Post on 11-Jan-2016
3-1
Skyline College
Chapter
3
3-2
The Accounting EquationThe Accounting Equation
ASSETSThe property a business owns
LIABILITIESThe debts of the business
OWNER’SEQUITY
The owner’s financialinterest in the business
=
+
3-3
Accounts help to:
analyze,
record,
classify,
summarize,
and report financial information.
Advantages of Accounts
3-4
Classification of Accounts Asset Accounts Asset accounts show the property a business owns.
Liability Accounts Liability accounts show the debts of the business.
Owner’s Equity Accounts Owner’s equity accounts show the owner’s financial interest in the business.
Classification is a means of identifying each account: asset, liability, or owner’s equity.
3-5
= +
T Accounts
ASSETS
+ Record
Increases
LEFT SIDE
-Record
Decreases
RIGHT SIDE
LIABILITIES
-Record
Decreases
LEFT SIDE
+ Record
Increases
RIGHT SIDE
OWNER’S EQUITY
-Record
Decreases
LEFT SIDE
+ Record
Increases
RIGHT SIDE
A T account is a type of diagram, used to analyze the effects of a business transaction.
3-6
Cash
+ Record
Increases
LEFT SIDE
-Record
Decreases
RIGHT SIDE
Assets appear on the left side of the accounting equation.
Cash is an asset.
Cash increases appear on the left side of the Cash T account.
Decreases are shown on the right side.
Asset Account
3-7
Liabilities & Capital Accounts
Jason Taylor, Capital
- Record
Decreases
LEFT SIDE
+Record
Increases
RIGHT SIDE
Owner’s equity appears on the right side of the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity).
Increases appear on the right side of the T account.
Decreases appear on the left side.
Capital is an owner’s equity account.
3-8
Effects of Business Transactions
1. Analyze the financial event.
Use these steps to analyze the effects of the business transactions:
2. Apply the left-right rules for each account affected.
3. Make the entry in T-account form.
Identify the accounts affected.
Classify the accounts affected.
Determine the amount of increase or decrease for each account.
3-9
Business Transaction
Jason Taylor withdrew $90,000 from personal savings and deposited it in the new business checking account for JT’s Consulting Services.
Analysis:
(a) The asset account, Cash, is increased by $90,000.
(a) The owner’s equity account, Jason Taylor, Capital, is increased
by $90,000.
3-10
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS OWNER’S EQUITY
Record increases
+
Record increases
+
LEFT Increases to asset accounts are recorded on the left side of the T account.
RIGHT Increases to owner’s equity accounts are recorded on the right side of the T account.
3-11
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-12
+(a) 90,000
+(a) 90,000
Cash Jason Taylor, Capital
T-Account Presentation
3-13
Business Transaction
JT’s Consulting Services issued a $10,000 check to purchase a computer and other equipment.
Analysis:
(b) The asset account, Equipment, is increased by $10,000.
(b) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $10,000.
Record a cash purchase of Equipment
3-14
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS
Record increases
+
Record decreases
-
ASSETS
LEFT Increases to asset accounts are recorded on the left side of the T account.
RIGHT Decreases to asset accounts are recorded on the right side of the T account.
3-15
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-16
Equipment
+ (b) 10,000
Cash
-(b) 10,000
T-Account Presentation
3-17
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
The Cash account shows two transactions. The initial investment by the owner (a) The cash purchase of equipment (b)
Equipment
+ (b) 10,000
Cash
-(b) 10,000
+ (a) 90,000
3-18
Liabilities are amounts a business owes its creditors.
They appear on the right side of the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity).
Liabilities
Recall that when a purchase is made on account, a liability is created.
3-19
Business Transaction
The firm bought office equipment for $12,000 on account from Office Plus.
Analysis:
(c) The asset account, Equipment, is increased by $12,000.
(c) The liability account, Accounts Payable, is increased by $12,000.
Recording a Credit Purchase
of Equipment
3-20
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS LIABILITY
Record increases
+
Record increases
+
LEFT Increases to asset accounts are recorded on the left side of the T account.
RIGHT Increases to liability accounts are recorded on the right side of the T account.
