Post on 20-Jan-2021
2.1.Poetry:why?
Eventhoughapoemmaybeshort,mostofthetimeyoucan’treaditfast.
It’slikemolasses.Orketchup.
Withpoetry,therearesomanythingstotakeintoconsideration.Thereistheaspectofhowitsounds,ofwhatitmeans,andoftenofhowitlooks.
Insomecircles,thereisacertainaversiontopoetry.Someconsideritoutdated,toodifficult,ornotworththetime.Theyask:Whydoesittakesolongtoreadsomethingsoshort?Well,yes,itisifyouareusedtoTwitter,ornotusedtopoetry.
Thinkabouttheconnectionspoetryhastomusic.Couldn’tyouconsidersomeofyourfavoritelyricspoetry?2Pac,forexample,wrote abookofpoetrycalledTheRosethatGrewfromConcrete.Atmanypointsinhistoryacrossmanycultures,poetrywasconsideredthehighestformofexpression.
Whydopeoplewritepoetry?Becausetheywanttoandbecausetheycan…(takingtheideafromFedericoGarcíaLorcaenhispoem“Lucía Martínez”:“porquequiero,yporquepuedo”)
Youaskyourself:WhydoIneedtoreadpoetry?BecauseyouaregoingtotaketheCLEPexam.
Onceyoumovebeyondthat,itwillbeeasier.
Somereasonswhywewrite/readpoetry:• Tobecomeaware• Toseethingsinadifferentway
• Toputtogetheramentaljigsawpuzzle
• Tomovethesenses• Toprovokeemotions• Tofindorder
2.2.Poetry:how?
Ifyouarenotfamiliarwithpoetry,youshoulddefinitelypracticereadingsomebeforeyoutaketheexam.Herearesomeideasofwhatyoucando:
• Makealistofpoemsyouknow.Thiscanbefromanythingfromnurseryrhymestosonglyricstoclassicpoems.Thinkaboutwhatmightlink themtopoetryandwhatseparatesthemfromothertypesofwriting.
• Findaclassicpoemunknowntoyou.Youcanselectoneoftheonesmentionedinthisclassoronefromananthologyofpoetry.Thereasonwhyitisrecommendedthatyoutakeonefromananthologyisbecauseitsselectionofpoemsismorelikelytohavemorethingstolookat.
• Whatyoushouldlookforinthepoem: rhyme,punctuation,grammar,wordselection,rhetoricaltechniques,multiplemeanings.
• Writeyourownpoem.Thinkaboutwhatmakesiteasyorhardforyoutowriteit.
Evenifyouhavehadlittleexposuretopoetryinthepast,myaimisthatasyoureviewthismaterialmultipletimes,youwillunderstandmoreaboutpoetryandrecognizepoetsandpoemsintheprocess.
2.3.Poetry:tone
Thetone ofthepoemcanbelikethetoneofanythingelse,andonlyafewwordscanswaythefeeling:
RobertFrost,“TheRoadNotTaken”Ishallbetellingthiswithasigh
Somewhereagesandageshence:
HenryDavidThoreau,“Inspiration”Aclearandancientharmony
Piercesmysoulthroughallitsdin
DylanThomas,“NotFromThisAnger”
Notfromthisanger,anticlimax
after
Refusalstruckherloinandthe
lameflower
Bentlikeabeasttolapthesingular
floods
Inalandstrappedbyhunger
Shallshereceiveabellyfulofweeds
Hafiz,“AlltheHemispheres”
OpenuptotheRoof.
Makeanewwater-markonyour
excitement
Andlove.
Likeabloomingnightflower,
Bestowyourvitalfragranceof
Happinessandgiving
Uponourintimateassembly.
Thetone ofthepoemcanvarygreatly.
CheckouttheamountofdifferenttonesthepoemcantakeonintheCanadianPoetryinVoicewebsite!http://www.poetryinvoice.com/teachers/lesson-plans/tone-map/tone-list
2.4.Poetry:verseandrhyme
Let’stakealookatallthesecomponentsofverseandrhyme:
– verse– stanza– rhymescheme– endrhyme/internalrhyme– slantrhyme– masculinerhyme/feminine
rhyme– freeverse– blankverse
Verseandstanza:– Verse:averseisalineinapoem
– Stanza:astanzaisagroupofverses,likea“paragraph”withinapoem,manytimeswithsomesortofmeterandorder.
