4_Tolerancing (1)

Chapter 4Tolerancing

Topics

Exercises

Tolerancing: Topics

Summary

4.1) Tolerancing and Interchangeability

4.2) Tolerancing Standards

4.3) Tolerance Types

4.4) General Definitions

4.5) Inch Tolerances

4.6) Metric Tolerances

4.7) Selecting Tolerances

4.8) Tolerance Accumulation

4.9) Formatting Tolerances

Tolerancing: Exercises

Exercise 4-1: Inch tolerance definitions

Exercise 4-2: Types of fit

Exercise 4-3: Determining fit type

Exercise 4-4: Limits and fits

Exercise 4-5: Milling jack assembly tolerances

Exercise 4-6: Millimeter tolerance definitions

Exercise 4-7: Metric fit designation

Exercise 4-8: Systems

Exercise 4-9: Metric limits and fits

Exercise 4-10: Tolerance accumulation

Exercise 4-11: Over dimensioning

Tolerancing

Summary

What will we learn in Chapter 4?→ We will learn about tolerancing and how

important this technique is to mass production.

Key points→ If a feature’s size is toleranced, it is allowed

to vary within a range of values or limits.→ Tolerancing enables an engineer to design

interchangeable or replacement parts.

Tolerancing

4.1) Tolerancing for Interchangeability

Tolerancing / Interchangeability

Tolerancing is dimensioning for interchangeability.

What is interchangeability?

An interchangeable part is simply a mass produced part (a replacement part).

How is a feature on an interchangeable part dimensioned?

→ The feature is not dimensioned using a single value, but a range of values.

1.00 →1.005

A tolerance is the amount of size variation permitted.→ You can choose a tolerance that specifies a

large or small variation.

Tolerance = 1.005 - .994 = .011

Size limits =

Why do we want a part’s size to be controlled by two limits?

It is necessary because it is impossible to manufacture parts without some variation.

The stated limits are a form of quality control.

Choosing a tolerance for your design.

→ Specify a tolerance with whatever degree of accuracy that is required for the design to work properly.

→ Choose a tolerance that is not unnecessarily accurate or excessively inaccurate.

Choosing the correct tolerance for a particular application depends on:

→ the design intent (end use) of the part→ cost→ how it is manufactured→ experience

Tolerancing

4.2) Tolerancing Standards

Tolerancing Standards

Standards are needed to;

→ make it possible to manufacture parts at different times and in different places that still assemble properly.

→ establish dimensional limits for parts that are to be interchangeable.

Tolerancing Standards

The two most common standards agencies are;

→ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / (ASME)

→ International Standards Organization (ISO).

Tolerancing

4.3) Tolerance Types

Tolerance Types

The tolerancing methods presented are:→ Limit dimensions → Plus or minus tolerances → Page or block tolerances

1. Limit Dimensions

Limits are the maximum and minimum size that a part can obtain and still pass inspection.

→ For example, the diameter of a shaft might be specified as follows.

1. Limit Dimension Order

The high limit is placed above the low limit. When both limits are placed on one line, the low limit precedes the high limit.

2. Plus or Minus Tolerances

Plus or minus tolerances give a basic size and the variation that can occur around that basic size.

3. Page or Block Tolerances

A page tolerance is actually a general note that applies to all dimensions not covered by some other tolerancing type.

Tolerancing

4.4) Shaft-Hole Assembly

Shaft-Hole Assembly

Used to illustrate concepts and definitions. Both the shaft and the hole are allowed to

vary between a maximum and minimum diameter.

Tolerancing

4.5) Inch Tolerances

Inch Tolerances Definitions

Limits: The limits are the maximum and minimum size that the part is allowed to be.

Basic Size: The basic size is the size from which the limits are calculated. → It is common for both the hole and the shaft

and is usually the closest fraction.

Tolerance: The tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary.

Exercise 4-2

Inch tolerance definitions

Exercise 4-2

Fill in the following table.

Skip to next part of the exercise

Shaft Hole

Limits

Basic Size

Tolerance

.47 - .51 .49 - .50

.5 or 1/2

.04 .01

Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The MMC is the size of the part when it consists of the most material.

Least Material Condition (LMC): The LMC is the size of the part when it consists of the least material.

Exercise 4-2

Shaft Hole

LMC.51 .49

.47 .50

Maximum Clearance: The maximum amount of space that can exist between the hole and the shaft.

→ Max. Clearance = LMChole – LMCshaft

Minimum Clearance (Allowance): The minimum amount of space that can exist between the hole and the shaft.

→ Min. Clearance = MMChole – MMCshaft

Exercise 4-2

Max. ClearanceMin. Clearance

.50 - .47 = .03

.49 - .51 = -.02

Exercise 4-2

What does a negative clearance mean?

Max. ClearanceMin. Clearance

.50 - .47 = .03

.49 - .51 = -.02

Types of Fits

There are four major types of fits. → Clearance Fit→ Interference Fit→ Transition Fit→ Line Fit

Types of Fits

What is a clearance fit?

