INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Leif Ericson and the Vikings?Leif Ericson and the Vikings?

L’Anse aux Meadows in L’Anse aux Meadows in NewfoundlandNewfoundland

Restoration of L’Anse aux Restoration of L’Anse aux MeadowsMeadows

Christopher Columbus?Christopher Columbus?

Jamestown, Virginia?Jamestown, Virginia?(the first successful English (the first successful English

colony)colony)

Models for M C HammerModels for M C Hammer at early Jamestown at early Jamestown

The American Revolution?The American Revolution?

Who were the first Americans Who were the first Americans and when did they arrive?and when did they arrive?

Aleuts (aka Eskimos) arrived in

what is now Alaska about 12,000 to

20,000 years ago

The first Americans were from The first Americans were from Siberia?!Siberia?!

Early Americans were in the Early Americans were in the Stone Age, technologicallyStone Age, technologically

Stone Age hand axes Stone Age hunter (original

color photo from 12,000 BC, taken with Stony digital camera)

Early Americans migrated Early Americans migrated through the ice fields of North through the ice fields of North

America . . .America . . .

Part of the ice field still exists, Part of the ice field still exists, still 1,000 feet thickstill 1,000 feet thick

. . . through Central and South . . . through Central and South AmericaAmerica

North American Plains North American Plains IndiansIndians

Many varieties of Indians by Many varieties of Indians by 14921492

CentralAmerica

Brazil

Florida New Mexico

BrazilBrazil

EUROPEAN EUROPEAN DISCOVERY AND DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATIONCOLONIZATION

Gold, Glory, and GodGold, Glory, and God

Gold from the New World

Glory for the mother country

Bringing God to the Indians

New World claimed by several New World claimed by several European countriesEuropean countries

Portuguese in Brazil

Spanish in North, Central, and South

America

Russians in Alaska(1740s)

French in Canadaand Louisiana

Several nationsin Caribbean

English colonies of North English colonies of North AmericaAmerica

Three types of colonial Three types of colonial governmentgovernment

Royal: owned and controlled by Royal: owned and controlled by king/queenking/queen

Corporate: owned by settlers’ corporationCorporate: owned by settlers’ corporation

Proprietary: owned by individual or small Proprietary: owned by individual or small groupgroup

Roanoke Island: first English Roanoke Island: first English attempt at colonization failsattempt at colonization fails

(1584-1587)(1584-1587)

The “Lost Colony” of The “Lost Colony” of RoanokeRoanoke

Sir Walter Raleigh, fancy dresser and founder

of the colony of Roanoke

Only clue to disappearance ofcolonists: the word “Croatoan”

The thirteen original The thirteen original coloniescolonies

Jamestown, Virginia Jamestown, Virginia (1607)(1607) The first successful English The first successful English

colonycolony

Virginia, the First English Virginia, the First English Colony Colony (1607)(1607)

Founded by the Virginia Company Founded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607) Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown John Smith to the rescue John Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09) ““The Starving Time” The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10) Indian wars and massacres Indian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622) Failure turns into success Failure turns into success (1612-)(1612-) Birth of slavery in the English colonies Birth of slavery in the English colonies

(1660s)(1660s)

King James IKing James I

Early JamestownEarly Jamestown

Established on low, swampy, unhealthy site

Virginia, the first English Virginia, the first English colony colony (1607)(1607)

Founded by the Virginia Company Founded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607) Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown John Smith to the rescue John Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09) ““The Starving Time” The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10) Indian wars and massacres Indian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622) Failure turns into success Failure turns into success (1612-)(1612-) Birth of slavery in the English colonies Birth of slavery in the English colonies

(1660s)(1660s)

““Smith – John Smith”Smith – John Smith”The James Bond of the 1600sThe James Bond of the 1600s

Like James Bond, taken in and Like James Bond, taken in and protected by half-naked protected by half-naked

womenwomen

Like James Bond, a knight in Like James Bond, a knight in shining armor who always wonshining armor who always won

Virginia, the first English Virginia, the first English colony colony (1607)(1607)

Founded by the Virginia Company Founded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607) Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown John Smith to the rescue John Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09) ““The Starving Time” The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10) Indian wars and massacres Indian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622) Failure turns into success Failure turns into success (1612-)(1612-) Birth of slavery in the English colonies Birth of slavery in the English colonies

(1660s)(1660s)

Wars with the local Indians, Wars with the local Indians, including two massacres including two massacres (1611, (1611,

1622)1622)

Virginia, the first English Virginia, the first English colony colony (1607)(1607)

Founded by the Virginia Company Founded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607) Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown John Smith to the rescue John Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09) ““The Starving Time” The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10) Indian wars and massacres Indian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622) Failure turns into success Failure turns into success (1612-)(1612-) Birth of slavery in the English colonies Birth of slavery in the English colonies

