sea.
Aquino said he told visiting Chinese Defense MinisterLiang Guangliein their meeting
that such an arms race could result if there were more encounters in the disputed andpotentially oil-rich Spratly islands.
When we have these incidents, does it not promote an arms race happening within theregion? And when there is an arms race, does not the potential for conflict increase? herecalled telling Liang.
Aquino was quoted as saying: We may not have the capabilities now, but that mightforce us to increase our capabilities also".
[27]
In May 2011, Chinese naval vessels opened fire on Vietnamese fishing vessels operating
off East London Reef (Da Dong Island). Three military vessels were numbered 989, 27and 28. They showed up with a small group of Chinese fishing vessels. Another
Vietnamese fishing vessel was fired on near Cross (Chu Thap) Island. The Chief
Commander of Border Guards in Phu Yen Province, Vietnam reports that a total of fourVietnamese vessels were fired upon by Chinese naval vessels.[28][verification needed]
Telecommunications
In 2005, cellular phone base station was erected by the Philippines'Smart
Communicationson Pag-asa Island.[29]
On 18 May 2011,China Mobileannounced that its mobile phone coverage has expandedto the Spratly Islands, under the rationale that it can allow soldiers stationed on the
islands, fishermen and merchant vessels within the area to use mobile services, and canalso provide assistance during storms and sea rescues. The deployment of China Mobile's
support over the islands took roughly one year to fulfil.[30]
Philippines: Constitutional Issues on Spratly Islands
Deal Raised
No such thing as pre-explorationSatur
Deputy Minority Leader and Bayan Muna Rep. Satur C. Ocampo today raised two
Constitutional issues on the controversial Spratly Islands deal saying the Arroyo
government appears to have surrendered the States power to fully control and supervisethe utilization of the countrys natural resources.
On its face, as gathered from media reports, the so-called tripartite agreement is patentlyunconstitutional, says Ocampo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Guangliehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Guangliehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Guangliehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_warns_China-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_warns_China-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_warns_China-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_erected_mobile_phone_in_Spratleys-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_erected_mobile_phone_in_Spratleys-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_erected_mobile_phone_in_Spratleys-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_erected_mobile_phone_in_Spratleys-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands#cite_note-Philippines_warns_China-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Guangliehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III7/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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Ocampo cited Article 12, Sec. 2 of the 1987 Constitution on National Economy and
Patrimony which, he said, is violated by the Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU)with China and Vietnam.
Art. 12, Sec. 2 provides: (T)he exploration, development, and utilization of natural
resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State. The State maydirectly undertake such activities, or it may enter into co-production, joint venture, or
production-sharing agreement with Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations atleast sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements may
be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five
years, and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
The same provision also says that the President shall notify the Congress of everycontract entered into in accordance with this provision, within 30 days from its
execution.
First, it appears that MsArroyo basically surrendered the States full control andsupervision on the exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources to twoforeign countries, Ocampo said.
Second, the agreement has been kept confidential since its signing until now, Ocamposaid. It looks like Ms Arroyo had no intention of notifying Congress at all.
Ocampo said that Ms Arroyo should be held accountable for this Constitutionaltransgression.
The militant lawmaker also assailed Palace officials insistence that the agreement only
covers the so-called pre-exploration stage and is not unconstitutional.
Theres no such thing as pre-exploration. Data and samples gathering and seismicstudies are all part of the exploration process, Ocampo said.
Ocampo, together with fellow Bayan Muna Rep. Teddy Casino last week filed House
Resolution No. 496 seeking an inquiry to determine whether the agreement resulted in the
sellout of Philippine sovereignty in exchange of overpriced loans to fund controversialprojects.
The Bayan Muna lawmaker also wrote foreign affairs secretary Alberto Romulo today
requesting an official copy of the signed JMSU, including the maps that would showwhere the search for oil and gas was conducted, between the three countries. He also
requested for an official copy of the bilateral agreement between China and thePhilippines on the same issue.