There is always a space.

Min. Clearance > 0

Types of Fits

What is an interference fit?

There is never a space.

Max. Clearance 0

Types of Fits

What is a transition fit?

Depending on the sizes of the shaft and hole there could be a space or no space.

Max. Clearance > 0

Min. Clearance < 0

Types of Fits

What is a line fit?

There is a space or a contact (hole dia = shaft dia)

Max. Clearance > 0

Min. Clearance = 0

Exercise 4-3

Types of fits

Exercise 4-3

From everyday life, list some examples of clearance and interference fits.

Fit Example

Clearance

Interference

Lock and KeyDoor and Door frameCoin and Coin slot

Pin in a bicycle chain

Hinge pin

Wooden peg and hammer toy

Exercise 4-4

Determining fit type

Exercise 4-4

Determine the basic size and type of fit given the limits for the shaft and hole.

Shaft Limits Hole Limits Basic Size

Type of fit

1.498 - 1.500 1.503 - 1.505.751 - .755 .747 - .750.373 - .378 .371 - .375.247 - .250 .250 - .255

1.5 Clearance

.75 Interference

.375 Transition

.25 Line

ANSI Standard Limits and Fits

The following fit types and classes are in accordance with the ANSI B4.1-1967 (R1994) standard.

RC: Running or Sliding Clearance fit. → Intended to provide running performance

with suitable lubrication. • See table 4-2 for a more detailed description.

→ RC9 (loosest) – RC1 (tightest)

Locational fits (LC, LT, LN). → Locational fits are intended to determine

only the location of the mating parts. • See table 4-3 for a more detailed description.

• LC = Locational clearance fits • LT = Locational transition fits • LN = Locational interference fits

FN: Force Fits. → Force fits provide a constant bore pressure

throughout the range of sizes. • See table 4-4 for a more detailed description.

→ FN1 – FN5 (tightest)

Exercise 4-5

Limits and fits

Exercise 4-5

Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft. → Use the ANSI limits and fit tables given in

Appendix A.

Page A-2

Basic size = .5

Fit = RC8

Exercise 4-5

Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft.

→ Standard Limits Hole = +2.8 0→ Standard Limits Shaft = -3.5 -5.1

These are the values that we add/subtract from the basic size to obtain the limits.

What are the units?

See page A-1.

Exercise 4-5

Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft.

→ Hole Limts = .50 - 0 = .5000

.50 + .0028 = .5028

→ Shaft Limits = .50 - .0035 = .4965

.50 - .0051 = .4949

Exercise 4-6

Milling Jack assembly tolerances

Exercise 4-6

Consider the Milling Jack assembly shown. → Notice that there are

many parts that fit into or around other parts.

→ Each of these parts is toleranced to ensure proper fit and function.

The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). Determine the limits for both parts.

The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). What are the limits?

.3750 - .3759

.3739 - .3745

The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8). Determine the limits for both parts.

The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8). What are the limits?

.6231 - .6238

.625 - .626

Tolerancing

4.6) Metric Tolerances

Metric Tolerances Definitions

Limits, Basic Size, Tolerance, MMC and LMC have the same definition as in the inch tolerance section.

Exercise 4-7

Millimeter tolerance definitions

Exercise 4-7

Shaft Hole

Limits

Basic Size

Tolerance

2.1 – 2.2 1.8 – 2.0

0.1 0.2

Upper deviation: The upper deviation is the difference between the basic size and the permitted maximum size of the part.

→ UD = |basic size – Dmax|

Lower deviation: The lower deviation is the difference between the basic size and the minimum permitted size of the part.

→ LD = |basic size – Dmin|

Fundamental deviation: The fundamental deviation is the closest deviation to the basic size. → The fundamental deviation is the smaller of

the UD and the LD. → A letter in the fit specification represents the

fundamental deviation.

Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11

Exercise 4-7

Shaft HoleUDLD

0.1 0.2

Exercise 4-7

Type of fit Interference

International tolerance grade number (IT#): The IT#’s are a set of tolerances that vary according to the basic size and provide the same relative level of accuracy within a given grade. → The number in the fit specification

represents the IT#. → A smaller number provides a smaller

tolerance.

Tolerance zone: The fundamental deviation in combination with the IT# defines the tolerance zone. → The IT# establishes the magnitude of the

tolerance zone or the amount that the dimension can vary.

→ The fundamental deviation establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size.

The following fit types are in accordance with the ANSI B4.2-1978 (R1994) standard.

Available Metric Fits Hole Basis Shaft Basis Fit

H11/c11 C11/h11 Loose running

H9/d9 D9/h9 Free running

H8/f7 F8/h7 Close running

H7/g6 G7/h6 Sliding

H7/h6 H7/h6 Locational clearance

H7/k6 or H7/n6

K7/h6 or N7/h6

Locational transition

H7/p6 P7/h6 Locational interference

H7/s6 S7/h6 Medium drive

H7/u6 U7/h6 Force

The difference between Hole and Shaft Basis Fits will be discussed in an upcoming section.