(1660s)(1660s)

From failure to successFrom failure to success

Developed tobacco as a cash crop Developed tobacco as a cash crop (1612)(1612)

Developed the first representative Developed the first representative legislature in the New World legislature in the New World (1619)(1619)

Taken over by King James I and made a Taken over by King James I and made a royal colony royal colony (1624)(1624)

John RolfeJohn RolfeCartoon character, farmer, Cartoon character, farmer,

husbandhusbandPutting the

moveson Pocahontas

Experimentingwith tobacco

Marrying Pocahontas

PocahontasPocahontas

From failure to successFrom failure to success

Developed tobacco as a cash crop Developed tobacco as a cash crop (1612)(1612)

Developed the first representative Developed the first representative legislature in the New World legislature in the New World (1619)(1619)

Taken over by King James I and made a Taken over by King James I and made a royal colony royal colony (1624)(1624)

Virginia, the first English Virginia, the first English colony colony (1607)(1607)

Founded by the Virginia Company Founded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607) Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown John Smith to the rescue John Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09) ““The Starving Time” The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10) Indian wars and massacres Indian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622) Failure turns into success Failure turns into success (1612-)(1612-) Birth of slavery in the English colonies Birth of slavery in the English colonies

(1660s)(1660s)

First Africans landed at First Africans landed at Jamestown in 1619Jamestown in 1619

The thirteen original The thirteen original coloniescolonies

Colonies in New EnglandColonies in New England

Plymouth Plymouth (1620)(1620)

Settled by the Pilgrims (aka Separatists) to Settled by the Pilgrims (aka Separatists) to escape religious persecutionescape religious persecution

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower Compact

The First Thanksgiving? (nope)The First Thanksgiving? (nope)

Eventually absorbed into Massachusetts Eventually absorbed into Massachusetts (1691)(1691)

The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?

Pilgrims and friendly Indians celebrate in 1621

Earlier ThanksgivingsEarlier Thanksgivings

Native American tribes had similar Native American tribes had similar celebrations for hundreds of yearscelebrations for hundreds of years

Spanish explorers near El Paso Spanish explorers near El Paso (1598)(1598)

English settlers at Jamestown English settlers at Jamestown (1619)(1619)

The thirteen original The thirteen original coloniescolonies

Colonies in New EnglandColonies in New England

Massachusetts Massachusetts (1630)(1630)

Settled by the Puritans for religious reasonsSettled by the Puritans for religious reasons

Started on a much larger scaleStarted on a much larger scale

Spun off other colonies in New EnglandSpun off other colonies in New England

Second only to Virginia in wealth and powerSecond only to Virginia in wealth and power

The thirteen original The thirteen original coloniescolonies

New York New York (1624 or 1664)(1624 or 1664) Settled by the Dutch for riches and empire Settled by the Dutch for riches and empire

(1624)(1624)Fur tradersFur tradersFarmers (patroons)Farmers (patroons)

Captured by the English Captured by the English (1664)(1664)

Duke of York = proprietorDuke of York = proprietor

Along with Virginia, Pennsylvania, & Along with Virginia, Pennsylvania, & Massachusetts, one of the larger colonies by Massachusetts, one of the larger colonies by 17761776

The purchase of Manhattan The purchase of Manhattan Island:Island:

Indians scam the Europeans Indians scam the Europeans (1626)(1626)

New York New York (1624 or 1664)(1624 or 1664) Settled by the Dutch for riches and empire Settled by the Dutch for riches and empire

(1624)(1624)Fur tradersFur tradersFarmers (patroons)Farmers (patroons)

Captured by the English Captured by the English (1664)(1664)

Duke of York = proprietorDuke of York = proprietor

Along with Virginia, Pennsylvania, & Along with Virginia, Pennsylvania, & Massachusetts, one of the larger colonies by Massachusetts, one of the larger colonies by 17761776

The Duke of York:The Duke of York:proprietor and fashion victimproprietor and fashion victim

The thirteen original The thirteen original coloniescolonies

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (1682)(1682)

Founded by William Penn as a Founded by William Penn as a religious haven for the Society of religious haven for the Society of Friends (Quakers)Friends (Quakers)

Frame of Government Frame of Government (1682)(1682)

Quakers eventually outnumbered by Quakers eventually outnumbered by non-Quakersnon-Quakers

William PennWilliam PennProprietor of PennsylvaniaProprietor of Pennsylvania

Notice any similarity?

Quaker women allowed to Quaker women allowed to speak up in religious services!speak up in religious services!

The Quakers were more The Quakers were more enlightened than their dogs.enlightened than their dogs.