It is imperative that the DFA be transparent on this issue that involves the countrysnational sovereignty and patrimony, he said. #
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Reasons behind the issue in Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands which consists of more than 100 reefs, islets and islands,occupies less than five square kilometers, and spread over more than 400,000 square
kilometers of sea, located between the Philippines and Vietnam, in the area of the South
China Sea.
The Spratly Islands, regarded as part of the great sweep of archipelago ofSoutheast Asia consisting of more than 30,000 and which so complicates geography,
governance, and economics in the region. Considering the size of Spratly Islands and its
geographical location makes it less interesting. But considering these islands as territorial
markers rather than a place of habitation may be more important.
Native islanders dont occupy the place, even though abundant fishing groundssurrounds the area. Initial surveys indicate that the islands may contain oil and gas, whichmakes it a much bigger reason why the other countries are claiming it.
The Spratly Islands, a string of rocky outcrops in the South China Sea possiblyholding large oil and gas deposits, are also claimed by neighboring Brunei, Malaysia and
the Philippines; as said bythepeninsulaqatar.com.
Approximately 45 islands occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces
from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei established a fishing
zone which overlaps the southern reef, but does not directly made any formal claim. TheSpratly Islands located in the Southeastern Asian group of reefs and islands in the South
China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern
Vietnam to the southern Philippines.
Claims of the Spratly Islands proved its worth the the countries involved, owing
the history behind it as described byglobalsecurity.
Today the Spratlys are again a hot item in the Philippine news because of the2005 Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking the Philippines had with China and Vietnam,both claimants too; and because of the question whether or not this had anything to do
with the scrapped controversial ZTE national broadband network deal with China that has
been rocking the political landscape in the past months; as said byinquirer.net.
Spratly Islands Dispute (SPRATLY Case)
A. IDENTIFICATION
1. The Issue
The Philippines made their first claim in the area--which they
http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=Rest+of+the+World&month=February2008&file=World_News200802031114.xmlhttp://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=Rest+of+the+World&month=February2008&file=World_News200802031114.xmlhttp://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=Rest+of+the+World&month=February2008&file=World_News200802031114.xmlhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly.htmhttp://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080313-124370/Spratlys-on-my-mindhttp://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080313-124370/Spratlys-on-my-mindhttp://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080313-124370/Spratlys-on-my-mindhttp://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080313-124370/Spratlys-on-my-mindhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly.htmhttp://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=Rest+of+the+World&month=February2008&file=World_News200802031114.xml7/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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refer to as the Kalayaan islands--in 1975 and has been developing
oil in the region between the Spratlys and the island of Palawan
since 1976. The Philippines real history in the region began in May
1956 when a private Philippine expedition surveyed and occupied
some of the islands. The Philippines were a trusteeship of the
Allied powers at the time and the guarantee of Allied protection
kept the Philippines from garrisoning troops on its islands.
However, as that guarantee weakened the Philippines decided to beef
up its defense. In 1976, it set up a garrison on Palawan and in
1978 it established more soldiers on seven of the islands. There
are currently about 1,000 Marines stationed on the islands. In
1979, the Philippines stated that it only wanted control of the
seven islands under its control and administration and not the rest
of the archipelago.
2. Description
Malaysia has been involved in the dispute since 1979. It currently
has control over three of the islands but claims the whole chain.
Malaysiaws case is based on the fact that the islands are part of
its continental shelf. This gives it right to the islands under theLaw of the Sea Convention. Brunei's claims to the island also rest
on the Law of the Sea. It states that the southern part of the
Spratly chain is actually a part of its continental shelf and
therefore its territory and resources.
