3-1. 3-2 THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM Accounting, Fourth Edition 3.

THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM

Accounting, Fourth Edition

1. Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting

equation.

2. Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.

3. Define debits and credits and explain how they are used to record

business transactions.

4. Identify the basic steps in the recording process.

5. Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.

6. Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.

7. Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.

8. Explain the purposes of a trial balance.

9. Classify cash activities as operating, investing, or financing.

Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives

Debits and Debits and creditscredits

Debit and Debit and credit credit proceduresprocedures

Stockholders’ Stockholders’ equity equity relationshipsrelationships

Summary of Summary of debit/credit debit/credit rulesrules

Accounting Accounting TransactionsTransactionsAccounting Accounting

TransactionsTransactions The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe AccountSteps in the Steps in the Recording Recording ProcessProcess

Steps in the Steps in the Recording Recording ProcessProcess

The The Recording Recording Process Process

IllustratedIllustrated

The The Recording Recording Process Process

IllustratedIllustrated

The Trial The Trial BalanceBalanceThe Trial The Trial BalanceBalance

Analyzing Analyzing transactionstransactions

Summary of Summary of transactionstransactions

The journalThe journal

The ledgerThe ledger

Chart of Chart of accountsaccounts

PostingPosting

Summary Summary illustration of illustration of journalizing and journalizing and postingposting

Limitations of Limitations of a trial balancea trial balance

The Accounting Information SystemThe Accounting Information SystemThe Accounting Information SystemThe Accounting Information System

Accounting Information System

System of

► collecting and

► processing transaction data and

► communicating financial information to decision

makers.

Most businesses use computerized accounting (EDP)

systems.

Transactions are economic events that require

recording in the financial statements.

Not all activities represent transactions.

Assets, liabilities, or stockholders’ equity items

change as a result of some economic event.

Dual effect on the accounting equation.

Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions

Question:Question: Are the following events recorded in the accounting records?

EventPurchase computer.

Criterion Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, or stockholders’ equity) of the company changed?

Pay rent.

Record/ Don’t Record

Discuss guided trip

options with potential

customer.

Illustration 3-1

AssetsAssetsAssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilitiesStockholders’ Stockholders’

EquityEquityStockholders’ Stockholders’

EquityEquity= +

Analyzing Transactions

SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.

Basic Accounting Equation

The process of identifying the specific effects of economic events on the accounting equation.

Analyzing Transactions

Illustration 3-2 Expanded accounting equation

Illustration:Illustration: 1. On October 1, cash of $10,000 is invested in Sierra Corporation by investors in exchange for $10,000 of common stock.

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. On October 1, Sierra borrowed $5,000 from Castle Bank by signing a 3-month, 12%, $5,000 note payable.

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

3. On October 2, Sierra purchased equipment by paying $5,000 cash to Superior Equipment Sales Co.

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

4. On October 2, Sierra received a $1,200 cash advance from R. Knox, a client.

4. +1,200 +1,200

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

5. On October 3, Sierra received $10,000 in cash from Copa Company for guide services performed.

4. +1,200 +1,200

5. +10,000 +10,000

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

6. On October 3, Sierra Corporation paid its office rent for the month of October in cash, $900.

4. +1,200 +1,200

5. +10,000 +10,000

6. -900 -900

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

7. On October 4, Sierra paid $600 for a one-year insurance policy that will expire next year on September 30.

4. +1,200 +1,200

5. +10,000 +10,000

6. -900 -900

7. -600 +600

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

8. On October 5, Sierra purchased supplies on account from Aero Supply for $2,500.

4. +1,200 +1,200

5. +10,000 +10,000

6. -900 -900

7. -600 +600

8. +2,500 +2,500

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

10. On October 20, Sierra paid a $500 dividend.

4. +1,200 +1,200

5. +10,000 +10,000

6. -900 -900

7. -600 +600

8. +2,500 +2,500

10. -500 -500

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

11. Employees have worked two weeks, earning $4,000 in salaries, which were paid on October 26.

4. +1,200 +1,200

5. +10,000 +10,000

6. -900 -900

7. -600 +600

8. +2,500 +2,500

10. -500 -500

11. -4,000 -4,000

3. -5,000 +5,000

1. +10,000 +10,000

2. +5,000 +5,000

Account Name

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue, or expense item.

Debit = “Left”

Credit = “Right”

AccountAccount

An Account can An Account can be illustrated in a be illustrated in a T-Account form.T-Account form.

SO 2 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 2 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.