Penn’s Penn’s Frame of Frame of GovernmentGovernment

The thirteen original The thirteen original coloniescolonies

Georgia Georgia (1733)(1733)

Founded by wealthy English Founded by wealthy English philanthropists, led by James philanthropists, led by James OglethorpeOglethorpe

Motives for settlement of GeorgiaMotives for settlement of Georgia

Dreamy, idealistic motives mostly failedDreamy, idealistic motives mostly failed

Became royal colony Became royal colony (1753)(1753)

The Trustees (aka proprietors) The Trustees (aka proprietors) of Georgiaof Georgia

James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe The London Trustees meet Indians from GeorgiaThe London Trustees meet Indians from Georgia

Silk worms were supposed to Silk worms were supposed to support the settlers of Georgiasupport the settlers of Georgia

Silk worms eat mulberry leavesSilk worms eat mulberry leaves A mulberry leaf’s view ofA mulberry leaf’s view ofa silk worma silk worm

Georgia Georgia (1733)(1733)

Founded by wealthy English Founded by wealthy English philanthropists, led by James philanthropists, led by James OglethorpeOglethorpe

Motives for settlement of GeorgiaMotives for settlement of Georgia

Dreamy, idealistic motives mostly failedDreamy, idealistic motives mostly failed

Became royal colony Became royal colony (1753)(1753)

THE COLONIES AS PART THE COLONIES AS PART OF THE ENGLISH EMPIREOF THE ENGLISH EMPIRE

MercantilismMercantilism Definition: an economic system to increase Definition: an economic system to increase

national wealth and power by heavy national wealth and power by heavy government regulation and control of the government regulation and control of the nation’s economy nation’s economy

Aim: accumulate gold and silverAim: accumulate gold and silver

Three elements:Three elements:

National self-sufficiencyNational self-sufficiency

Favorable balance of tradeFavorable balance of trade

Monopoly of trade in own empireMonopoly of trade in own empire

Enumerated commoditiesEnumerated commodities

sugarsugar cottoncotton

indigoindigotobaccotobacco

Shipbuilding in EnglandShipbuilding in England

No direct trade from other European No direct trade from other European countries to English coloniescountries to English colonies

THE ANGLO-FRENCH THE ANGLO-FRENCH CONFLICT CONFLICT (1680s-(1680s-

1780s)1780s)

British and French struggle for British and French struggle for control of North Americacontrol of North America

Competition for dominance Competition for dominance between British and Frenchbetween British and French

Forming allies through tradeForming allies through trade

Building fortsBuilding forts

Fighting warsFighting wars

Five wars Five wars (1680s-1780s)(1680s-1780s)

King William’s War King William’s War (1689-97)(1689-97)

Queen Anne’s War Queen Anne’s War (1702-13)(1702-13)

King George’s War King George’s War (1740-48)(1740-48)

French & Indian War French & Indian War (1754-63)(1754-63)

American War for Independence American War for Independence (1776-83)(1776-83)

Iroquois warriorsIroquois warriors

Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht (1713)(1713)France loses territory in France loses territory in

CanadaCanada

page178.jpg

French & Indian War begins in French & Indian War begins in southwest Pennsylvania southwest Pennsylvania (1754)(1754)

page173.jpg

Where the French & Indian War Where the French & Indian War began: Fort Necessity in PAbegan: Fort Necessity in PA

Prime Minister William PittPrime Minister William Pitt

The Battle of Quebec The Battle of Quebec (1759)(1759)

French & Indian War removes French & Indian War removes French from North America French from North America

(1763)(1763)

Ad for Franklin’s Plan of Ad for Franklin’s Plan of UnionUnion

THE AMERICAN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AS AN REVOLUTION AS AN AFTERMATH OF THE AFTERMATH OF THE

FRENCH & INDIAN WARFRENCH & INDIAN WAR

The French Revolution The French Revolution (1789-(1789-99)99)

The Bolshevik Revolution in The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Russia (1917)(1917)

The Chinese Revolution The Chinese Revolution (1949)(1949)

Protesting the writs of Protesting the writs of assistanceassistance

Patrick Henry, denouncer of Patrick Henry, denouncer of the royal vetothe royal veto

The French threat is goneThe French threat is gone

Colonists protest British Colonists protest British taxestaxes

THE EVENTS LEADING THE EVENTS LEADING

TO THE REVOLUTION TO THE REVOLUTION

One of several stampsOne of several stamps of the infamous Stamp Act of the infamous Stamp Act

(1765)(1765)

““Can you believe this #x~+Can you believe this #x~+$!”$!”

““Damn if I pay that tax!”Damn if I pay that tax!”