Taiwan has maintained a garrison on the biggest of the islands
since 1956. Its claims to the island are based on its assertion
that Taiwan and its Kuomintang government are the true China. Both
Taiwan and the People's Republic of China say that the islands were
discovered by Chinese navigators, used by Chinese fishermen for
centuries, and under the administration of China since the 15th
century. Further, the Kuomintang sent a naval expedition to the
islands and took formal possession in 1946. It left a garrison on
the largest island of Itu Aba. However, since Taiwan claims to be
the true China, it believes the islands belong to it and not to the
PRC. Its main concern is that China alone or China and Vietnam will
gain control and thus, have a monopoly on the South China Sea.
China and Vietnam are the main protagonists in the dispute.
Vietnam claims to the islands--which they call the Truong Sa
islands--are part of the empire of Annam, Vietnam's ancestor, in
the l9th century. In 1815, an expedition sent by king Gia Long to
chart sea lanes occupied and settled the islands. The French, who
were Vietnamws colonial rulers, annexed the Spratlys in 1933, so
Vietnam says the islands are theirs as the inheritors of the French
possessions. In September 1973, Vietnam declared that the Spratlys
were part of the Phuoc Tuy province. It has since stated that thePhilippines are occupying part of its territory. Vietnam currently
holds three islands.
China's claims to the island are based on the same history as
Taiwan's claim. The PRC government maintains that it is the
legitimate Chinese government and that, therefore, the
islands--which they call the Nansha islands--are their territory.
They have been the most belligerent in pursuing their claim. The
dispute between China and Vietnam picked up in 1988. Chinese naval
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vessels sailed into the Spratlys in January 1988 and Chinese
marines started building defenses on one of the largest
islands--the first time China has settled soldiers on the islands.
In March, fighting broke out between Vietnam and China and China
sunk two Vietnamese ships. While they have moved to more political
means of dealing with the dispute, tensions remain high in the
area. Confrontation surfaced again when China contracted with a US
firm to begin testing for oil sights, even though the territorial
issue remains far from solved. Occassional harassment of fishermen
by all sides continues as well. Each of the six countries maintain
its claim to all the islands. The protagonists have been discussing
the possibility of shelving the sovereignty issue to undertake
joint development of its resources and have sent a joint scientific
team to run tests on resource potential.
The dispute has not been taken to any official forum as of this
date. Indonesia tried to start talks among the disputants. Jakarta
believed that as a non-involved Asian country, it could be an
impartial mediator. No decisions on sovereignty were reached at the
meetings but the disputants did agree to send a scientific team to
the islands to assess their resource potential and theenvironmental condition.
3. Related Cases
SHETLAND case
MINAMATA case
DOOSAN case
BALTIC case
BLACKSEA case
MEDIT case
BOLSEA case
Keyword Clusters
(1): Forum = Philippines
(2): Bio-geography = TROPical
(3): Environmental Problem = OIL/GAS
4. Draft Author: Leigh Powell (May, 1994)
B. LEGAL Cluster
5. Discourse and Status: DISagreement and INPROGress
So far no measures have been instituted but the territorial dispute
has proven to be the most effective ban because it has prevented
exploitation of the oil and natural resources completely.
6. Forum and Scope: CHINA and REGION
7. Decision Breath: 4 (Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and
China)
8. Legal Standing: TREATY
The Law of the Sea Convention -- an international law/standard
http://www1.american.edu/ted/SHETLAND.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/MINAMAT1.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/DOOSAN.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/BALTIC.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/BLACKSEA.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/MEDIT.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/BOLSEA.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/BOLSEA.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/MEDIT.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/BLACKSEA.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/BALTIC.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/DOOSAN.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/MINAMAT1.HTMhttp://www1.american.edu/ted/SHETLAND.HTM7/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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agreed to by the countries of the world -- is involved in the
claims of Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. These three
countries claim that all or part of the islands are a part of their
continental shelf. According to the Law of the Sea, the countries
have legal right over the area of their continental shelf.
In 1987 China claimed that the Hainan Island--the closest
recognized Chinese territory to the islands--was a separate
province that would be developed as a special economic zone and
declared a new law on its territorial waters in 1992. These laws
gave China a greater basis for claiming control over the Spratlys
as a "contiguous zones" for territory.