3-21
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-22
Equipment
+ (c) 12,000
Accounts Payable
+(c) 12,000
T-Account Presentation
3-23
The Equipment account shows two transactions. The purchase of equipment for cash (b) The purchase of equipment on credit (c)
+(b) 10,000
(c) 12,000
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
Equipment Accounts Payable
+(c) 12,000
3-24
Business Transaction
JT’s Consulting Services issued a check for $3,000 to Office Supplies Inc. to purchase office supplies.
Analysis:
(d) The asset account, Supplies, is increased by $3,000.
(d) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $3,000.
Recording a Cash Purchase
of Supplies
3-25
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS ASSETS
Record increases
+
Record decreases
-
LEFT Increases to asset accounts are recorded on the left side of the T account.
RIGHT Decreases to asset accounts are recorded on the right side of the T account.
3-26
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-27
Supplies
+(d) 3,000
Cash
-(d) 3,000
T-Account Presentation
3-28
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
The Cash account shows three transactions: The initial investment by the owner (a) The cash purchase of equipment (b) The cash purchase of supplies (d)
Supplies
+(d) 3,000
Cash
- (b) 10,000 (d) 3,000
+(a) 90,000
3-29
Business Transaction
JT’s Consulting Services issued a check in the amount of $5,000 to Office Plus.
Analysis:
(e) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $5,000.
(e) The liability account, Accounts Payable, is decreased by $5,000.
Recording a Payment to a Creditor
3-30
Left-Right Rules
LIABILITY ASSETS
Record decreases
-
Record decreases
-
LEFT Decreases to liability accounts are recorded on the left side of the T account.
RIGHT Decreases to asset accounts are recorded on the right side of the T account.
3-31
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-32
Accounts Payable
-(e) 5,000
Cash
- (e) 5,000
T-Account Presentation
3-33
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
+ (a) 90,000
Cash
(d) 10,000
(h) 3,000
(i) 5,000
+(b) 12,000
Accounts Payable
-(e) 5,000
The Cash account shows four transactions: Initial investment (a) Equipment purchase (b) Supplies purchase (d) Payment on account (e)
-
3-34
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
+
(a) 90,000
Cash
(b) 10,000
(d) 3,000
(e) 5,000
+(c) 12,000
Accounts Payable
-(e) 5,000
The Accounts Payable account shows two transactions: Credit purchase of equipment (c) Payment to creditor (e)
-
3-35
Business Transactions
JT’s Consulting Services issued a check for $7,000 to pay rent for the months of December and January.
Analysis:
(f) The asset account, Prepaid Rent, is increased by $7,000.
(f) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $7,000.
Recording Prepaid Rent
3-36
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS ASSETS
Record increases
+
Record decreases
-
LEFT Increases to asset accounts are recorded on the left side of the T account.
RIGHT Decreases to asset accounts are recorded on the right side of the T account.
3-37
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-38
Prepaid Rent
+(f) 7,000
Cash
- (f) 7,000
T-Account Presentation
3-39
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
-(b) 10,000 (d) 3,000 (e) 5,000 (f) 7,000
+ (a) 90,000
The Cash account shows five transactions: Initial investment (a) Equipment purchase (b) Supplies purchase (d) Payment on account (e) Advance rent payment (f)
Prepaid Rent
+ (f) 7,000
Cash
3-40
An account balance is the difference between the amounts recorded on the two sides of an account.
Account Balances
3-41
Calculating the Account Balance
1. Compute the totals of each side of the T account.
2. Subtract the smaller total from the larger total. The result is the account balance.
3-42
the total of those entries is the account balance.
an account contains entries on only one side,
that amount is the balance.an account shows only one amount,
the balance is recorded on the left side.the total on the left side is larger,
the balance is recorded on the right side.the total on the right side is larger than the total on the left side,
Recording Account Balances
IF THEN
3-43
Account Balance
Cash
+ (a) 90,000
-(b) 10,000(d) 3,000(e) 5,000(f) 7,000
Bal. 65,000
(90,000 – 25,000 = 65,000)
25,00090,000
3-44
Account balances for Carter Consulting Services
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY Cash Accounts Payable Jason Taylor, Capital (a) 90,000 (b) 10,000 (e) 5,000 (c) 12,000 (a) 90,000 (d) 3,000
(e) 5,000 Bal. 7,000 Bal 90,000 (f) 7,000 Bal. 65,000
Supplies SUMMARY OF ACCOUNT BALANCES (d) 3,000
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY Bal 3,000 Prepaid Rent 65,000 7,000 90,000 3,000 (f) 7,000 7,000 Bal 7,000 22,000 Equipment 97,000 = 7,000 + 90,000 (b) 10,000 (c) 12,000
Bal. 22,000
3-45
Some owner’s equity accounts are classified as: Revenue Expense
Separate accounts are used to record revenue and expense transactions.