Verseandstanza
EmilyDickinson,“ABird,camedowntheWalk”
ABird,camedowntheWalk-
HedidnotknowIsaw-
HebitanAngleWorminhalves
Andatethefellow,raw,
Andthen,hedrankaDew
FromaconvenientGrass-
AndthenhoppedsidewisetotheWall
ToletaBeetlepass-
Rhymescheme– arhymeschemeisapatternthattherhymesinapoemfollow.Hereareafewexamples:
ABABrhyme
RobertFrost,“NeitherOutFarNorDeep”Thepeoplealong thesand
Allturn andlookoneway.
They turn their backontheland.
They lookat thesea allday.
Anotherexample:ABBArhyme
JohnMilton,“OnHisBeingArrivedtotheAgeofTwenty-Three”
Perhapsmysemblancemight
deceivethetruth,
ThatItomanhoodamarrivedso
near,
Andinwardripenessdothmuchless
appear,
Thatsomemoretimely-happy
spiritsindu’th.
InternalrhymeandEndrhyme
Internalrhyme:
EdgarAllenPoe,TheRavenOnceuponamidnight
dreary,whileIpondered,
weakandweary,
InternalrhymeandEndrhyme
Endrhyme:
WilliamBlake,“TheAngel”Idreamtadream!Whatcanitmean?
AndthatIwasamaidenQueen
GuardedbyanAngelmild:
Witlesswoewasne'erbeguiled!
Aslantrhyme(alsocalledhalfrhyme,nearrhyme,imperfectrhyme,obliquerhyme)iswhenthestressedsyllablesoftheconsonantsmatchbuttheprecedingvowelsdon’t:
Slantrhyme:
EmilyDickinson,“HopeIstheThingwithFeathers”
"Hope"isthethingwithfeathers
Thatperchesinthesoul
Andsingsthetunewithoutthewords
Andneverstopsatall,
Thisisnotonlyfoundinpoetry,butalsoinhip-hop.ArtistslikeNotoriousB.I.G.andNas haveusedit.
Masculineand
Femininerhyme.Thesearenotmodernterms,butyoumayrunintotheminyourstudies.
Femininerhyme(double rhyme):arhymethatmatchestwoormoresyllables.Thefinalsyllable(s)is/areunstressed,anditisusuallyattheendof theline.
WilliamWordsworth, “London, 1802”
Milton!thoushouldst belivingatthishour:
Englandhathneedofthee:sheisafen
Ofstagnantwaters:altar,sword,andpen,
Fireside,theheroicwealthofhalland
bower,
HaveforfeitedtheirancientEnglishdower
Masculinerhyme:arhymethatmatchesonlyonesyllable.Usually,thefinalsyllableis stressed,anditisusuallyattheendoftheline.ThesearethemajorityofallrhymesinEnglish-languagepoetry.
JohnDonne, “Deathbenotproud”Death,benotproud,thoughsomehave
calledthee
Mightyanddreadful, forthouartnotso;
Forthosewhomthouthink'st thoudost
overthrow
Dienot,poorDeath,noryetcanstthoukill
me.
Fromrestandsleep,whichbutthypictures
be,
Freeverse(fromvers libre inFrench)Itdoesn’tfollowaregularmeterorrhythm.It’stheclosestformtoimitatingconversation.
WaltWhitman,“ANoiseless,PatientSpider”
Anoiseless,patientspider,Imark’d,where,onalittlepromontory,itstood,isolated;Mark’d how,toexplore thevacant,vastsurrounding,Itlaunch’d forthfilament, filament,filament,outofitself;Everunreeling them—evertirelessly speeding them.
Blankverse
Thisisaversethatdoesnotrhyme,writteniniambicpentameter(10syllables).Itisusedinpoemsanddramas.Itisoftenusedincharactermonologues.