Collecting the Townshend Collecting the Townshend taxes could get you tarred and taxes could get you tarred and

featheredfeathered

The “Boston massacre”The “Boston massacre”

Resistance to the Tea ActResistance to the Tea Act

Coercive (aka Intolerable) Coercive (aka Intolerable) ActsActs

Boston Port ActBoston Port Act: closed port of Boston: closed port of Boston

Justice ActJustice Act: moved some trials to England: moved some trials to England

Government ActGovernment Act: focused power on governor: focused power on governor

Quartering ActQuartering Act: required colonists to provide : required colonists to provide housing in their homes for British soldiershousing in their homes for British soldiers

A political cartoon protesting A political cartoon protesting the Intolerable Actsthe Intolerable Acts

The 1The 1stst Continental Congress Continental Congress met in Philadelphia’s met in Philadelphia’s

Carpenter’s HallCarpenter’s Hall

The midnight ride of Paul RevereThe midnight ride of Paul Revere(and Samuel Prescott and William (and Samuel Prescott and William

Dawes)Dawes)

The shooting startsThe shooting startsat Lexington and Concordat Lexington and Concord

The “battle” of LexingtonThe “battle” of Lexington

Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill

British soldiers march up the British soldiers march up the hill in the Battle of Bunker Hillhill in the Battle of Bunker Hill

Thomas Paine and his Thomas Paine and his pamphletpamphlet

Amendments to Jefferson’s Amendments to Jefferson’s draft of the Declaration of draft of the Declaration of

IndependenceIndependence

Jefferson and his committee Jefferson and his committee present the Declaration of present the Declaration of

Independence Independence to Congressto Congress

Was the American Revolution Was the American Revolution “conservative”?“conservative”?

Purpose: to Purpose: to hold ontohold onto, to , to keepkeep, to , to preservepreserve the the old ways (pre-1750s) before all the recent old ways (pre-1750s) before all the recent troublestroubles

No taxation without representationNo taxation without representationNo strict enforcement of trade lawsNo strict enforcement of trade lawsNo aggressive searchesNo aggressive searchesNo king’s veto of colonial lawsNo king’s veto of colonial lawsNo quartering of British soldiers in No quartering of British soldiers in

homeshomes

THE AMERICAN WAR THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCEOF INDEPENDENCE

Von Steuben curses his Von Steuben curses his American students at Valley American students at Valley

ForgeForge

The Marquis de Lafayette: a The Marquis de Lafayette: a major general at age 20major general at age 20

The first U.S. constitution: The first U.S. constitution: The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

Washington crosses the Washington crosses the Delaware River on his way to Delaware River on his way to

the Battle of Trentonthe Battle of Trenton

George and the Americans kick George and the Americans kick some Hessian butt at Trentonsome Hessian butt at Trenton

Horatio Gates and “Gentleman Horatio Gates and “Gentleman Johnny” BurgoyneJohnny” Burgoyne

The Battle of SaratogaThe Battle of SaratogaWho could fight in hats like Who could fight in hats like

those?those?

Washington and Lafayette Washington and Lafayette shiver with the troops at Valley shiver with the troops at Valley

ForgeForge

The Americans and the French The Americans and the French close in on Cornwallis at close in on Cornwallis at

YorktownYorktown

Washington and CornwallisWashington and Cornwallis

The British surrender The British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia at Yorktown, Virginia (1781)(1781)

The guy who really defeated The guy who really defeated the British at Yorktown and the British at Yorktown and

won the war: The Patriotwon the war: The Patriot

U.S. representatives at Paris U.S. representatives at Paris peace talks: Franklin, Jay, Adamspeace talks: Franklin, Jay, Adams

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1783)(1783)

British recognized U.S. independenceBritish recognized U.S. independence Boundaries: Great Lakes Boundaries: Great Lakes

Mississippi RiverMississippi River Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida

British agreed to leave U.S. soil British agreed to leave U.S. soil immediatelyimmediately

Americans’ debts to British = validatedAmericans’ debts to British = validated Congress urged states to restore rights ofCongress urged states to restore rights of

the Loyalists (aka Tories)the Loyalists (aka Tories)

The Treaty of Paris changed The Treaty of Paris changed the map of North Americathe map of North America

THE CRITICAL PERIOD THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF AMERICAN OF AMERICAN

HISTORYHISTORY

The Critical PeriodThe Critical PeriodThumbs up or down on the Thumbs up or down on the

USA?USA?

The Articles of The Articles of ConfederationConfederation

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

Mt. VernonMt. Vernon

Independence Hall in Independence Hall in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

Site of the constitutional Site of the constitutional conventionconvention

George Washington presides at George Washington presides at the Philadelphia Conventionthe Philadelphia Convention

The room where the The room where the constitution was written, as it constitution was written, as it

appeared in 1787appeared in 1787

Players at the constitutional Players at the constitutional conventionconvention

James MadisonJames Madison

Roger ShermanRoger Sherman

Benjamin Benjamin FranklinFranklin

George George WashingtonWashington

Patrick Henry didn’t attend. Patrick Henry didn’t attend. Said he “smelled a rat.”Said he “smelled a rat.”