Revenue and Expense Accounts
Owner’s Equity
Decrease
Side
Increase
Side
Revenue
Decrease
Side
Increase
Side
Revenues increase owner’s equity. Increases in owner’s equity appear on the right side of the T account.
Therefore, increases in revenue appear on the right side of revenue T accounts.
3-47
The right side of the revenue account shows increases and the left side shows decreases.
Revenue
Decrease
Side
-
Increase
Side
+
Decreases in revenue accounts are rare but might occur because of corrections or transfers.
During December the business earned $26,000 in revenue from clients who paid cash for bookkeeping, accounting, and consulting services.
JT’s Consulting Services
3-48
3-49
JT’s Consulting Services
Which account is debited?
For what amount?
Which account is credited?
For what amount?
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
Cash
+Bal. 65,000(g) 26,000
Fees Income
+(g) 26,000
$26,000 (g) is entered on the left (increase) side of the asset account Cash.
$26,000 (g) is entered on the right side of the Fees Income account.
3-50
3-51
Accounts ReceivableAccounts Receivable
The accounts receivable account is used for charge customers.
Accounts receivable is classified as an asset.
3-52
Business Transaction
In December JT’s Consulting Services earned $9,000 from various charge accounts clients.
Analysis:
(h) The asset account, Accounts Receivable, is increased by $9,000.
(h) The revenue account, Fees Income, is increased by $9,000.
Record Revenue from Services Sold
on Credit
3-53
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS REVENUE
Record increases
+
Record increases
+
3-54
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-55
T-Account Presentation
Accounts Receivable
+ (h) 9,000
Fees Income
+(h) 9,000
3-56
Accounts Receivable
+(h) 9,000
Fees Income
+(g) 26,000
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
REVENUE ACCOUNTS
+Record
increases
REMEMBER
-Record
decreases
(h) 9,000
3-57
Analysis:
(i) The asset account, Cash, is increased by $4,000.
(i) The asset account, Accounts Receivable, is decreased by $4,000.
Business Transaction
Charge account clients paid $4,000, reducing theamount owed to JT’s Consulting Services.
Recording Collections from
Accounts Receivable
3-58
Left-Right Rules
ASSETS ASSETS
Record increases
+
Record decreases
-
3-59
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-60
T-Account Presentation
Cash
+(i) 4,000
Accounts Receivable
-(i) 4,000
3-61
Remember:
The revenue was recorded when the sales on credit were recorded. . . not. . .
when cash is collected.
Cash
Bal. 65,000 (g) 26,000
Accounts Receivable
-(i) 4,000
+(h) 9,000
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
(i) 4,000
3-62
Expenses decrease owner’s equity.
Owner’s Equity
Decrease Side Increase Side
Revenue
Decrease Side Increase Side
Expense
Increase Side Decrease Side
Decreases in owner’s equity appear on the left side of the T accounts.
3-63
Business Transaction
In December JT’s Consulting Services paid $7,000 in salaries.
Analysis:
(j) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $7,000.
(j) The expense account, Salaries Expense, is increased by $7,000.
Recording an Expense for Salaries
3-64
Left-Right Rules
EXPENSE
Record increases
+
ASSETS
Record decreases
-
3-65
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-66
Salaries Expense
+(j) 7,000
Cash
-(j) 7,000
T-Account Presentation
3-67
+Bal. 65,000 (g) 26,000(h) 4,000
Salaries Expense
+(j) 7,000
Cash
-(j) 7,000
EXPENSE ACCOUNTS
-Record
decreases
REMEMBER
+Record
increases
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
3-68
Business Transaction
JT’s Consulting Services issued a check for $500 to pay the utilities bill.