C. GEOGRAPHIC Cluster
9. Geographic Locations
a. Geographic Domain : Asia
b. Geographic Site : East Asia
c. Geographic Impact : Philippines
10. Sub-National Factors: NO
11. Type of Habitat: TROPical
D. TRADE Cluster
12. Type of Measure: Regulatory Standard [REGSTD]
13. Direct vs. Indirect Impacts: INDirect
14. Relation of Measure to Environmental Impact
a. Directly Related : YES OIL/GAS
b. Indirectly Related : NO
c. Not Related : NO
d. Process Related : YES Pollution Sea [POLS]
15. Trade Product Identification: OIL
16. Economic Data
17. Impact of Measure on Trade Competitiveness: LOW
18. Industry Sector: OIL/GAS
China estimates the natural reserves to be in the billions of US
dollars to $1 trillion. US estimates are much lower given the deepwater conditions and geology of the ocean floor.
19. Exporter and Importer: PHILippines and MANY
E. ENVIRONMENT Cluster
20. Environmental Problem Type: Pollution Sea [POLS]
21. Name, Type, and Diversity of Species
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Name: Many
Type: Many
Diversity: PHILippines
22. Impact and Effect: LOW and PRODuct
23. Urgency and Lifetime: MEDIUM and 100s years
24. Substitutes: Biodegradable products
VI. OTHER Factors
25. Culture: NO
26. Trans-Border: NO
27. Rights: YES
28. Relevant Literature
Cushing, Jerry. Far Eastern Economic Review. 17 March 1988
Day, Alan J. Borders and Territorial Disputes. Gale Research
Center. Detroit. 1982.
Heinzig, Dieter, Disputed islands in the South China Sea: the
Paracels, Spratlys, and Pratas. Wiesbaden, 1976.
The Philippines' Illegal Claims in the Spratlys (SpratlyIslands)
--The Lies and the Groundless Invasion into China's Spratly Islands of South China Sea
Table of Contents
1. Area of present claims
2. Brief history of the Filipino interest in the Spratlys
3. Was the Spratlys res nullius for Tomas Cloma to claim as his private discovery?
4. Is geography a legal basis for a sovereignty claim?
5. Is security a legal basis for the Filipino claim?
http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#1http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#1http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#2http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#2http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#3http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#3http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#4http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#4http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#5http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#5http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#5http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#4http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#3http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#2http://www.spratlys.org/collection/claims/philippines/#17/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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6. Conclusion
1. Area of Present Philippine Claims
The Philippines began to lay its claim over the Spratly Islands in 1970s. The Philippines claims the western section of the
"Kalayaan Isaland Group" as called by the Philippines. That encompasses 53 islands, reefs, shoals cays, rocks and atolls w
64,976 square miles. It is about 450 nautical miles from Manila and 230 nautical miles from Palawan. The Thitu Island (r
asa/Pagasa by the Philippines) is the biggest island and the Philippines occupied this island in the 1970s. Along with Thit
islands in the Spratlys occupied by the Philippines include Flat Island (Feixin Dao in Chinese, Patag as the Philippines re
Nansha Island (Mahuan Dao, Lawak), West York Island (Xiyue Dao, Likas), Lankiam Cay (Shuanghuan Shazhou, Panat
(Nanyue Dao, Kota), and Commodore Reef (Siling Jiao, Rizal Reef). [1]
2. Brief History of the Filipino Interest in the Spratlys and its Development
Out of its economic and strategic motivations, the French government made formal claims to the Spratlys in the early 1931933 the French Foreign Ministry announced the occupation of the nine islets of the Spratlys and asserted French soverei
for the first time. The French action brought immediate protests from China.[2] At that time, the Philippines was a colony
Some Filipino congressman said the nine islands should belong to the Philippines according to the Treaty of Paris. Howe
suggestion was ignored by Washington since the Spratly Islands obviously were not within the Philippine boundary as sta
Treaty Limits.