The FederalistThe Federalist and its and its authorsauthors

HamiltonHamilton MadisonMadison

JayJay

Ratification celebration in New Ratification celebration in New YorkYork

George Mason & James George Mason & James MadisonMadison

Authors of the Bill of RightsAuthors of the Bill of Rights

THE NEW NATION THE NEW NATION STRUGGLES TO SURVIVESTRUGGLES TO SURVIVE

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton11stst Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of the Treasury

Hamilton’s fiscal planHamilton’s fiscal plan

Pay off the entire debt, federal and Pay off the entire debt, federal and statestate

Raise revenue with high tariff + new Raise revenue with high tariff + new taxestaxes

Create a national bankCreate a national bank

Funding and assumptionFunding and assumption

Funding: accumulating enough Funding: accumulating enough money to pay off a debtmoney to pay off a debt

Assumption: the federal government Assumption: the federal government pays off (assumes) debts owed by pays off (assumes) debts owed by the statesthe states

Bank of the United StatesBank of the United Statesin Philadelphiain Philadelphia

Strict and loose constructionStrict and loose construction Strict constructionStrict construction: if X isn’t listed in plain : if X isn’t listed in plain

language in the Constitution as a power of language in the Constitution as a power of the federal government, then the federal the federal government, then the federal government has no power to do Xgovernment has no power to do X

Loose constructionLoose construction: the federal government : the federal government does have the power to do X if does have the power to do X if

(1) X isn’t (1) X isn’t prohibitedprohibited in the Constitution and in the Constitution and (2) X helps the government carry out any (2) X helps the government carry out any of its regular, listed (i.e., specified) powersof its regular, listed (i.e., specified) powers

The Jay Treaty made Jay The Jay Treaty made Jay unpopularunpopular

Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won't Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won't damn John Jay! Damn every one that won'tdamn John Jay! Damn every one that won't

put lights in his window and sit up allput lights in his window and sit up allnight damning John Jay! night damning John Jay!

A common complaint at the time:A common complaint at the time:

Pres. John Adams kept the Pres. John Adams kept the naval war with France naval war with France

undeclaredundeclared

Jefferson and Hamilton led the Jefferson and Hamilton led the first two political partiesfirst two political parties

Leader of the Democratic RepublicansLeader of the Democratic Republicans Leader of the FederalistsLeader of the Federalists

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

The visions of Jefferson and The visions of Jefferson and Hamilton for the new nationHamilton for the new nation

Jefferson: Jefferson: democratic, agrarian societydemocratic, agrarian societybroad diffusion of wealthbroad diffusion of wealthsympathies with debtors sympathies with debtors feared centralized powerfeared centralized powertrusted people’s abilitiestrusted people’s abilities

Hamilton:Hamilton: balanced economybalanced economyfederal aid to industry, commercefederal aid to industry, commercesympathies with creditorssympathies with creditorsfavored centralized powerfavored centralized powerdistrusted people’s abilities to distrusted people’s abilities to

govern themselvesgovern themselves

Pres. Washington reviews the Pres. Washington reviews the troops sent to suppress the troops sent to suppress the

whiskey rebelswhiskey rebels

Pres. John Adams signed the Pres. John Adams signed the Alien & Sedition Acts Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)(1798)

Authors of the Kentucky & Authors of the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions and best Virginia Resolutions and best

budsbuds

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson James MadisonJames Madison

THE NEW NATION THE NEW NATION GROWS UPGROWS UP

The Virginia DynastyThe Virginia Dynasty

1801-251801-25

Candidates in the election of Candidates in the election of 18001800

JeffersonJeffersonDemocratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican

BurrBurrDemocratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican

AdamsAdamsFederalistFederalist

Marbury Marbury vsvs. Madison. Madison

Justice of the PeaceJustice of the PeaceWilliam MarburyWilliam Marbury

Secretary of StateSecretary of StateJames MadisonJames Madison

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

Key figures Key figures in the Louisiana Purchasein the Louisiana Purchase

Key figuresKey figuresin the Louisiana Purchasein the Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon wanted to sellNapoleon wanted to sell Jefferson wanted to buyJefferson wanted to buy

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Raising of the U.S. flag over Raising of the U.S. flag over the Louisiana Purchasethe Louisiana Purchase

Trail of Lewis & Clark (1804-Trail of Lewis & Clark (1804-06) 06)

The War of 1812The War of 1812

CausesCauses

U.S. advantages and disadvantagesU.S. advantages and disadvantages

Treaty of Ghent (1814)Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Battle of New Orleans (1814-15)Battle of New Orleans (1814-15)

SignificanceSignificance

The HMS The HMS LeopardLeopard fires on the fires on the USS USS ChesapeakeChesapeake (1807)(1807)

The British navy “impresses” The British navy “impresses” sailors on U.S. shipssailors on U.S. ships

The British burn Washington, The British burn Washington, DCDC

18141814

The British approach New The British approach New OrleansOrleans

General Andrew JacksonGeneral Andrew Jackson

The British attack Gen. The British attack Gen. Jackson’s “motley crew”Jackson’s “motley crew”

The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans

Down go the British! Down go Down go the British! Down go the British!the British!