WilliamShakespeare,“Macbeth”Tomorrow,andtomorrow,andtomorrow,
Creepsinthispettypacefromdaytoday,
Tothelastsyllableofrecordedtime;
Andallouryesterdayshavelightedfools
2.5.Poetry:meter
Meter:– meter– iambicpentameter– iambicmeter– iambicfoot– anapest– trochee
Themeter isthepatternofstressedwordsinaverse.Readingaloudifpossibleisbetterthaninyourheadbecausethestressfallsonsyllables.Naturalspeechusuallyfallsonthestresspoints.
Shakespeare,“Sonnet18”ShallI compare theeto asummer’s
day?
Ifthepatternisstressedthenunstressedinsequence, thenthatiscallediambic
rhythm.Ifthewholeversefollowsthisstructure,thenthat’sreferredtoastheiambicmeter.Themostcommonoftheseistheiambicpentameter (five stresses,tensyllablesinall).
JohnMilton,ParadiseLost
Invokethyaidtomyadventuroussong,
Thatwithnomiddleflightintendstosoar.
Ifaniambicpentameterhas5stressedsyllables,howmaystressesdothesehave?:• Hexameter• Diameter• Heptameter• Octameter• Tetrameter• Monometer• Trimeter
Ifaniambicpentameterhas5stressedsyllables,howmaystressesdothesehave?:• Hexameter- 6• Diameter- 2• Heptameter- 7• Octameter - 8• Tetrameter- 4• Monometer-1• Trimeter - 3
Othertypesofmeterare:
Anapest – unstressed,unstressed,stressed:Twas thenightbeforeChristmas
whenallthroughthehouse.
Trochee – stressed,unstressed:Double,double,toilandtrouble;
Fireburnandcauldronbubble.
2.6.1Poetry:form
Form isthedesignofapoem.
Closedform(fixedform)followsasetdesigninmeterandverse.Poetsmustfollowthepatternsandstructurewiththisform.Anexampleofthisisthesonnet (explainedinfutureslides):
Openform poetry,asthenameholds,doesnotfollowtherulesofestablishedpoeticstructuresofmeterandverse.Therearenoregularstanzastructures.Sometimestheycanbetrickybecausetheymayhavesomeelementsofpatterninsoundorwords.Openformissometimesconsideredfreeverse,butothersdisagreeandstatethattherearesomedifferences.
Concretepoetry,alsocalledshapepoetry,iswhenthepoemitselftakesonaphysicalform.Thiscanhelpthereaderunderstandmoreofthepoet’sthinking.
Concretepoetry:HereisanexampleofGuillaumedeApollinaire’sCalligrammes
from1918.
2.6.2Poetry:typesofpoetry
Differenttypesofpoems• sonnet• octave/sestet/quatrains/couplets• heroiccouplet• alexandrine• mock-heroic• epic• ballads– balladstanza,literaryballads• elegy• ode• villanelle• epigram• doggerel• limerick• Aubade
2.6.2.1Poetry:typesofpoetry-
Sonnet
Thesonnet isperhapsthemostfamousofpoetryforms.Theyare14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameter. Therearetwotypesofmainsonnets,thePetrarchansonnetandtheShakespeareansonnet.
ThePetrarchansonnetisapoemmadeuptwomajorsections,amajorgroupof8lines(theoctave)andaminorgroupofsixlines(thesestet).Therhymeschemeisusuallyabbaabba cde cde.
Petrarchansonnet
Milton,“OnHisBlindness”WhenIconsiderhowmylightisspent(a)
Erehalfmydays,inthisdarkworldandwide,(b)
Andthatonetalentwhichisdeathtohide,(b)
Lodgedwithmeuseless,thoughmysoulmorebent
(a)
ToservetherewithmyMaker,andpresent(a)
Mytrueaccount,lesthereturningchide;(b)
"DothGodexactday-labor,lightdenied?"(b)
Ifondlyask;butPatiencetoprevent(a)
Thatmurmur,soonreplies,"Goddothnotneed(c)
Eitherman'sworkorhisowngifts;whobest(d)
Bearhismildyoke,theyservehimbest.Hisstate(e)
IsKingly.Thousandsathisbiddingspeed(c)
Andposto'erlandandoceanwithoutrest;(d)
Theyalsoservewhoonlystandandwait."(e)
TheShakespeareansonnetisapoemmadeupthreequatrains(averseoffourlines)andacouplet(averseoftwolines).Therhymeschemeusuallyisababcdcd efef gg.