The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe Account

Double-entry Double-entry system

► Each transaction must affect two or more accounts to

keep the basic accounting equation in balance.

► Recording done by debiting at least one account and

crediting another.

► DEBITS must equalmust equal CREDITS.

SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.

Debit and Credit Procedures

The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe Account

Account Name

If Debits are greater thangreater than Credits, the account will

have a debit balance.

$10,000 Transaction #2$3,000

$15,000$15,000

8,000Transaction #3

Balance

Transaction #1

Debit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit Procedures

Account Name

$10,000 Transaction #2$3,000

Balance

Transaction #1

$1,000$1,000

8,000 Transaction #3

Debit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit Procedures

If Credits are greater than Debits, the account will

have a credit balance.

Assets - Debits should exceed credits.

Liabilities – Credits should exceed debits.

The normal balance is on the increase side.

Dr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and LiabilitiesDr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and LiabilitiesDr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and LiabilitiesDr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and Liabilities

Chapter 3-23

AssetsAssets

Normal BalanceNormal Balance

Chapter 3-24

LiabilitiesLiabilities

Owner’s investments and revenues increase stockholders’ equity (credit).

Dividends and expenses decrease stockholder’s equity (debit).

Dr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ EquityDr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ EquityDr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ EquityDr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ Equity

Chapter 3-25

Common StockCommon Stock

Chapter 3-23

DividendsDividends

Chapter 3-25

StockholdersStockholders’’ EquityEquity

Chapter 3-25

Retained EarningsRetained Earnings

The purpose of earning revenues is to benefit the stockholders.

The effect of debits and credits on revenue accounts is the same as their effect on stockholders’ equity.

Expenses have the opposite effect: expenses decrease stockholders’ equity.Chapter

ExpenseExpense

Chapter 3-26

RevenueRevenue

Dr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and ExpenseDr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and ExpenseDr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and ExpenseDr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and Expense

Stockholders’ Equity RelationshipsStockholders’ Equity RelationshipsStockholders’ Equity RelationshipsStockholders’ Equity Relationships

Illustration 3-15

Chapter 3-23

AssetsAssets

Chapter 3-27

ExpenseExpense

Chapter 3-24

LiabilitiesLiabilities

Chapter 3-25

StockholdersStockholders’’ EquityEquity

Chapter 3-26

RevenueRevenue

Normal Balance Credit

Normal Balance

Summary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit Rules

Balance Sheet Income Statement

= + =-Asset Liability Equity Revenue Expense

Credit

Relationship among the assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity of a business:

The equation must be in balance after every transaction. For every Debit there must be a Credit.

Illustration 3-16

Assets Liabilities= Stockholders’ EquityBasic Equation

Expanded Basic Equation

Debits:

a. increase both assets and liabilities.

b. decrease both assets and liabilities.

c. increase assets and decrease liabilities.

d. decrease assets and increase liabilities.

Review QuestionReview Question

Accounts that normally have debit balances are:

a. assets, expenses, and revenues.

b. assets, expenses, and equity.

c. assets, liabilities, and dividends.

d. assets, dividends, and expenses.

Source documents, such as a sales slip, a check, a bill, or a cash register tape, provide evidence of the transaction.

Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process

SO 4 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.SO 4 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.

Illustration 3-17

Analyze each transaction Enter transaction in a journalTransfer journal information to

ledger accounts

Book of original entry.

Transactions recorded in chronological order.

Contributions to the recording process:

1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.

2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.

3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit

and credit amounts can be easily compared.

SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.

The Journal

Journalizing - Entering transaction data in the journal.

Illustration: Presented below is information related to Sierra Corporation.

Sierra issued common stock in exchange for $10,000 cash.

Oct. 1

Sierra borrowed $5,000 by signing a note.1

Sierra purchased office equipment for $5,000.2

Instructions - Journalize these transactions.

The JournalThe JournalThe JournalThe Journal

Account Title Ref. Debit Credit

Oct. 1

JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing

General Journal

Sierra issued common stock in exchange for $10,000 cash.

Oct. 1

Common stock

10,000

Oct. 1

General Journal

Sierra borrowed $5,000 by signing a note.Oct. 1

Notes payable

Oct. 2

General Journal

Sierra purchased equipment for $5,000.Oct. 2

Equipment

The Ledger contains the entire group of accounts

maintained by a company.

SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.

Illustration 3-19

SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.

Chart of Accounts – listing of accounts used by a

company to record transactions.

