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RESPIRATIONScience Form 3 Chapter 1

Last update: 10/8/2010

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1. The heart has 4 chambers:

i. Right atriumii. Left atriumiii. Right ventricleiv. Left ventricle

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2. When the 2 atria contract, the 2 ventricles relax, and vice versa.

3. The left ventricle is the largest chamber and has the thickest wall. This is because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

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4. The left side of the heart contain oxygenated blood.5. The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated

blood.6. 2 blood vessels (arteries) transport blood away

from the heart.(a) The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lung(b) The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood.

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7. Two blood vessels (veins) transport blood towards the heart

(a) The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

(b) The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lung back to the left ventricle. These are the only veins which carry oxygenated blood.

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8. The heart has valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards(a) The bicuspid valve: directs blood from left atrium to left ventricle(b) The tricuspid valve: directs blood from right atrium to right ventricle(c) The semilunar valve: situated at the beginning of pulmonary artery, prevents blood from flowing backwards into the heart.

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B. Types of Blood Vessels

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1. 3 main types:

i. Arteriesii. Veinsiii. Capillaries

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2. The characteristics, properties & function of arteries, veins, and capillaries

Property Artery Vein Capillary

Function Carries blood away from the heart

Carries blood towards the heart

Joins an artery to a vein

Type of blood carried

Oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries

Deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins

Brings oxygenated blood to the cells and deoxygenated blood from the cell

Blood pressure

Blood under high pressure

Blood under low pressure Blood under very low pressure

Blood flowing rate

Fast Slow Very slow

Lumen Small Large Very small

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2. The characteristics, properties & function of arteries, veins, and capillaries

Property Artery Vein Capillary

Structure of the wall

Muscular & elastic Less muscular & less elastic

One cell thick

Valves Has no valves Has valves Has no valves

Pulse Has pulse Has no pulse Has no pulse

Drawing

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C. Blood Circulation in the Body

2 parts:1. Pulmonary (lung)

circulation: from heart to lung back to heart

2. Systemic circulation: from heart to all parts of body except lungs

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D. Human BloodHuman Blood

Blood cells (45% by volume)

Platelets

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Plasma (55% by volume)

Dissolved substances (10% by volume)

Water (90% by volume)

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D. Human BloodPlatelets

Tiny fragments from certain large cells in the bone marrow

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D. Human BloodRed blood cells

Small, circular, and biconcave

To absorb oxygen in its haemoglobin. Transport the oxygen and release it to the cells which require it

No nuclei

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D. Human BloodWhite blood cells

Larger than red blood cells, irregular shape

Protects the body from harmful substances

Has nuclei

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D. Human BloodDissolved substances

Dissolved food (amino acids, glucose)

Mineral salts & vitamins

Waste (urea, CO2

Hormones

Heat

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Blood Group

1. 2 types of antigens: Antigen A & Antigen B– Blood group O has no antigensBlood group Can receive blood from Can donate blood to

A A, O A, AB

B B. O B, AB

AB A, B, AB, O AB

O O A, B, AB, O

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Blood Group

2. People from blood group AB are called universal recipients because they receive blood from donors of all the four groups.

3. People from blood group O are called universal donors because they can donate their blood to recipient of all the group groups.

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Blood Group

4. Blood transfusion rule: The donors red blood cells must be compatible with the recipient’s plasma

Blood group Antigen on the red blood cells

Antibody in the plasma

A Antigen A Anti-BB Antigen B Anti-AAB Antigen A & Antigen B NoneO None Anti-A and Anti B

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E. Transport System in Plants

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Transport system in plants

1. Transpiration is the process which plants release water into the air through their stems and leaves

2. The stems have tiny openings called lenticels and the leaves have stomata to transpire water

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Transport system in plants

3. Factors affecting transpiration:a) Humidityb) Temperaturec) Windd) Lighte) Surface of leaves

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Transport system in plants

4. Water enters the root of a plant by a process called osmosis

5. In the stem, the phloem is situated on the outer side of the xylem

6. Excess food is changed into starch