The 2The 2ndnd Bank of the United Bank of the United StatesStates

Philadelphia Philadelphia (1816-36)(1816-36)

Old Supreme Court chamber Old Supreme Court chamber where McCulloch vs. Maryland where McCulloch vs. Maryland

was decidedwas decided

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

The 36-30 line split the The 36-30 line split the Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

President James Monroe President James Monroe warned the Euroweenies to warned the Euroweenies to

back offback off

THE RISE OF THE THE RISE OF THE “COMMON MAN”“COMMON MAN”

The Jacksonian PeriodThe Jacksonian Period

1820s-1830s1820s-1830s

Major candidates in the Major candidates in the presidential election of 1824presidential election of 1824

Secretary of the Secretary of the TreasuryTreasury

William CrawfordWilliam Crawford

Secretary of StateSecretary of StateJohn Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams

Speaker of the Speaker of the HouseHouse

Henry ClayHenry Clay

SenatorSenatorAndrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Nationalist wing of the partyNationalist wing of the party

22ndnd Bank of the United States Bank of the United States

Protective (higher) tariffsProtective (higher) tariffs

Strong central governmentStrong central government

Loose constructionLoose construction

Henry Clay, J. A. Adams, Daniel Henry Clay, J. A. Adams, Daniel WebsterWebster

Traditional wing of the partyTraditional wing of the party

Suspicious of all banksSuspicious of all banks

Low (revenue) tariffsLow (revenue) tariffs

States’ rights, laissez faire, strict States’ rights, laissez faire, strict constructionconstruction

Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

An ad for Andrew Jackson, “the An ad for Andrew Jackson, “the man of the people”man of the people”

Jackson’s political Jackson’s political philosophyphilosophy

States rightsStates rights

Laissez faireLaissez faire

Strict constructionStrict construction

Suspicion of banksSuspicion of banks

President = “tribune President = “tribune of the people”of the people”

The “common man” at The “common man” at Jackson’s inauguration party Jackson’s inauguration party

(1828)(1828)

The 2The 2ndnd B.U.S. and its B.U.S. and its presidentpresident

Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle

Andy Jackson fights “the Andy Jackson fights “the monster”monster”

Jackson the way his opponents Jackson the way his opponents saw him – as “King Andrew” saw him – as “King Andrew”

the tyrantthe tyrant

Jackson and Calhoun disagreed Jackson and Calhoun disagreed on nullificationon nullification

President Andrew JacksonPresident Andrew Jackson Vice-President John C. CalhounVice-President John C. Calhoun

ANTI-SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY AND PRO-SLAVERYPRO-SLAVERY

Slavery has existed for Slavery has existed for thousands of yearsthousands of years

Where the slaves came from Where the slaves came from and where they wentand where they went

Quakers openly criticized Quakers openly criticized slavery as early as the 1750sslavery as early as the 1750s

““All men are created All men are created equal. . .”equal. . .”

The American Colonization The American Colonization SocietySociety

William Lloyd Garrison and his William Lloyd Garrison and his newspaper, newspaper, The LiberatorThe Liberator

The Nat Turner uprising in The Nat Turner uprising in Virginia:Virginia:

Contemporary news accountContemporary news account

The “positive good” defense of The “positive good” defense of slavery painted slaves as slavery painted slaves as

happyhappy

THE NATION BEGINS THE NATION BEGINS TO CRACKTO CRACK

The Sectional CrisisThe Sectional Crisis

1840s-1850s1840s-1850s

Stephen F. Austin brought Stephen F. Austin brought immigrants from U.S. to Texasimmigrants from U.S. to Texas

Leaders at the Battle of the Leaders at the Battle of the AlamoAlamo

William TravisWilliam Travis James BowieJames Bowie Davy CrockettDavy Crockett

Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Scenes from the Battle of the Scenes from the Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of San JacintoThe Battle of San Jacinto

Americans fulfilled their Americans fulfilled their “Manifest Destiny” by moving “Manifest Destiny” by moving

westwest

Border dispute: the Rio Grande Border dispute: the Rio Grande or the Nueces?or the Nueces?

