Post on 31-Dec-2015
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A.Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.– Straight Chain– Branched Chain– Ring
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.– Monomers are the individual subunits.– Polymers are made of many monomers.
• Molecules are formed between monomers when a water molecule is lost
• Called condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis
Formation of Macromolecules
Formation of Macromolecules cont.
•Polymers are disassembled (broken up) into monomers by hydrolysis, a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.
• Hydrolysis means “to break with water”. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules.
B. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
1. Carbohydrates• Aka sugars • Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Structure 1:2:1
SucroseC12H22O11
***Dehydration synthesis
• Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
• 3 types– Monosaccharides
(MONOMERS) are simple sugars.
– Disaccharides are two sugars.
– Polysaccharides many sugars, include starches, cellulose, and glycogen
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose(Monosaccharides)
•Glucose: Made during photosynthesis Main source of energy for plants
and animals•Fructose:
Found naturally in fruits Is the sweetest of
monosaccharides•Galactose:
Found in milk Is usually in association with
glucose or fructose
Disaccharide
•Disaccharide – two monosaccharide bonded together
• Table sugar (sucrose) = made up of glucose + fructose bonded together
• Milk sugar (lactose) = made up of glucose + galactose bonded together
Polysaccharide•Polysaccharide = more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bonds
• Serve as storage material or building material
• Storage (examples: starch, glycogen)
• Structural (examples: cellulose, chitin)
•A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with 12 or more monosaccharide units.
• Pasta and starches are polysaccharides
• Potatoes are a starch
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer
• Elements C, H and O• Nonpolar molecules – will not
mix with water – Hydrophobic• Not soluble • Include fats, oils, and
cholesterol– Monomer Glycerol and 3
Fatty Acids – carbon chains bonded to hydrogeno Triglycerides
– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
2. Lipids
• Lipids have several different functions.– Used to store energy for long term– Make up cell membranes– Used to make hormones– Waterproof coverings
• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – Saturated fatty acids
o Carbons single bondedo Come from animals / Clog arteries
– Unsaturated fatty acidso Double bonded carbon atomso Do not come from animals / Don’t clog arteries
At room temperature, the molecules of a saturated fat are packed closely together, forming a solid.
At room temperature, the molecules of an unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of the kinks in their fatty acid tails.
• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
– Polar phosphate “head”– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
3. Proteins
• Majority of processes in body occur because of proteins– Polymers of amino acid
monomers– Made of Elements C, H, O, N– 20 different amino acids are
used to build proteins in organisms.
– Amino acids made of 3 functional groups- Amine NH2
- R group - Carboxyl - COOH
• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.– Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and
function.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
What are some functions of proteins?• 4 Types of Proteins & their function in the body:
• Regulatory (ex: Enzymes)• Controls the rate of reactions in your
body
• Transport (ex: Hemoglobin transports O2)• Sending nutrients to different parts of
the body
• Structural (ex: collagen, found in skin and bones)• Forms/ makes up different parts of the
body
• Protective (ex: antibodies protect against disease)• Makes cells that act as fighters for the
body
• Stores and transmits genetic information
• Made of the Elements C, H, N, O, & P
• Two types:• DNA• RNA
• are polymers of monomers called Nucleotides
4. Nucleic Acids
A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)
• Nucleotides are made of:– 5 carbon sugar– Phosphate group– Nitrogenous base
• DNA stores genetic information
• RNA builds proteins– Transports DNA info from
nucleus to other cell parts.
DNA
RNA