Analysis:
(k) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $500.
(k) The expense account, Utilities Expense, is increased by $500.
Recording an Expense for Utilities
3-69
Left-Right Rules
EXPENSE
Record increases
+
ASSETS
Record decreases
-
3-70
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-71
T-Account Presentation
Utilities Expense
+(k) 500
Cash
-(k) 500
3-72
Utilities Expense
+(k) 500
Cash
-(j) 7,000
+Bal. 65,000 (g) 26,000(h) 4,000
(k) 500
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
3-73
A drawing account is a temporary owner’s equity account set up to keep track of the owner’s withdrawals from the business during the period.
The Drawing Account
3-74
Drawing decreases owner’s equity.
Owner’s Equity
Decrease Side
-
Increase Side
+
Revenue
Decrease Side Increase Side
Expense
Increase Side Decrease Side
Drawing
Increase Side
+
Decrease Side
-
Decreases in owner’s equity appear on the left side of the T accounts.
3-75
Jason Taylor wrote a check to withdraw $4,000 cash for personal use.
Analysis:
(l) The asset account, Cash, is decreased by $4,000.
(l) The owner’s equity account, Jason Taylor, Drawing, is increased by $4,000.
Business Transaction
The Drawing Account
3-76
Left-Right Rules
DRAWING ACCOUNT
Record increases
+
Record decreases
-
ASSETS
3-77
T-Account Presentation
For what amount? For what amount?
Which T account has an entry on the left?
Which T account has an entry on the right?
3-78
T-Account Presentation
Jason Taylor, Drawing
+ (l) 4,000
Cash
-(l) 4,000
3-79
(j) 7,000(k) 500
+Bal. 65,000 (g) 26,000(i) 4,000
Jason Taylor, Drawing
+(l) 4,000
Cash
(l) 4,000
Reviewing the Effects of the Transactions
-
3-80
Any Account
Left Side
DEBIT
Right Side
CREDITDEBITSIDE
CREDIT
SIDE
Accountants refer to the left side of an account as the debit side instead of saying the left side.
The right side of the account is called the credit side.
The Rules of Debit and Credit
3-81
A double-entry system is an accounting system that involves recording the effects of each transaction as debits and credits.
Double-Entry System
Debit Credit
Every transaction must have at least two parts:
3-82
Debit Credit + - Increase Decrease Side Side (Normal Bal.)
Debit Credit - +
Decrease Increase Side Side ( Normal Bal.)
Debit Credit - +
Decrease Increase Side Side ( Normal Bal.)
Debit Credit + - Increase Decrease Side Side
(Normal Bal.)
Debit Credit - +
Decrease Increase Side Side (Normal Bal.)
Debit Credit + -
Increase Decrease Side Side (Normal Bal.)
Rules for Debits and Credits Asset Accounts Liability Accounts Owner’s Capital Account
Owner’s Drawing Account Revenue Accounts Expense Accounts
3-83
A trial balance is a statement to test the accuracy of total debits and credits after transactions have been recorded.
Debit balances = Credit Balances
The Trial Balance
3-84
1. Enter the trial balance heading showing the company name, report title, and closing date for the accounting period.
2. List the account names in the same order as they appear on the Chart of Accounts (financial statements). Assets
Liabilities
Owner’s Equity
Revenue
Expenses
Complete the trial balance
in six steps.
3-85
3. Enter the ending balance of each account in the appropriate Debit or Credit column.
4. Total the Debit column.
5. Total the Credit column.
6. Compare the total debits with the total credits.
Complete the trial balance
in six steps.