Shakespeareansonnet
Shalespeare, “SonnetIX”Isitforfeartowetawidow'seye
Thatthouconsumest thyselfinsinglelife?
Ah!ifthouissuelessshalthaptodie.
Theworldwillwailthee,likeamakeless wife;
Theworldwillbethywidowandstillweep
Thatthounoformoftheehastleftbehind,
Wheneveryprivatewidowwellmaykeep
Bychildren'seyesherhusband'sshapeinmind.
Look,whatanunthriftintheworlddothspend
Shiftsbuthisplace,forstill theworldenjoysit;
Butbeauty'swastehathintheworldanend,
Andkeptunused,theusersodestroysit.
Nolovetowardothersinthatbosomsits
Thatonhimselfsuchmurderousshamecommits.
Octave – eightlinesofiambicpentameter(orofhendecasyllables– 11syllables-in the Italianstyle).Themostcommonrhymeschemeisabbaabba.It’sthefirstpartofaShakespeareansonnet.Sestet – generallytheseconddivisionofaShakespeareansonnet,whichconsistsof6lines.
2.6.2.2.Poetry:typesofpoetry–
somemorestanzas
Quatrain – thiscanbeastanzaoratypeofpoemthatconsistsof4lines.Couplet – twolinesusuallywiththesamerhymeandmeter
Fromthecouplettheheroiccoupletemerged.ThisisatraditionalformforEnglishpoetrywhichwasusedinnarrativeandepicpoetry.YoucanseethisexampleinGeoffreyChaucer’sCanterburyTales:
Whan thataprill withhisshoures
soote
Thedroghte ofmarchhathperced
totheroote,
2.6.2.3.Poetry:typesofpoetry-
Epicpoetry
Theepicpoemisalongnarrativepoemusuallyabouttheheroicdeedsofapersonornation,likeHomer’sTheOdysseyorTheIliad.Thesearesuperlong,soIwouldimagineyouwouldonlybegivenanexcerpttoanalyze.
Theepicpoemisusuallyintheformofacoupletwiththesamerhymestructure,asthatwastheeasiestwayforthetravellingbardstosingthemastheywentfromtowntotowninmedievaltimes.
Themockepic(mockheroic)iswritteninheroiccouplets,asweseeherewithAlexanderPope’s,“theRapeoftheLock”
Thislock,theMuseshall
consecratetofame,
Andmid’st thestars
inscribeBelinda’sname!
2.6.2.4.Poetry:typesofpoetry-
Ballads
Anotheroldtypeofpoetryistheballad.Theseweresunginmedievaltimesandhavebeenpopulareversince.Theyareusuallyanonymousandnotcomplicated.Theversesaregenerallyshortandnarrateapersonalstoryaboutlove,hate,knights,fantasy,etc.Liketheepic,theygenerallyholdsimpleformandrepetition.
HereweseeanoldEnglishballad entitled“TheDouglasTragedy”
"RISEup,riseup,now,LordDouglas," she
says,
"Andputonyourarmour sobright;
SweetWilliamwillhae LadyMargaretawi'
Beforethatitbelight.
"Riseup,riseup,mysevenboldsons,
Andputonyourarmour sobright,
Andtakebettercareofyouryoungestsistèr,
Foryoureldest's awa'thelastnight."
Fromtheballadtheredevelopedtheballadstanza,whichisacbcrhymeoffourlines.Iand3haveeightsyllablesand2and4have6.HerewehaveSamuelTaylorCooleridge in“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”:
Allinahotandcoppersky!
ThebloodySun,atnoon,
Rightupabovethemastdid
stand,
NobiggerthantheMoon.
2.6.2.5.Poetry:typesofpoetry-
Lyricalpoetry
Aristotlepointedoutthreebroadcategoriesofpoetry:dramatic,narrativeandlyrical.Wehavediscussednarrativepoetrytoacertainextent,asseeinepicpoetry.Let’stakealooknowatlyricalpoetry.
