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Explanation ofM&V Options (A, B, C, D)
Prepared byDuan Gvozdenac and Miroslav Kljaji
Project: Regional training on planning and monitoring
energy efficiency measures in the constructing sectorPodgorica, Tiran, Sarajevo i Banja Luka, October December, 2013.
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Option A and B
M
Option C and D
Option A and B areretrofit-isolationmethods.
Option C and D arewhole-facilitymethods.
The difference iswhere the boundarylines are drawn.
Options A&B vs Options C&D
2OVERVIEW OF MONITORING &
VERIFICATION3-Nov-13
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M&V OptionHow savings arecalculated
Option A: Retrofit Isolation, Key ParameterBased on measured equipment performance,measured or estimated operational factors,and annual verification of potential to
perform.
Simple engineeringcalculations usingmeasured and estimateddata
Option B: Retrofit Isolation, All ParametersBased on measurements(usually periodic orcontinuous ) taken of all relevant parameters.
Engineering calculationsusing measured data
Option C: Based on whole-building or facility-
level utility meter data adjusted for weatherand/or other factors.
Analysis of utility meterdata
Option D: Based on computer simulation ofbuilding or process; simulation is calibrated
with measured data.
Comparing different
models
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Option A
Simple approach (and low cost)
Performance parameter(s) is measured (before and after);
Usage parameters may be measured or estimated.
Used where the potential to perform needs to be verified
but highly accurate savings estimation is simple or notnecessary.
OptionA is NOT stipulated savings !
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Option B
relevant parameters are measured, usually periodicallyor continuously.
Measurement frequency consistent with expectedvariations.
Applicable where accurate savings estimation isnecessary and where long-term performance needs to betracked.
Reduces uncertainty, but requires more effort.
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Option C
Option C looks at energy use and cost of entire facility, notat specific equipment.
Considers weather, occupancy, etc. for baselineadjustments.
Applicable where total savings need to be quantified butcomponent-level savings do not AND where savings > 15%of energy use.
Easily implemented, commercial software is available.
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Option D
Option D treats building as computer model
Flexible, but requires significant effort
Applications:
New construction
- Energy management & control systems
- Multiple interacting measures
- Building use changes
- Building modifications (e.g., windows)
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Appropriate Use of Stipulations
Parameter is well understood Agency willing to accept risk Agency has previous experience Probable success of ECM Small savings and/or small uncertainty Greater M&V costs not justified Stipulations dont add to uncertainty Monitoring serves no other purpose
Stipulate
To stipulate is to agree to a term or condition.
To stipulate means to estimate without measurement. Only Measured values may be stipulated.
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Inappropriate Use of Stipulations
Agency unwilling to assume risk Parameters not known with reasonable certainty Potential for technical problems Monitoring provides valuable information
Stipulation significantly contributes to overalluncertainty
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Sources of Stipulations
Acceptable Unacceptable
Measurements
Engineering analysis
Measurement-based models Manufacturers data
Standard tables
National weather institution International standards
Facility logs
Undocumentedassumptions
Exclusive procedures
Unsupported handshakeagreements
Guesses at parameters
Models based onquestionable data
Other buildings
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Examples:
Option A: Lighting
Option B: Variable-Speed Drive
Option C: Heating Plant
Option D: New Construction
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Example: LIGHTING PROJECT
Consider the following lighting project:
Upgrade 5,000 fixtures
Existing performance: 86 Watts
New performance: 56 Watts
Operating hours: 3,000/year
Electricity: $0.10 / kWh + $10 / kW-m
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Performance: Baseline power demand is 86 Watts.
Proposed power demand is 56 Watts.
Difference is 30 Watts.
Usage:
Baseline and New: 3,000 hours / year
Financial:
Energy = $0.10/kWh + $10/kW-m
Option A
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Lighting Savings
Energy Savings = QTY (Before -After) HoursES = (5,000) (86 W - 56 W) (3,000 hours) (1 kW/1000 W)
ES = 450,000 kWh / year
Demand Savings = QTY (Before -After) DF
DS = (5,000)*(86 W - 56 W) (1 kW/1000 W) DF
DS = 150 kW DF
DF: Diversity Factor.
% of lights operating when peak demand is set.
Assumes diversity factor of 75%.
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Lighting Cost Savings
Cost Savings =(Unit Cost) (Energy Savings) +
(Unit Cost) (Demand Savings)
CS =
($0.10/kWh) (450,000 kWh) +
($10/kW) (150 kW) (75%) 12 m.
Cost Savings = $45,000 + $13,500 = $58,500 / year
Assumes diversity factor of 75%.
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Example VSD Project
Variable-Speed Drive on HVAC Fan
Baseline Fan: Operates continuously at a single speed andpower no matter what the cooling load is.
VSD Fan: Speed and power change with cooling load(outside temperature).
Option B
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Option B
Fan Performance Baseline fan: Constant power (140 kW).
VSD Fan: Power changes [W] / weather.
Fan Usage
Fan power changes hourly with cooling load (outsidetemperature and sunshine).
Financial
Energy = $0.10 / kWh +$10 / kW-m
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Monitor Fan Performance Variable Speed Drive Fan Power
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Month kW Saved Cost Savings
July 59 $587
August 71 $712
September 64 $645
October 74 $737
November 85 $849
Calculate Monthly Demand Savings
Demand Savings = kW Before Max (kW After)
Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Demand Savings)
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Heating System Characteristics
Baseline Performance: Oil-fired, low-efficiency, and steam loss
New Performance:
Gas-fired, high efficiency, no steam loss
Usage: Driven by weather
Financial: Oil was $ 0.4/liter (10.84 kWh/liter) Gas is $0.0256/kWh
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Compare Oil Use to Temperature
Baseline Oil Use for Heating
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Develop Baseline Model
Baseline Oil Use Model
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Monthly[MW
h]
Monthly HDD
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Example: New Construction
Proposed building incorporates energy-efficientdesign features selected and implemented byESCO.
Baseline building is existing design before ESCO
modifications.
Option D
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Develop Computer Model...
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Energy Use, kWh
Alternative Light Cooling Other Total Savings
Base Case 1,500,298 955,263 2,447,979 4,903,540 -
Efficient Lighting 1,125,240 860,062 2,365,638 4,350,940 552,600
Efficient Chiller 1,500,298 788,681 2,426,812 4,715,791 187,749
Chiller & Lighting 1,125,240 708,933 2,346,427 4,180,600 722,940
Calculate Savings
Evaluate energy use for each scenario. Calculate savings for each scenario relative to
base case.
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Review and Discussion
Total energy use andsavings are a functionof both usage andperformance.
Can mix and match methods. Selection of M&V method based on need to verify
savings cost-effectively.
POWER REDUCTION
CURRENT TOTAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTIONHOURS
REDUCTION
Operating Hours
Pow
erDemand
Post Retrifit
Hours
Baseline
Hours
Post Retrifit
Power
Baseline
Power