3-86
DEBIT CREDIT
ACCOUNT NAME
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Supplies
Prepaid Rent
Equipment
Jason Taylor, Capital
Accounts Payable
Jason Taylor, Drawing
Fees Income
Salaries Expense
Utilities Expense
Totals 132,000 132,000
83,500
7,000
90,000
4,000
35,000
7,000 500
22,0007,000
5,000
3,000
JT’s Consulting ServicesTrial Balance
December 31, 2007
3-87
Adding trial balance columns incorrectly
Recording only half a transaction – for example, recording a debit but not recording a credit, or vice versa
Recording both halves of a transaction as debits or credits rather than recording one debit and one credit
Recording an amount incorrectly from a transaction
Recording a debit for one amount and a credit for a different amount
Making an error when calculating the account balances
Some common errors in a trial balance are:
3-88
DEBIT CREDIT
ACCOUNT NAME
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Supplies
Prepaid Rent
Equipment
Jason Taylor, Capital
Accounts Payable
Jason Taylor, Drawing
Fees Income
Salaries Expense
Utilities Expense
Totals 132,000 130,000
83,500
7,000
90,000
4,000
35,000
7,000 500
22,0007,000
5,000
3,000
JT’s Consulting ServicesTrial Balance
December 31, 2007 1. Check the arithmetic.
Finding Trial Balance Errors
3-89
DEBIT CREDIT
ACCOUNT NAME
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Supplies
Prepaid Rent
Equipment
Linda Carter, Capital
Accounts Payable
Linda Carter, Drawing
Fees Income
Salaries Expense
Utilities Expense
Totals 122,000 132,000
73,500
7,000
90,000
4,000
35,000
7,000 500
22,0007,000
5,000
3,000
JT’s Consulting ServicesTrial Balance
December 31, 2007
64,400
ACCOUNT ____________________________ ACCOUNT NO. ________
DATE DESCRIPTIONPOST REF. DEBIT CREDIT DEBIT CREDIT
BALANCE
Nov. 30
Dec. 31
Dec. 31
Dec. 31
Dec. 31
Dec. 31
2004
Bal. forward
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
21,000
3,000
5,000
600
3,000
49,000
70,000
73,000
68,000
67,400
83,500
Cash 101
2. Check that the correct account balances were transferred to the correct trial balance columns.
3-90
After the trial balance is prepared, the financial statements are prepared.
Net income from the income statement is used on the statement of owner’s equity.
The ending balance of the Jason Taylor, Capital account, computed on the statement of owner’s equity, is used on the balance sheet.
Financial Statements
3-91
JT’s CONSULTING SERVICES Balance Sheet December 31, 2007 ASSETS LIABILITIESCash 83,500.00 Accounts Payable 7,000.00Accounts Receivable 5,000.00Supplies 3,000.00Prepaid Rent 7,000.00 OWNER’S EQUITYEquipment 22,000.00 Jason Taylor, Capital 113,500.00Total Assets 120,500.00 Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity 120,500.00
JT’s CONSULTING SERVICES Statement Of Owner’s Equity Month Ended December 31, 2007 Jason Taylor, Capital, Dec. 1, 2007 90,000.00 Net Income for December 27,500.00 Less Withdrawals for December 4,000.00 Increase in Capital 23,500.00 Jason Taylor, Capital, Dec. 31, 2007 113,500.00
JT’s CONSULTING SERVICES Income Statement Month Ended December 31, 2007Revenue Fees Income 35,000.00Expenses Salaries Expense 7,000.00 Utilities Expense 500.00 Total Expenses 7,500.00Net Income 27,500.00
3-92
A chart of accounts is a list of the accounts used by a business to record its financial transactions.
Chart of Accounts
Each account has a number and a name.
The account number is assigned based on the type of account.
The balance sheet accounts are listed first, followed by the income statement accounts.
3-93
Balance Sheet Accounts 100-199 ASSETS 101 Cash 111 Accounts Receivable 121 Supplies 137 Prepaid Rent 141 Equipment 200-299 LIABILITIES 202 Accounts Payable
300-399 OWNER’S EQUITY 301 Jason Taylor, Capital Statement of Owner’s Equity Account 302 Jason Taylor, Drawing Income Statement Accounts 400-499 REVENUE 401 Fees Income 500-599 EXPENSES 511 Salaries Expense 514 Utilities Expense
JT’s CONSULTING SERVICES
Chart of Accounts Account Number Account Name
3-94
Permanent accounts are: Assets
Liabilities
Owner’s capital
The permanent accounts appear on the balance sheet at the end of an accounting period.
The balances of these accounts are then carried forward to start the new accounting period.
Permanent Accounts
3-95
A temporary account is an account whose balance is transferred to another account at the end of an accounting period.
Temporary Accounts
Temporary accounts are: Drawing
Revenue
Expenses