FromGreektimestomoderntimes,lyricalpoetryhasbeenpopularwithmanypoetsbecauseitinvolvesemotionsandfeelings.Itismorepersonalthanothertypesofpoetryandismostlyinfirstperson.
Onetypeoflyricalpoemistheelegy.Itisasadpoemusuallywrittentopraiseorweepforsomeonewhohaspassed.Itissimilartotheeulogy,whichisaspeechforsomeoneatafuneral.Elegiescanalsobeaboutalostloveoralosttime.
Anothertypeoflyricalpoemistheode,similartotheelegy,butusuallytopraisesomeoneorsomething.Itisnotlimitedtothethemeofdeathorloss.Itcanhavecomplexstanzaformsandtherearemanytypesofodes.
HerewehavepartofJohnKeat’s,“OdetoaNightingale”:
Myheartaches,andadrowsy
numbnesspains
Mysense,asthoughof
hemlockIhaddrunk,
Oremptiedsomedullopiateto
thedrains
Oneminutepast,and
Lethe-wardshadsunk:
'Tis notthroughenvyofthy
happylot,
Anotherpoeticformisthevillanelle. Ithasnineteenlinesoffivetercets (astanzaofthreelines)followedbyaquatrain (astanzaoffourlines).Therearetworefrains (alinerepeatedinverse)andtworepeatinglines.Thisisafixedverseform.
Hereisanexampleofthevillanelle.ThisisSylviaPlath’s“MadGirl’sLoveSong”
Ishutmyeyesandalltheworlddropsdead,Iliftmylidsandallisbornagain.(IthinkImadeyouupinsidemyhead)
Thestarsgowaltzingoutinblueandred,Andarbitrarydarknessgallopsin.Ishutmyeyesandalltheworlddropsdead.
2.6.2.6.Poetry:typesofpoetry-
Sestina
Evenmoreconfininginitsformthanthevillanelleisthesestina.Itisaclosedformofsixstanzasofsixlineseach,followedbythreelines.Theendwordsofeachverseofthefirststanzaarethenusedtoendsubsequentstanzas,rotatedinapattern
Hereisthepatternofthesestina:
• 123456• 615243• 364125• 532614• 451362• 246531• (62)(14)(53)
Here isanexampleofthesestina inW.H.Auden’s“PaysageMoralisé” (firsttwostanzasonly):
Hearingofharvestsrottinginthevalleys,
Seeingatendofstreetthebarrenmountains,
Roundcornerscomingsuddenlyonwater,
Knowingthemshipwreckedwhowerelaunchedfor
islands,
Wehonour foundersofthesestarvingcities
Whosehonour istheimageofoursorrow,
Whichcannotseeitslikenessintheirsorrow
Thatbroughtthemdesperatetothebrinkof
valleys;
Dreamingofeveningwalksthroughlearnedcities
Theyreinedtheirviolenthorsesonthemountains,
Thosefieldslikeshipstocastawaysonislands,
Visionsofgreentothemwhocravedforwater.
2.6.2.7.Poetry:typesofpoetry–
others
TheAlexandrineverseisaclassicFrenchversefromthe12th centurythathasbeenusedovertimebyotherpoets.Mostalexandrinesaremadeupoftwohemistich sections(thesearehalflines)ofsixsyllableseach.
Thesetwosectionsarebrokenupbyacaesura (awordbreakorasyntacticbreak).TheyarerareinEnglish,buttheydoexist.HereisoneinFrenchbyNicolasBoileau,inL’Artpoétique:
Que toujours, dans vos vers lesens coupant les
mots,
Suspende l'hémistiche,enmarquelerepos.
Anepigram isashort,wittysayinginversewithasatiricaltwistattheend.FamouspoetssuchasJohnDonne,AlexanderPope,LordByron,EzraPound,Voltaire,WilliamButlerYeats,amongothers,wrotethem.HereisonebyTaylorColeridge:
Sir,Iadmityourgeneral
rule,
Thateverypoetisa
fool,
Butyouyourselfmay
servetoshowit,
Thateveryfoolisnota
poet.