Tolerance Designation

A Metric fit is specified by stating the fundamental deviation and the IT#.

Remember!→ IT# = the amount that the dimension can

vary (tolerance zone size). → Fundamental deviation (letter) = establishes

the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size. • Hole = upper case• Shaft = lower case

Tolerance Designation

Fits are specified by using the:→fundamental deviation (letter) →IT# (International Tolerance Grade #).

When specifying the fit:→The hole = upper case letter →The shaft = lower case letter

Exercise 4-8

Metric fit designation

Fill in the appropriate name for the fit component.

Basic size

Fundamental Deviation IT#

Hole Tolerance ZoneShaft Tolerance Zone

Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems

Metric limits and fits are divided into two different systems; the basic hole system and the basic shaft system.

Basic hole system: The basic hole system is used when you want the basic size to be attached to the hole dimension.

→ For example, if you want to tolerance a shaft based on a hole produced by a standard drill, reamer, broach, or another standard tool.

Basic shaft system: The basic shaft system is used when you want the basic size to be attached to the shaft dimension.

→ For example, if you want to tolerance a hole based on the size of a purchased a standard drill rod.

Exercise 4-9

Systems

Exercise 4-9

Identify the type of fit and the system used to determine the limits of the following shaft and hole pairs

Shaft Hole Type of Fit System

9.972 - 9.987 10.000 - 10.022

60.002 - 60.021 60.000 - 60.030

39.984 - 40.000 39.924 - 39.949

Clearance Hole

Transition Hole

Interference Shaft

Exercise 4-10

Metric limits and fits

Exercise 4-10

Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 H11/c11 fit. → Use the tolerance tables given in Appendix

Page A-8

Exercise 4-10

Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 H11/c11 fit.

Shaft Hole

Limits 29.760 - 29.890 30.000 - 30.130

Tolerance

System

0.13 0.13

Clearance – Loose Running

Exercise 4-10

Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 P7/h6 fit. → Use the tolerance tables given in Appendix

Page A-11

Exercise 4-10

Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 P7/h6 fit.

Shaft Hole

Limits 29.987 - 30.000 29.965 – 29.986

Tolerance

System

0.013 0.021

Locational Interference

Tolerancing

4.7) Selecting Tolerances

Selecting Tolerances

Tolerances will govern the method of manufacturing. → When the tolerances are reduced, the cost

of manufacturing rises very rapidly.

→ Specify as generous a tolerance as possible without interfering with the function of the part.

Selecting Tolerances Choosing the most appropriate tolerance

depends on many factors such as; → length of engagement, → bearing load, → speed, → lubrication, → temperature, → humidity, → and material.

Experience also plays a significant role.

Machining and IT Grades

Tolerancing

4.8) Tolerance Accumulation

Tolerance Accumulation

The tolerance between two features of a part depends on the number of controlling dimensions.

The distance could be controlled by a single dimension or multiple dimensions.

The maximum variation between two features is equal to the sum of the tolerances placed on the controlling dimensions.

As the number of controlling dimensions increases, the tolerance accumulation increases.

Remember, even if the dimension does not have a stated tolerance, it has an implied tolerance.

Exercise 4-11

What is the tolerance accumulation for the distance between surface A and B for the following three dimensioning methods?

3070 .

2070 .

1070 .

Exercise 4-11

If the accuracy of the distance between surface A and B is important, which dimensioning method should be used?

Exercise 4-12

Over dimensioning

Assuming that the diameter dimensions are correct, explain why this object is dimensioned incorrectly.

2.98 – 3.00

1. The decimal places don’t match.Formatting tolerances will be discussed next.

2. The dimensions are inconsistent.

1.98 + .99 = 2.97

2.01+1.00 = 3.01

This part is over dimensioned.

Tolerancing

4.9) Formatting Tolerances

Formatting Metric Tolerances

Tolerances from standardized fit tables are listed on drawings as;

The person reading the print has to have access to the standard fit tables.

Unilateral tolerances

→ A single zero without a plus or minus sign.

Bilateral tolerances

→ Both the plus and minus values have the same number of decimal places.

Limit dimensions

→ Both values should have the same number of decimal places.

Using Basic dimensions with the tolerance

→ The number of decimal places in the basic dimension does not have to match the number of decimal places in the tolerance.

Formatting Inch Tolerances

Unilateral and Bilateral tolerances

→ The basic dimension and the plus and minus values should have the same number of decimal places.

Limit dimensions

→ Both values should have the same number of decimal places.

Using Basic dimensions with the tolerance

→ The number of decimal places in the basic dimension should match the number of decimal places in the tolerance.

Formatting Angular Tolerances

Angular tolerances

→ Both the angle and the plus and minus values have the same number of decimal places.

Tolerancing

The End

4_Tolerancing (1)

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