During the Second World War, Japan occupied both the Paracels (Paracel Islands) and Spratlys in 1939 shortly after they
Hainan Island. The Japanese used Itu Aba Island (Taiping Dao) as a submarine base and a springboard for its invasion of
At the end of the Pacific War in 1945, the Japanese forces on the South China Sea surrendered to the representatives of C
The newly established Philippine government Foreign Minister Qurino advocated on 23 July 1946 that the new Southern
used by the Japanese for all the islands in the South China Sea) should be given to his country. This was the first indicatio
in the Spratly Islands from the Philippines government.
In April 1949 , the Philippines sent its navy to explore the Spratlys. An article published in Manila Bulletin on May 15 19
Philippine government should occupy the Spratly Islands together with the United States because it was closer to Palawa
China and Vietnam. On May 17, the Philippine President Quirino said that if the Chinese Kuomingtang (Nationalist Party
occupied the Spratlys, then Philippine didn't need to occupy them. However, if the islands fell into the communist enemy
Philippine security is threatened. So he created this theory that the Spratlys should belong to the nearest country accordin
law. and the Philippines is the nearest.
In 1956 Tomas Cloma together with his brothers and 40 crew explored the Spratlys and claimed to have "discovered" and
islands and reefs of the Spratlys. They proclaimed "formal ownership" over them and renamed these islands and reefs the
(Freedomland) Island Group.
The Philippine act was immediately met with protests from PRC, Taiwan, Saigon as well as France. The PRC denounced
alleged "discovery" as totally groundless. Manila responded to Taipei and Saigon that it had no claims on the Spratlys [1Taiwan sent troops to the Islands to patrol the Spratly Islands and stationed on Itu Aba Island to prevent further such alle
In early July 1971, the Philippine government alleged that the Taiwanese troops on the Itu Aba Island "fired on a boat car
Philippine congressman". After this the Philippine government announced on July 10 1971 that "it had sent a diplomatic
asking that the Chinese garrison be withdrawn from Itua Aba". Manila stated that 53 islands and reefs once occupied by T
should belong to the Philippines, because the area was terra nullius at the time of its occupation and was "acquired acco
modes of acquisition recognized under international law, among which are occupation and effective administration". [3] M
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Philippines sent its navy to occupy Thitu Island and Nanshan Island.
In April 1972, the Philippines government incorporated the "Kalayaan" group into Palawan Province as a municipality.
In February 1974, the Philippines government stated that the Philippines forces had occupied five islets of the Spratlys. T
government justified its occupation of the Spratly Islands as "the strategic importance of the Kalayaan area to the Philipp
By 1978 the Philippines had occupied two more islands, and later the Philippines further occupied Sil ing Jiao (Commodo
they occupied Liyue Tan (Reed Bank). On June 11, 1978, Filipino president Marcos signed a Presidential Decree 1596 w
Kalayaan group. The 1978 decree omitted Spratly Island and include Amboyna Cay which was not claimed by Cloma. It
"some countries claimed some parts of this area but they had given up and thus the claims are not valid anymore..." [4]
On July 17, 1978, a Presidential Decree 1599 was issued, proclaiming that the Kalayaan Group was within Philippine EE
Economic Zone).
3. Was the Spratlys res nullius before any Filipino claims?
The Philippines base their claims of sovereignty over the Spratlys on the issues ofres nullius. The definition ofres nulliu
which has no ownerorA thing which has been abandoned by its owner is as much res nullius as if it had never belonged
Japan unconditionallysurrenderedin 1945 after their defeat in the World War II. Towards the end of 1946, the Chinese g
naval task force consisting of four warships to the Spratlys and Paracels to execute demonstrative possessor acts on the sp
force sailed from Guangdong (Canton) on December 9, 1946. The two war ships Taiping and Zhongye set course for the
after 3 days' sailing, they reached Itu Aba Island, the principal island of the Spratlys on the morning of December 12, 194
immediately sent telegraphs to Nanjing to report on their arrival and later stationed on the Itu Aba Island. The Itu Aba Isl
surveyed. The task force also reached and surveyed other Spratly Islands including Nanyue Island, Thitu Island, North D
The symbols of Japanese sovereignty were removed and a Sovereignty Stone Marker was placed on the Itu Aba Island. T
take-over ceremony.