Adoggerel isapoemthathasanirregularrhythmandrhyme,sometimesonpurpose,sometimesnot.
Adoggerelexample.ByWilliamMcGonagall’s“TheTay BridgeDisaster”:
Itmusthavebeenanawfulsight,
Towitnessintheduskymoonlight,
WhiletheStormFienddidlaugh,andangrydidbray,
AlongtheRailwayBridgeoftheSilv’ry Tay,
Oh!ill-fatedBridgeoftheSilv’ry Tay,
Imustnowconcludemylay
Bytellingtheworldfearlesslywithouttheleastdismay,
Thatyourcentralgirderswouldnothavegivenway,
Atleastmanysensiblemendosay,
Hadtheybeensupportedoneachsidewithbuttresses,
Atleastmanysensiblemenconfesses,
Forthestrongerweourhousesdobuild,
Thelesschancewehaveofbeingkilled.
Adoggerelwrittenonpurposeisthelimerick.Thisisastanzaoffivelines.Thefirst,secondandfifthlinesrhyme.Hereisananonymousone:
Thereoncewasayoungladynamed
bright
Whosespeedwasmuchfasterthan
light
Shesetoutoneday
Inarelativeway
Andreturnedonthepreviousnight.
Somepoetrystylesconnectedwiththetimeofdayaretheaubade andtheserenade.Theaubade isamorninglovesong/poem,oroneaboutloversinseparationatthathour.Theserenade istheeveninglovesong/poem.HereisanexcerptofJohnDonne’saubade “TheRisingSun”:
Aubade
Busyoldfool,unrulysun,
Whydostthouthus,
Throughwindows,andthrough
curtainscallonus?
Musttothymotionslovers'
seasons run?
2.7Poetry:meaning
Denotation –thedirectmeaningofawordorexpression.Itistheexplicitandliteralmeaningofthatword.Connotation – theindirectmeaningoftheword,whatisimplied.
Denotationand
connotation
Thinkaboutthedifferencebetweenthesewords:House/homeExpensive/priceySlender/thin/skinny
Denotationandconnotation
GustavoAdolfoBécquer,“RimaVII”
Inthedarkcorneroftheroom,
perhapsforgottenbyitsowner,
silentandcoveredwithdust,
onecanseeaharp.
Howmanynotessleepinitscords,
likethebirdthatsleepsinthe
branches,
waitingforasnowywhitehand
thatcanawakenthem!
Symbol – whenthewordsrepresentaconcept,relationshiporobject.
Somestocksymbolsareeasilyrecognizable:therose,aflag,askull,white,etc.
Thenextlevelisobservingsymbolsinpoetry,Checkoutthispoem“PoeticArt”byVicenteHuidobro:
Verseislikeakey
Thatopensathousanddoors
Apageturns,somethingtakesflight
Howmanybelievingeyeslook
Andthehearingsoulremainstrembling
Inventnewworldsandcarefortheirword
Theadjective,whenitdoesnotgivelife,kills
Weareinacycleofnerves
Themusclecluster,
LikeIremember, inthemuseums;
Nomoredobutwehavelessforce;
Thetruevigor
Residesinthemind
Whydoyoutherose,ohpoets!
Itwillflourishinthepoem
Onlyforus
Liveallthingsunderthesun
Thepoetisasmallgod.
Think,forexample,about:• Denotation• Connotation• SymbolFortheword“Table”
2.8Poetry:
moreonconstruction
Whatmakesapoemapoem?Mostofalllanguageandhowitisused.Atthebeginningofallthis,Isaidthatpoetrywaslikemolasses,orketchup.Thatwouldbeanexampleoffigurativelanguage.
Wealwayshavetothinkaboutdiction (wordchoice)andsyntax (grammar).Dictionisalwaysimportant.Modernpoets,however,havehadmoreflexibilityinmanipulatingsyntaxbecausetheyarenotrestrictedbyclosedform.Checkoutthispoem“ToRoosevelt”byRubénDarío
ItiswiththevoiceoftheBible,ortheverseofWaltWhitman,thatIshouldcometoyou,Hunter,primitiveandmodern,simpleandcomplicated,withsomethingofWashingtonandmoreofNimrod.