Three theaters of combat in Three theaters of combat in the U.S.-Mexican Warthe U.S.-Mexican War

Gen. Winfield Scott leads an Gen. Winfield Scott leads an amphibious invasion into amphibious invasion into

MexicoMexico

The U.S. Army captured Mexico The U.S. Army captured Mexico City in September 1847City in September 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles to U.S.Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles to U.S.(everything from Texas to the Pacific Ocean)(everything from Texas to the Pacific Ocean)

Mexico accepts Rio Grande as Texas borderMexico accepts Rio Grande as Texas border

U.S. pays Mexico $15 millionU.S. pays Mexico $15 million

U.S. pays Mexico’s debts ($3.25 million) to U.S. pays Mexico’s debts ($3.25 million) to U.S. citizensU.S. citizens

The Mexican Cession The Mexican Cession (1848)(1848)

Should slavery be allowed to Should slavery be allowed to spread into Mexican Cession?spread into Mexican Cession?

Wilmot Proviso Wilmot Proviso (1846)(1846): Congress should : Congress should say “no”say “no”

Calhoun’s Senate resolutions: Calhoun’s Senate resolutions: (1847)(1847) : : the Constitution says “yes”the Constitution says “yes”

Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty (1848)(1848): settlers in : settlers in the territories should decide, yes or nothe territories should decide, yes or no

Another sectional Another sectional disagreement:disagreement:fugitive slavesfugitive slaves

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California admitted into Union as free stateCalifornia admitted into Union as free state

Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with

popular popular sovereigntysovereignty

Slave trade banned in District of ColumbiaSlave trade banned in District of Columbia

Stronger fugitive law passedStronger fugitive law passed

Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10 Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10

million (to million (to pay off state debt)pay off state debt)

The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 changed the mapchanged the map

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California admitted into Union as free stateCalifornia admitted into Union as free state

Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with

popular popular sovereigntysovereignty

Slave trade banned in District of ColumbiaSlave trade banned in District of Columbia

Stronger fugitive law passedStronger fugitive law passed

Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10 Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10

million (to million (to pay off state debt)pay off state debt)

Buying and selling of slaves Buying and selling of slaves now banned in District of now banned in District of

ColumbiaColumbia

New fugitive-slave law made it New fugitive-slave law made it easier for owners to catch easier for owners to catch

runawaysrunaways

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California admitted into Union as free stateCalifornia admitted into Union as free state

Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with

popular popular sovereigntysovereignty

Slave trade banned in District of ColumbiaSlave trade banned in District of Columbia

Stronger fugitive law passedStronger fugitive law passed

Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10 Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10

million (to million (to pay off state debt)pay off state debt)

Texas accepted its smaller, Texas accepted its smaller, present borders for $10 millionpresent borders for $10 million

Harriet Beecher Stowe and an Harriet Beecher Stowe and an advertisement for her noveladvertisement for her novel

Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Senator Stephen A. Douglas of IllinoisIllinois

The gold rush showed the need The gold rush showed the need for a transcontinental railroadfor a transcontinental railroad

A transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad from Chicago would have to from Chicago would have to

cross unorganized wildernesscross unorganized wilderness

Woman gathering “buffalo chips” Woman gathering “buffalo chips” for fuel in the unorganized for fuel in the unorganized

wildernesswilderness

Sen. Douglas created two new Sen. Douglas created two new territories with popular territories with popular

sovereigntysovereignty

Dred Scott and Dred Scott and Chief Justice Roger B. TaneyChief Justice Roger B. Taney

Scott and his owner’s family Scott and his owner’s family moved to free territory (now moved to free territory (now

Minnesota)Minnesota)

Dred Scott’s courthouse is in Dred Scott’s courthouse is in the shadow of the St. Louis the shadow of the St. Louis

archarch

The U.S. Supreme Court The U.S. Supreme Court chamber for the Dred Scott chamber for the Dred Scott

casecase

John BrownJohn Brown

Harpers FerryHarpers Ferry

Robert E. Lee before the Civil Robert E. Lee before the Civil WarWar

The Marines assault the fire The Marines assault the fire stationstation

The fire station later became a The fire station later became a tourist attractiontourist attraction

The courtroom for John The courtroom for John Brown’s trial in VirginiaBrown’s trial in Virginia

Four major candidates for Four major candidates for president in 1860president in 1860

Senator Stephen A. Senator Stephen A. DouglasDouglas

Vice President John C. Vice President John C. BreckinridgeBreckinridge

Former U.S. senatorFormer U.S. senatorJohn BellJohn Bell

Former U.S.Former U.S.RepresentativRepresentativ

eeAbraham Abraham LincolnLincoln

Platforms of the four partiesPlatforms of the four parties

Douglas Democrats: popular Douglas Democrats: popular sovereignty sovereignty and Unionand Union