In December 1947 Territorial Administration Section of Ministry of Internal Affairs published a list of South China Sea I
anda Map of South China Sea Islands. The Itu Aba Island is renamed to Taiping Island, the Thitu Island is renamed to Z
the commanders name of the task force is also used as a name of a Sand Cay (Dunqian Shazhou).
So has China ever abandoned her ownership over the Spratlys? No. The Chinese government has never relinquished its c
islands. After the "Kingdom of Humantiy and Republic of Songhrati-Morac-Meads" issue Taiwan has restored the garris
Island and the navy has frequently patrolled the Spratlys.
Just like what is expressed in Taipei's response to the Philippines: The world has been on notice for years and years that C
garrison on the Islands. It is childishly naive to entertain any notion that Cloma and associates' claim to "right of discover
the legal basis for Philippine government's claiming and the actions as announced by President Marcos. The pursuit of an
official claim to the Spratly Islands should be held to be a violation of international law and a provocation to China.[1, p7
4. Is Geography Proximity a legal Basis for Philippine's claim in the Spratlys?
There is no international law saying geographical proximity can be used here to justify its claims in the Kalayaan Island G
the proximity basis, many isolated islands in Sulu Sea are much closer to Borneo than to the Philippines, should the Phili
islands to Malaysia or Brunei?
5. Is National Security a legal basis for the Filipino Claim?
If Philippines national security can serve as a legal basis for its claim in the Spratly Islands. Does that mean the Philippin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_nulliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_nulliushttp://www.taiwandocuments.org/surrender01.htmhttp://www.taiwandocuments.org/surrender01.htmhttp://www.taiwandocuments.org/surrender01.htmhttp://www.nansha.org.cn/islandsdatabase/4/1947_South_China_Sea_Islands_Map.jpghttp://www.nansha.org.cn/islandsdatabase/4/1947_South_China_Sea_Islands_Map.jpghttp://www.nansha.org.cn/islandsdatabase/4/1947_South_China_Sea_Islands_Map.jpghttp://www.nansha.org.cn/islandsdatabase/4/1947_South_China_Sea_Islands_Map.jpghttp://www.taiwandocuments.org/surrender01.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_nullius7/30/2019 57822367 Spratly Islands
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invade any other nation's sovereign land if they feel that they are not secure?
6. Conclusion
The Philippine's claims in the Spratly Islands, is not legal, although the Philippines try to base their claims on different b
was not res nullius, and the Philippines' claims based on geographic proximity and national security are illegal.
[1]Hsiao Chi-Ching, The Nanshas (Spratlys) Disputes, 1999, p19
[2] Ji Guoxing, The Spratlys Disputes and Prospects for Settlement, ISIS Issue Paper, 1992, p7
[3] A James Gregor, "In the Shadow of Giants, the Major Powers and Security of Southeast Asia", p91-92, Hoover Instit
University, 1989.
[4] Alileen S.P. Baviera edited, The South China Sea Disputes: Philippine Perspectives, Philippine China Development R
and Philippine Association for Chinese Studies, Manila, 1992.
[5] Chen Hurng Yu, The South China Sea Islands' Sovereignty and International Conflicts, p89, You Shi Culture Enterpr
1987
Background:
The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded
by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their
entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and thePhilippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces
from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a
fishing zone that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim.
Location:
Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way
from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines
Geographic coordinates:
8 38 N, 111 55 E
Map references:
Southeast Asia
Area:total: less than 5 sq km
country comparison to the world:245land: less than 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000sq km of the central South China Sea
Area - comparative:
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