Post on 13-Dec-2015
26.1 Unification of ItalyI. The condition of Europe prior to the growth of nationalism• A. From the 1100’s to the 1800’s – central Europe was
made up of numerous kingdoms, principalities, and free cities.
What influenced the Italians and Germans to unify these territories into nations in the 1800’s? (3
Parts)
• A. Desire for economic growth
• B. Success of American Revolution
• C. Napoleonic Wars – Define -
B. NATIONALISM
• -desire for national independence became one of the most powerful forces at work in Europe during the 1800’s
C. 1815 – Italian Peninsula
• Divided into independent states. Many of these states had foreign rulers.
• Identify the foreign rulers of Italian states
• France
• Austria
• Papal States (“of the pope)
D. Unification is difficult. Why? …
• Cultural differences
• Poor transportation
• Restrictive trade between states
II. Beginnings of Nationalism in Italy
• A. In 1830’s, Mazzini promoted the idea of a nation state.
• Define it and explain why this would be important to unification.
“The Soul”
• Political organization of 1 nationality instead of many
• People that shared similar / common culture and ideas – makes it easier to unify
• This was not easily achieved in Italy
• Mazzini’s movement of “Risorgimento” – (resurgence or revival) – to restore the greatness of the Roman Empire
B. Define Diplomacy
• to negotiate with foreign powers
III. Count Cavour’s Diplomacy • “I have discovered the art of deceiving diplomats. I
tell them the truth and they never believe me.” What does this tell you about politics/diplomacy in general?
• A. Cavour believed he
needed to get rid of
which foreign power
to unify Italy?
….and what would he
need?
“The Brains”
Use of one foreign enemy to expel another • Agreed to assist France (and Britain) in
Crimean War• In return, France (and Britain) would assist
the Italians in expelling Austria• Example of Realpolitik- (based on practical
methods; reality – not ideology) ; whatever means necessary
B. Now Cavour needs a war. How would he get it?
• Encourages nationalist revolts in Austrian controlled Lombardy
• Austria declares war• France assists Sardinia in victory
IV. Garibaldi Seizes the South
A. Goal: take over Kingdom of Two Sicilies and unite with rest of Italy
The Sword
B. Where did he get training in nationalist and military methods?
• South America (guerrilla warfare) and United States
• Spanish; “little war” ; armed civilians vs. organized national army; hit and run; ambushes and raids
C. Garibaldi succeeds in taking the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
D. Northern Italy – controlled by Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II
• Southern Italy – controlled by Garibaldi
• How were they finally unified in 1861?
• Southern vote to unify
• Garibaldi concedes to Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II
• = Constitutional Monarchy