Southern Democrats: Congressional Southern Democrats: Congressional protection of slavery in territories, protection of slavery in territories, acquire Cubaacquire Cuba

Constitutional Unionists: preserve the Constitutional Unionists: preserve the Union, accept Dred Scott decisionUnion, accept Dred Scott decision

Republicans: oppose spread of Republicans: oppose spread of slavery, slavery, preserve the Unionpreserve the Union

The Democratic party pulling The Democratic party pulling apartapart

Lincoln won the electoral vote Lincoln won the electoral vote by winning in the Northby winning in the North

South Carolina seceded firstSouth Carolina seceded first

The southern states seceded in The southern states seceded in two waves (winter & spring two waves (winter & spring

1860-61)1860-61)

Spelling is importantSpelling is important

Secede – not “succeed” Secede – not “succeed”

Secession – not “succession”Secession – not “succession”

THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR

1861-18651861-1865

Trouble at Fort Sumter in Trouble at Fort Sumter in Charleston, SCCharleston, SC

Commanders at Fort Sumter:Commanders at Fort Sumter:Robert Anderson and P.G.T. Robert Anderson and P.G.T.

BeauregardBeauregard

First shots of the Civil War fired First shots of the Civil War fired at Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861at Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861

Location of the Battle of Location of the Battle of Antietam (aka Sharpsburg)Antietam (aka Sharpsburg)

Commanders at Antietam:Commanders at Antietam:Robert E. Lee and George B. Robert E. Lee and George B.

McClellanMcClellan

Antietam: first battlefield in history Antietam: first battlefield in history photographed soon after the photographed soon after the

shootingshooting

Significance of the Antietam Significance of the Antietam campaigncampaign

Bloodiest day of war and U.S. historyBloodiest day of war and U.S. history

Ended Lee’s invasionEnded Lee’s invasion

Ended threat of European interventionEnded threat of European intervention

Led directly to Emancipation Led directly to Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

The Emancipation The Emancipation Proclamation freed most (not Proclamation freed most (not

all) of the slavesall) of the slaves

The Confederate view of The Confederate view of Lincoln and the Emancipation Lincoln and the Emancipation

ProclamationProclamation

A northern cartoon celebrating A northern cartoon celebrating the Emancipation Proclamationthe Emancipation Proclamation

The commanders at The commanders at Gettysburg:Gettysburg:

George G. Meade & Robert E. George G. Meade & Robert E. LeeLee

How the two armies arrived at How the two armies arrived at GettysburgGettysburg

Some of the dead at Some of the dead at GettysburgGettysburg

Pickett’s ChargePickett’s ChargeHigh tide of the ConfederacyHigh tide of the Confederacy

186318631913 re-enactment by former1913 re-enactment by former

Confederates who made the originalConfederates who made the originalcharge fifty years earliercharge fifty years earlier

Commanders at VicksburgCommanders at VicksburgU.S. Grant and John C. U.S. Grant and John C.

PembertonPemberton

Vicksburg, MississippiVicksburg, Mississippi

A roundabout way to A roundabout way to VicksburgVicksburg

The long siege forced civilians The long siege forced civilians to live in caves they dugto live in caves they dug

The capture of Vicksburg split The capture of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in twothe Confederacy in two

Commanders at Chattanooga:Commanders at Chattanooga:U.S. Grant & Braxton BraggU.S. Grant & Braxton Bragg

Chattanooga was a barrier to Chattanooga was a barrier to the heart of the Confederacythe heart of the Confederacy

The charge up Missionary The charge up Missionary Ridge at the Battle of Ridge at the Battle of

ChattanoogaChattanooga

Significance of the Significance of the Chattanooga campaignChattanooga campaign

Cut lines of communication in Cut lines of communication in ConfederacyConfederacy

Opened door into Deep SouthOpened door into Deep South

Led to capture of Atlanta and Led to capture of Atlanta and Sherman’s Sherman’s March to the SeaMarch to the Sea

Sherman’s “March to the Sherman’s “March to the Sea”Sea”

Commanders at the siege of Commanders at the siege of Petersburg: Grant and LeePetersburg: Grant and Lee

Trenches around Petersburg Trenches around Petersburg and Richmondand Richmond

The Petersburg mine The Petersburg mine explosionexplosion

Union soldiers trapped in the Union soldiers trapped in the crater at Petersburgcrater at Petersburg

Typical Confederate soldier at Typical Confederate soldier at The Crater and his typical The Crater and his typical

squeezesqueeze

Lee’s surrender at Lee’s surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox

GOOD LUCK ON YOUR GOOD LUCK ON YOUR FINAL EXAMS!FINAL EXAMS!