YouaretheUnitedStates,youarethefutureinvaderofthenaiveAmericathathasIndianblood,thatstillpraystoJesusChristandstillspeaksSpanish.
Youaretheproudandstrongexemplarofyourrace;youarecultured,youareskillful;youopposeTolstoy.Andbreakinghorses,ormurderingtigers,youareanAlexander-Nebuchadnezzar.(YouareaprofessorofEnergyastoday'smadmensay.)
Youthinkthatlifeisfire,thatprogressiseruption,thatwhereveryoushootyouhitthefuture.
No.
TheUnitedStatesispotentandgreat.Whenyoushakethereisadeeptremblor
Gettingbacktotalkingaboutrhymes,thesearetwowordsyoushouldlearn:Assonance andConsonance
Assonance istherepetitionofvowelsoundssothatthereisinternalrhyminginverses.HereisanexamplebyE.E.Cummings:Onaproudroundcloudin
whitehighnight
Consonance istherepetitionofidenticalorsimilarconsonants.Thisisthecounterpartofassonance.HereisanexamplefromWilliamBlake’s“TheChimneySweeper”
WhenmymotherdiedIwas
veryyoung,
Andmyfathersoldme
whileyetmytongue
Couldscarcelycry"'weep!
'weep!'weep!'weep!"
SoyourchimneysIsweep&
insootIsleep.
2.9Poetry:
Rhetoricaltechniques
Metaphor– afigureofspeechthatreferstoonethingbymentioninganother.“Alltheworld’sastage”“Pig”(deadmetaphor)
Simile– acomparisonusing“like”or“as”.
“Yourteetharelikepearls”
Allusion – afigureofspeechthatmakesreferencetoanevent,aplaceoraperson.
“ThatisherAchilles’heel.”
“WhatanEdenthatplacewas.”
Personification– givinghumancharacteristicstoathingoranabstraction.
“Thewindcarriedmehome”
“Thesuncreptthroughtheshades.”
Alliterationistherepetitionofsimilarsounds(likewesawinconsonanceandassonance)
“Shesellsseashellsbytheseashore”
Apostropheiswhenawriterdetachesherselffromrealityandtalkstoanimaginarycharacter,likewiththisexamplefromMacbeth:
IsthisadaggerwhichIseebefore
me,
Thehandletowardmyhand?
Come,letmeclutchthee!
Ihavetheenot,andyetIseethee
still.
Hyperbole– anexaggeration(overstatement).
“I’mstarving”“Iwasgoing1000milesanhourtogethereontime”
Irony– whenintendedmeaningisdifferentformactualmeaning.
Whensomeoneputstheirhighbeamsinyourface,yousay,“Great,nowIcanseebetter”
Metonymy – whenathingorconceptisnotcalledbyitsnamebutratherbyametonym.
“Dish”“IvyLeague”
Onomatopoeia– theformationofwordsthatsoundliketheobjecttowhichtheyrefer.
“Chickadee”“Bobwhite”“Buzz”“Cuckoo”
Oxymoron– whenaseeminglyself-contradictoryeffectisproduced.
“Prettyugly”“Jumboshrimp”“Darklight”
Paradox – anotherself-contradictorystatement,butonethatmightexpressatruth.Forexample,fromGeorgeOrwell’sAnimal
Farm”
"Allanimalsareequal,butsomearemoreequalthanothers"
Sarcasm - theuseofwordsthatmeantheoppositeofwhatyouwanttosay,usuallytoshowirritationorbefunny.
“IworkaroundtheclocksoIcanbepoor”
“Notthesharpesttoolintheshed”
Synecdoche– whenthepartistakenforthewhole,orviceversa.
“Nicewheels”“Askforherhandinmarriage”
Answerthesegeneralquestionsonpoetry(fromthesametext)• https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questions/6
• https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questions/7
• https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questions/8
• https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questions/9
Answerquestions6-10(whichareallfromthesametext)onpoetryfromtheCLEP2016ExaminationGuideonAnalyzingandInterpretingLiterature.
Answerquestions1-10ofthe“20supplementalquestions”