Cash Acct. No. 101Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance

General Ledger

Date Account Title Ref. Debit Credit

Oct. 1 Cash 10,000

Common stock 10,000

General Journal

Oct. 1 Owner investment J1 10,000 10,000

SO 7SO 7

Posting – the process of transferring amounts from the

journal to the ledger accounts.

Posting:

a. normally occurs before journalizing.

b. transfers ledger transaction data to the journal.

c. is an optional step in the recording process.

d. transfers journal entries to ledger accounts.

SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.

The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated

Follow these steps:

1. Determine what type of account is involved.

2. Determine what items increased or decreased and by how much.

3. Translate the increases and decreases into debits and credits.

Illustration 3-21

Follow these steps:

Illustration 3-22

Follow these steps:

Illustration 3-23

3-49 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.

Additional Transactions

The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated

Illustration 3-24

Illustration 3-25

Illustration 3-26

Illustration 3-27

Illustration 3-28

Additional TransactionsIllustration 3-29

Illustration 3-30

3-56 SO 7SO 7

Illustration 3-31

Summary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of Journalizing

Illustration 3-32

Summary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of Journalizing

Illustration 3-32

Summary Summary Illustration Illustration of Postingof Posting

Illustration 3-33

A list of accounts and their balances at a given time.

Purpose is to prove that debits equal credits.

The Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance

Illustration 3-34

The trial balance may balance even when

1. a transaction is not journalized,

2. a correct journal entry is not posted,

3. a journal entry is posted twice,

4. incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting, or

5. offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a

transaction.

SO 8 Explain the purposes of a trial balance.SO 8 Explain the purposes of a trial balance.

Limitations of a Trial Balance

A trial balance will not balance if:

a. a correct journal entry is posted twice.

b. the purchase of supplies on account is debited to Supplies and credited to Cash.

c. a $100 cash dividends is debited to the Dividends account for $1,000 and credited to Cash for $100.

d. a $450 payment on account is debited to Accounts Payable for $45 and credited to Cash for $45.

SO 8 Explain the purposes of a trial balance.SO 8 Explain the purposes of a trial balance.

Key Points

Transaction analysis is the same under IFRS and GAAP

however different standards sometimes impact how

transactions are recorded.

European companies rely less on historical cost and more

on fair value than U.S. companies. The double-entry

system is the basis of accounting systems worldwide.

Both the IASB and FASB go beyond the basic definitions

provided in this textbook for the key elements of financial

statements, that is, assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and

expenses.

Key Points

A trial balance under IFRS follows the same format as

shown in the textbook.

As shown in the textbook, dollars signs are typically used

only in the trial balance and the financial statements. The

same practice is followed under IFRS, using the currency

of the country that the reporting company is

headquartered.

Key Points

In deciding whether the United States should adopt IFRS,

some of the issues the SEC said should be considered

► Whether IFRS is sufficiently developed and consistent

in application.

► Whether the IASB is sufficiently independent.

► Whether IFRS is established for the benefit of

investors.

Key Points

Some of the issues the SEC said should be considered are:

► The issues involved in educating investors about IFRS.

► The impact of a switch to IFRS on U.S. laws and

regulations.

► The impact on companies including changes to their

accounting systems, contractual arrangements,

corporate governance, and litigation.

► The issues involved in educating accountants, so they

can prepare statements under IFRS.

Looking into the Future

The basic recording process shown in this textbook is followed

by companies across the globe. It is unlikely to change in the

future. The definitional structure of assets, liabilities, equity,

revenues, and expenses may change over time as the IASB and

FASB evaluate their overall conceptual framework for

establishing accounting standards.

Which statement is correct regarding IFRS?

a) IFRS reverses the rules of debits and credits, that is,

debits are on the right and credits are on the left.

b) IFRS uses the same process for recording transactions

as GAAP.

c) The chart of accounts under IFRS is different because

revenues follow assets.

d) None of the above statements are correct.

A trial balance:

a) is the same under IFRS and GAAP.

b) proves that transactions are recorded correctly.

c) proves that all transactions have been recorded.

d) will not balance if a correct journal entry is posted

twice.

One difference between IFRS and GAAP is that:

a) GAAP uses accrual-accounting concepts and IFRS

uses primarily the cash basis of accounting.

b) IFRS uses a different posting process than GAAP.

c) IFRS uses more fair value measurements than GAAP.

d) the limitations of a trial balance are different between

IFRS and GAAP.

Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in

Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the

express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

Request for further information should be addressed to the

Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser

may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for

distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for

errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these

programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

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